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Topic: Cinnamic acid

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	CINNAMIC ACID - LoveToKnow Article on CINNAMIC ACID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		olic acid with zinc and acetic acid, by heating benzal malonic acid, by the condensation of ethyl acetate with benzaldehyde in.
		On nitration it gives a mixture of ortho and para nitrocinnamic acids, the former of which is of historical importance, as by converting it into orthonitrophenyl propiolic acid A. Baeyer was enabled to carry out the complete synthesis of indigo (q.v.).
		An isomer of cinnamic acid known as allo-cinnamic acid is also known.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /C/CI/CINNAMIC_ACID.htm (367 words)

	Cinnamic acid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cinnamic acid is used in flavours, perfumes, synthetic indigo, and certain (Drug or medicine that is prepared or dispensed in pharmacies and used in medical treatment) pharmaceuticals.
		Cinnamic acid and its more volatile ethyl (Formed by reaction between an acid and an alcohol with elimination of water) ester (ethyl cinnamate) are primarily responsible for the odor of (Tropical Asian tree with aromatic yellowish-brown bark; source of the spice cinnamon) cinnamon.
		Cinnamic acid is also part of the biosynthetic shikimate pathway.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ci/cinnamic_acid.htm (132 words)

	Isolation and Characterization of Thermophilic Bacilli Degrading Cinnamic, 4-Coumaric, and Ferulic Acids -- Peng et al. ...
		pathway for the degradation of 4-coumaric acid is proposed as
		Degradation of trans-ferulic and p-coumaric acids by Acinetobacter calcoaceticus DSM 586.
		The degradation of trans-ferulic acid by Pseudomonas acidovorans.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/3/1417 (5665 words)

	471. Cinnamaldehyde (WHO Food Additives Series 14)
		Since cinnamaldehyde is oxidized in vivo to cinnamic acid (Friedman & Mai, 1931; F.E.M.A., 1978), a consideration of the data on the toxicity and metabolism of cinnamic acid is pertinent to the evaluation of cinnamaldehyde.
		Cinnamic acid was administered orally in repeated daily doses of 5 or 50 mg/kg to pregnant rats for the entire course of pregnancy.
		C) cinnamic acid was injected into female rats, 48% of the label was excreted in the urine and 25% in the faeces; there was negligible incorporation in tissues and respiratory CO ; no urinary phenolic metabolites were detected.
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v14je07.htm (1456 words)

	CINNAMYL ALCOHOL AND RELATED SUBSTANCES
		Cyclo-hexanol is mainly conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted.
		Phenylacetic acid is excreted as the glucuronic acid conjugate.
		The benzoic acid derivatives are conjugated with glycine and, to a lessor extent, glucuronic acid and excreted primarily in the urine (Snapper et al., 1940).
	www.inchem.org /documents/jecfa/jecmono/v46je07.htm (2782 words)

	Olympus MIC-D: Polarized Light Gallery - Cinnamic Acid
		Cinnamic acid, a derivative of phenylalanine, composes a relatively large family of organic acid isomers that are extracted from plants or synthesized in the laboratory or chemical factory.
		Composed of 9 carbon, 8 hydrogen, and 2 oxygen atoms, cinnamic acid is classified as a skin, eye, and respiratory irritant and is soluble in water or alcohol.
		Known as storax or balsam of Peru to herbalists and early perfumers for centuries, cinnamic acid (up to 23 percent) is the major component of extracts derived from balsam tree resins, wood, and inner bark.
	www.olympusmicro.com /micd/galleries/polarized/cinnamicacid.html (455 words)

	PROPIOLIC ACID - LoveToKnow Article on PROPIOLIC ACID (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It is soluble in water and possesses an odour resembling that of acetic acid.
		Phenyipropiolic acid, C6H5C~C~CO2H, formed by the action of alcoholic potash on cinnamic acid dibromide, C6H5CHBr~ CHBr~ CO2H, crystallizes in long needles or prisms which melt at 136137 C. When heated with water to 120 C. it yields phenyl acetylene CIHi.CJCH.
		Chromic acid oxidizes it to benzoic acid; zinc and acetic acid reduce it to cinnamic acid, C6H5CH:CHCO2H, whilst sodium amalgam reduces it to hydrocinnamic acid, C6H5~CH2~CO2H.
	99.1911encyclopedia.org /P/PR/PROPIOLIC_ACID.htm (255 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Cinnamic Acid Trans cinnamic acid is preferred and selected salts and simple esters of cinnamic acid are also useful.
		Preservatives such as sorbic acid or sorbates and benzoic acid or benzoates or parabens used alone or in combination at levels of 50 to 1000 ppm are particularly beneficial without affecting flavour.
		Additionally the amount and presence of sorbic acid and benzoic acid was varied, the pH was varied and the amount and presence of trans cinnamic acid was varied.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=99/21431.990506&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (3327 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Sorbic acid was used in the range 1-250 ppm and cinnamic acid in the range 1-175 ppm.
		Sorbic acid was used in the range 1-250 ppm and cinnamic acid in the range 1- 175 ppm.
		Benzoic acid was used in the range 1-250 ppm and cinnamic acid in the range 1-175 ppm.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/87095.011122&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6265 words)

	Olympus Microscopy Resource Center: Polarized Light Microscopy Gallery - Dimethoxyhydroxycinnamic Acid
		Cinnamic acid is derived from the amino acid phenylalanine and may be extracted from plants for use or synthesized in the laboratory.
		However, cinnamic acid and its derivatives can also be found in wine, where it contributes to the distinctive bouquet and color of various vintages.
		Modern use of cinnamic acid and its derivatives is widespread, gaining heavy use in the pharmaceutical, food, chemical, and perfume industries, among others.
	www.olympusmicro.com /galleries/polarizedlight/pages/dimethoxyhydroxysmall.html (246 words)

	Salicylic acid synthesis and conjugation - Secondary products derived from aromatic amino acids - HORT640 - Metabolic ...
		Salicylic acid (SA) is a signal in systemic acquired resistance and as an inducer of the alternative oxidase protein in tobacco cell suspensions and during thermogenesis in aroid spadices (Raskin 1992ab).
		C-Phe is rapidly metabolized to cinnamate, benzoic acid and SA in potato (Coquoz et al, 1998).
		The conversion of trans-cinnamic acid to 4-coumaric acid (an intermediate in flavonoid biosynthesis) is catalyzed by cinnamic acid 4-hydroxlase.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /rhodcv/hort640c/secprod/se00011.htm (2088 words)

	Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Expressing P450 in Artificial Digestive Systems: a Model for Biodetoxication in ...
		of trans-cinnamic acid by the yeasts and that degraded by the
		Survival of lactic acid bacteria in a dynamic model of the stomach and small intestine: validation and the effects of the bile.
		Decarboxylation of substituted cinnamic acids by lactic acid bacteria isolated during malt whisky fermentation.
	aem.asm.org /cgi/content/full/69/5/2884 (4728 words)

	NTP: Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives (including caffeic acid and chlorogenic acid) were compared for their ability to inhibit N-nitrosation of dimethylamine and diethylamine and to reduce nitrite levels in vitro (Kikugawa et al., 1983).
		Polyphenolic compounds in general (including chlorogenic and caffeic acid) are presumed to inhibit carcinogenicity by scavenging and trapping potentially DNA-damaging electrophiles, free radicals, and toxic metals (Friedman and Smith, 1984; Tanaka, 1994; all cited by Friedman, 1997; Tanaka et al., 1993).
		Ferulic acid (Tao et al., 1997), like chlorogenic and caffeic acid (Steele et al., 1994), did not prevent or reduce aberrant crypt foci induced by AOM in F344 rats (Tao et al., 1997).
	ntp-server.niehs.nih.gov /index.cfm?objectid=6F5F1923-F1F6-975E-77F2BE71DB8D56AA (743 words)

	History of xenobiotic metabolism
		The observation that other acids besides benzoic could lead to the excretion of hippuric acid in the urine necessitated the postulation of the intermediate step of oxidation.
		Erdmann and Marchand administered 5 to 6 g of cinnamic acid to volunteers and isolated what appeared to be hippuric acid from the urine, however, the glycine conjugate of cinnamic acid could not be excluded.
		The postulated oxidation of cinnamic acid to benzoic acid was confirmed by Woehler and Frerichs
	www.issx.org /hisfeb.html (369 words)

	Phenylpropanoids, Lignans and Lignin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		cinnamic acid and p-coumaric acids are ubiquitous in plants
		e.g., E-cinnamic acid is the active compound in guayule, Parthenium argentatum.
		polymeric (monolignols) corresponding alcohols are derived from the corresponding acids.
	www.life.uiuc.edu /plantbio/363/lecture9.html (616 words)

	Altering Expression of Cinnamic Acid 4-Hydroxylase in Transgenic Plants Provides Evidence for a Feedback Loop at the ...
		Levels of free cinnamic acid in stem tissue of transgenic plants with altered levels of C4H expression, plotted as a function of C4H activity.
		Czichi U, Kindl H (1977) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic acid hydroxylases as assembled consecutive enzymes on microsomal membranes of cucumber cotyledons: cooperation and subcellular distribution.
		Lamb CJ (1977) Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase: characterisation of the concomitant changes in enzyme activities in illuminated potato tuber discs.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/122/1/107 (6564 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		A new method for the quantitative precipitation of In and Ga by means of cinnamic acid was developed to permit their separation from Mn, Ni, Co, and Zn.
		The composition of compounds formed by cinnamic acid with In and Ga under the precipitation conditions was determined.
		The formation of a soluble ammonium derivative of the base gallium cinnamate was established and optimum conditions were found for its hydrolytic decomposition with the quantitative separation of the base salt.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4755461 (262 words)

	Chemistry 75: Introduction To Wines & Wine Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Lignin is a macropolymer mainly of cinnamic acid derivatives monomers.
		Mainly of gallic acid or ellagic acid with sugar molecule.
		Tannic acid is a polymer of about 8 monomers of gallic acid and glucose.
	www.chemistry.ucsc.edu /teaching/Fall01/Chem75/phenolic.html (377 words)

	The substrate specificity-determining amino acid code of 4-coumarate:CoA ligase -- Schneider et al. 100 (14): 8601 -- ...
		acid, ferulic acid, and sinapic acid as phenolic substrates
		The presentation is restricted to the SBP harboring the substrate molecule caffeic acid.
		The 12 amino acid residues located at a distance of not more than 6 Å from the center of caffeic acid are shown.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/14/8601 (4463 words)

	AllRefer.com - benzoin (Organic Chemistry) - Encyclopedia
		Because of its fragrant odor it is used in perfume and sometimes in incense.
		The benzoic acid present in it gives it value in medicine as an antiseptic, as a stimulant, and, in certain respiratory diseases, as an inhalant.
		Siam benzoin is considered finer, since it has a high content of benzoic acid; Sumatra benzoin contains cinnamic acid.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/benzoin.html (198 words)

	Vol. 43 No. 3 SCIENCE IN CHINA (Series B) June 2000 (SMEALSearch) - Pal,Rangaswamy,Giles,Debnath (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Adsorption-parallel catalytic waves of cinnamic acid in hydrogen...
		The mechanism of the adsorption-parallel catalytic wave of cinnamic acid (C6H5--C H == CH --COOH) in acetate buffer (pH = 4.0)-H2O2-tetra-n-butylammonium bromide (Bu4N Br) solution was studied by the linear-sweep polarography, cyclic voltammetry and digital simulation approach.
		Bu4N Br enhances the polarographic current of cinnamic acid and shifts...
	gunther.smeal.psu.edu /98024.html (178 words)

	Benzaldehydes from Propenylbenzenes and Cinnamic Acids
		When the reaction is complete, as indicated from TLC analysis, the spent oxidant and solid support are separated by filtration and a nearly pure product obtained by evaporation of the solvent.
		The results from oxidation of a number of styrene and cinnamic acid derivatives having various structural features are summerized in Table 1.
		Carboxylic acid groups on the side chain are also tolerated (entries 5 and 8-18)
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/chemistry/benzaldehydes.kmno4.html (553 words)

	[No title]
		Determine the melting point of EITHER pure trans-cinnamic acid [lit.
		Record the temperature at which the compound first begins to melt and the temperature at which the compound has completely transformed to liquid.
		Once you feel comfortable with observing and recording the melting points of either pure trans-cinnamic acid or urea, determine the melting points (record initial point and mass) of the three mixtures provided.
	www.southalabama.edu /chemistry/meltingpointhandout.doc (237 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Balsam
		Balsam is an oily, resinous, and odorous substance, which flows spontaneously or by incision from certain plants, and which the Church mixes with olive oil for use as chrism.
		Balsams are very widely distributed throughout the plant kingdom, being particularly abundant in the pine family, but the name is generally restricted in the present day to resins which in addition to a volatile oil contain benzoic and cinnamic acid.
		Among the true balsams are the Balm of Gilead, or Mecca, which is cultivated in Arabia, Egypt, Syria, etc., and is extremely costly; the copaiva balsam, and those of Peru and Tolu — all three found chiefly in South America.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02226a.htm (495 words)

	IngentaConnect Lipase-catalyzed esterification of cinnamic acid and oleyl alcoho... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Lipase-catalyzed esterification of cinnamic acid and oleyl alcohol in organic solvent media
		The esterification of cinnamic acid (CA) and oleyl alcohol (OA) in organic solvent media by immobilized lipase Novozym 435 was optimized in terms of selected parameters, including the logarithm of the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient of the organic solvent (log P, 0.29–4.5), initial water activity (a
		In addition, the electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy analysis confirmed that the major end product of the esterification reaction was oleyl cinnamate.
	ingentaconnect.com /content/jws/jctb/2005/00000080/00000004/art00016 (309 words)

	Toward Non-Toxic Antifouling: Synthesis of Hydroxy-, Cinnamic Acid-, Sulfate-, and Zosteric Acid-Labeled ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The terminal hydroxy functionalities of derivative 2 were subsequently esterified with cinnamic acid (derivative 3), sulfatized with ClSO
		H (derivative 4), or coupled with tert-butyldimethylsilyl-protected coumaric acid, to give, after deprotection with tetrabutylammonium fluoride (derivative 5) followed by sulfatization, p-(sulfooxy) cinnamic acid- (zosteric acid) labeled PHAE (derivative 6).
		These functionalized polyesters are currently investigated as environmentally friendly coatings to protect surfaces from biofouling.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/bomaf6/2004/5/i04/abs/bm049962e.html (167 words)

	Isolation of a cinnamic acid-metabolizing Clostridium glycolicum strain from oil mill wastewaters and emendation of the ...
		Isolation of a cinnamic acid-metabolizing Clostridium glycolicum strain from oil mill wastewaters and emendation of the species description -- Chamkha et al.
		glycolicum transformed cinnamic acid to hydrocinnamic acid and a wide
		isoferulic acids, to their corresponding 3-phenylpropionic acids by
	ijs.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/51/6/2049 (309 words)

	[No title]
		Melting points of urea-cinnamic acid mixtures [well, duh!] from the University of Akron
		Example: for simplicity, assume you have 100 g of the mixture, let's say 30% urea-70% cinnamic acid.
		= (mol cinnamic acid)/(total moles) = 1.00 -
	www.mpcfaculty.net /ron_rinehart/12A/mltpoint.htm (453 words)

	MSN Encarta - Dictionary - cinnamic acid
		Click here to search all of MSN Encarta
		Search for "cinnamic acid" in all of MSN Encarta
		acid used in perfumery: a white odorless acid that is insoluble in water.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861597361/cinnamic_acid.html (52 words)

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