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	Ciphertext-only attack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack is a scenario for cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts.
		For example, if an adversary is sending ciphertext continuously to maintain traffic-flow security, it would be very useful to be able to distinguish real messages from nulls.
		Mechanical encryption devices such as Enigma made these attacks much more difficult (although, historically, Polish cryptographers were able to mount a successful ciphertext-only cryptanalysis of the Enigma by exploiting an insecure protocol for indicating the message settings).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ciphertext-only_attack (461 words)

	Ciphertext-only attack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack is a form of cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertexts.
		The attack is successful if the corresponding plaintexts can be deduced, or even better, the key.
		In the history of cryptography, early ciphers, implemented using pen-and-paper, were routinely broken using ciphertexts alone.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Ciphertext-only_attack (128 words)

	Madryga (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Madryga met the objective of being efficient in software: the only operations it uses are XOR and rotations, both operating only on whole bytes.
		He noticed that "the parity of all the bits of the plaintext and the ciphertext is a constant, depending only on the key.
		A ciphertext-only attack is devastating for a modern block cipher; as such, it is probably more prudent to use another algorithm for encrypting sensitive data.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Madryga.html (719 words)

	Ciphertext-only attack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack is a form of cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of ciphertext s.
		The attack is successful if the corresponding plaintext s can be deduced, or even better, the key.
		The Effects of a Nuclear Attack on Austin, Texas A detailed prediction of the effects of a nuclear attack along with information on preparing for and surviving such an attack.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Ciphertext-only_attack.html (440 words)

	Encyclopedia: Ciphertext-only attack
		Every modern cipher attempts to provide protection against ciphertext-only attacks.
		A cipher whose key space is too small is subject to brute force attack with access to nothing but ciphertext by simply trying all possible keys.
		Alex Biryukov and Eyal Kushilevitz, From Differential Cryptanalysis to Ciphertext_Only Attacks, CRYPTO 1998, pp72–88;
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Ciphertext_only-attack (530 words)

	Ciphertext-only attack -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In (Act of writing in code or cipher) cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack is a scenario for (The science of analyzing and deciphering codes and ciphers and cryptograms) cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a set of (Click link for more info and facts about ciphertext) ciphertexts.
		The attack is completely successful if the corresponding (Click link for more info and facts about plaintext) plaintexts can be deduced, or even better, the (A lever that actuates a mechanism when depressed) key.
		For example, if an adversary is sending ciphertext continuously to maintain (Click link for more info and facts about traffic-flow security) traffic-flow security, it would be very useful to be able to distinguish real messages from nulls.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ci/ciphertext-only_attack.htm (653 words)

	Global System for Mobile Communications - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Originally it was intended only to produce the specifications of the next (third, 3G) generation of mobile networks.
		Some operators will block this by allowing the phone to use only a single SIM, or only a SIM issued by them; this practice is known as SIM locking, and is illegal in some countries.
		Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms, and it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time in a ciphertext-only attack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/GSM (1805 words)

	Rob Slade's Security Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		An attack may be active, resulting in the alteration of data; or passive, resulting in the release of data.
		Attack is often used as a synonym for a specific exploit.
		This form of malicious attack is particularly suited to viruses where no data is actually erased or corrupted but where system resources are occupied to the extent that normal service is restricted.
	www.philosophy.niu.edu /~rslade/secgloss.htm (14720 words)

	IP Workshop - Tygar/Yee: Dyad
		Another physical attack is the use of solvents to dissolve the potting material to expose the sensor wires.
		A chosen-plaintext attack is one where the attacker may chose plaintext messages and obtain the corresponding ciphertext in an attempt to decrypt other messages or derive the key.
		A chosen-ciphertext attack is one where the attacker may chose some ciphertext messages and obtain their corresponding plaintext in an attempt to derive the key used.
	www.cni.org /docs/ima.ip-workshop/Tygar.Yee.html (13018 words)

	Ciphertext-only attack - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Cryptographers developed a variety of statistical techniques for attacking ciphertext, such as frequency analysis.
		The eventual introduction of electronics and computers into cryptography should have resulted in ciphertext-only attacks becoming a thing of the past.
		Nonetheless poor cipher usage or reliance on home-grown proprietary algorithms that have not be subject to thorough scrutiny has resulted in many computer-age encryption systems that are still subject to ciphertext-only attack.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /ciphertext-only_attack.htm (822 words)

	Definition of Ciphertext-only
		1: In [[cryptography]], a '''ciphertext-only attack''' is a form of [[cryptanalysis]] where th...
		3:...st [[known-plaintext attackknown-plaintext]] and ciphertext-only attacks; this is a conservative approach to secur...
		A ciphertext-only attack is devastating for a modern block cipher;...
	www.wordiq.com /dictionary/Ciphertext-only (188 words)

	cipher - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about cipher
		Encoding a message so that it can only be read by the intended recipient.
		All content on this website, including dictionary, thesaurus, literature, geography, and other reference data is for informational purposes only.
		This information should not be considered complete, up to date, and is not intended to be used in place of a visit, consultation, or advice of a legal, medical, or any other professional.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /cipher (75 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		While the attack they outline may not be quite as effective as the attack on RC6 that we already believe exists, it does seem to provide excellent confirmation that our own analysis is broadly in line with that conducted independently by other researchers.
		The only thing that we can ask is not "Is AES secure enough?" but "How many round of AES is secure enough for now?" The only problem is changing also the algorithm of key scheduling, so the specification of key scheduling which makes it possible to increase the number of rounds should be given.
		This only adds a small amount of latency when compared to an unpipelined single round (limited solely to partitioning effects and the setup and hold time of the flip-flops) a small amount of area (the pipeline registers, which may be free depending on the implementation technology), while greatly improving bandwidth.
	csrc.nist.gov /encryption/aes/round2/comments/R2comments.txt (19029 words)

	Ciphertext only attack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In cryptography, a ciphertext-only attack is a form of cryptanalysis where the attacker is assumed to have access only to a setof ciphertexts.
		In the history of cryptography, early ciphers,implemented using pen-and-paper, were routinely broken using ciphertexts alone.
		Mechanical encryption devices such as Enigma made this much more difficult, and the eventual introduction ofcomputers and electronics into cryptography has resulted in ciphertext-only attacks becoming very rare.
	www.therfcc.org /ciphertext-only-attack-72514.html (107 words)

	[No title]
		A cyphertext only attack is usually presumed to be possible, and a code's resistance to it is considered the basis of its cryptographic security.
		A chosen-plaintext attack is the first of an increasingly impractical series of _active_ attacks on a cryptosystem: attacks where the cryptanalyst feeds data to the encryptor.
		Ciphertexts significantly shorter than this are likely to have multiple, equally valid decryptions and therefore to gain security from the opponent's difficulty choosing the correct one.
	www.hackcanada.com /blackcrawl/encrypt/cryptfaq.txt (13766 words)

	Re: [GSMSecurity] GSM security flaw uncovered
		These attacks are based on security flaws of the GSM protocols, and work whenever the mobile phone supports A5/2.
		We emphasize that these attacks are on the protocols, and are thus applicable whenever the cellular phone supports a weak cipher, for instance they are also applicable using the cryptanalysis of A5/1.
		Unlike previous attacks on GSM that require unrealistic information, like long known plaintext periods, our attacks are very practical and do not require any knowledge of the content of the conversation.
	lists.virus.org /gsmsecurity-0309/msg00021.html (344 words)

	CIPHERTEXT-ONLY CRYPTANALYSIS OF ENIGMA
		The attack exploits a weakness in the use of the plugboard: not all letters are interchanged.
		This attack appears to be practical for the level of traffic decrypted at Bletchley Park for keys using up to nine or ten plugs.
		If this attack was beyond the technology of Bletchley Park during the war, it was certainly accessible only a few years later.
	www.fortunecity.com /skyscraper/coding/379/gillog1.htm (2196 words)

	Firewalls Complete - Cryptography: Is it Enough?
		The only inconvenient is to know the recipients’ public key, and as its usage increases, there are a lot of public keys out there, without a central place to be stored.
		This version not only checks the passwords against its basic dictionary, but also checks for passwords that are identical to the username, which I used as an example for a cracked password on figure 3.18.
		Only the marked attribute or set of attributes is used in a CS query, this marked set is the common element in distinguished names of certificates located at the server with the correct key, but not all certificates at this location have this common element
	www.secinf.net /firewalls_and_VPN/Firewalls_Complete/Firewalls_Complete__Cryptography_Is_it_Enough.html (15149 words)

	The Britannica Stream Cipher
		In other words, the encryption of the plaintext s is the ciphertext s*x^j, where j is selected by generating n bits of output from the key register.
		One line of attack is to hope to find two encryptions sx^j, sx^i of the same plaintext s, as might happen if s is a fairly-constant header or is some stereotyped text.
		This style of attack could be prevented (it seems) by maintaining the feedback from the F register to the R register even when no data bit is present, during the multiple stepping process.
	www.ciphersbyritter.com /NEWS5/BRITSTRM.HTM (7206 words)

	Cryptology ePrint Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Our new attack allows to break efficiently stream ciphers that are known to be immune to all the previously known attacks.
		For example, the new attack breaks the stream cipher Toyocrypt submitted to the Japanese government Cryptrec call for cryptographic primitives, and one of only two candidates accepted to the second phase of Cryptrec evaluation process.
		Moreover it works in much less restrictive conditions that the previous attack, for example knowing ONLY that the ciphertext is in English.
	eprint.iacr.org /2002/087 (341 words)

	Ciphertext-only attack - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Even making an informed guess of the existance of real messages would facilitate traffic analysis.
		In the history of cryptography, early ciphers, implemented using pen-and-paper, were routinely broken using ciphertexts alone, Cryptographers developed a variety of statistical techniques for attacking ciphertext, such as frequency analysis.
		However a flaw in the German Enigma, the fact that it never enciphered a letter into itself, plus poor procedures by the Germans, sending sending encrypted initial rotor settings twice, allowed Polish cryptographers to mount a succcessful ciphertext-only cryptanalysis of the Enigma.
	www.open-encyclopedia.com /Ciphertext-only_attack (485 words)

	Ciphertext-only Attack Encyclopedia Article, Definition, History, Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
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	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Ciphertext-only_attack (634 words)

	Slashdot \| Cryptogram: AES Broken?
		To an engineer, an attack is something that is practical, or at least might be practical in a few years.
		These attacks were developed to try to analyze and defeat the Tame Transformation Method [usdsi.com] (TTM), but they failed---one can increase certain parameters in TTM, the same way one can increase the size of RSA keys, to make such attacks too expensive.
		It was clear that the same attacks applied to AES, perhaps if Schneier had taken the time and trouble to understand TTM when he first had the opportunity he would have been sounding the "alarm" earlier.
	www.slashdot.org /articles/02/09/16/0653224.shtml?tid=93 (6640 words)

	"Brokenness levels" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Did you mean a ciphertext-only = attack, or perhaps, a chosen-ciphertext attack?
		Michael, in the sci.crypt Sandbox you list levels of brokenness: No attacks 0% (Sb = 0) Distinguisher 10% (Sb = 0.1) Chosen plaintext 30% (Sb = 0.3) Known plaintext 60% (Sb = 0.6) Known ciphertext 100% (Sb = 1.0) What is a known-ciphertext attack?
		Did you mean a ciphertext-only attack, or perhaps, a chosen-ciphertext attack?
	www.totalblowhole.com /new-6294731-4287.html (118 words)

	Cryptology ePrint Archive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		On January 8th 2003, Eric Filiol published on the eprint a paper (eprint.iacr.org/2003/003/) in which he claims that AES can be broken by a very simple and very fast ciphertext-only attack.
		If such an attack existed, it would be the biggest discovery in code-breaking since some 10 or more years.
		We also studied the source code provided by the author to realize that the first version had various issues and bugs, and the latest version still does not confirm the claimed result on AES.
	eprint.iacr.org /2003/022 (213 words)

	ciphertext-only attacks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		But I guess the latter is a moot question, since ciphertext-only security is pretty uninteresting; if you don't have security against known-plaintext attacks, the system is pretty worthless.
		From what I understand, to prove formally that a cryptosystem is secure against ciphertext-only attacks, we would have to show a reduction from algorithm A beating the system into algorithm B breaking some well-known assumption, such as DDH or factoring is hard.
		But if the cryptanalyst ses only ciphertext, then finding secret p from q is as difficult as factoring q.
	www.totalblowhole.com /new-6316699-4287.html (961 words)

	Beats Biblionetz - Begriffe: Ciphertext-only attack
		In this attack, the cryptanaIyst has the ciphertext of several messages, all of which have been encrypted using the same encryption algorithm.
		The cryptanayst's job is to recover the pIaintext of as many messages as possible, ar better yet deduce the key (or keys) used to encrypt the messages in order to decrypt other messages encrypted with the same keys.
		Der Begriff "Ciphertext-only attack" wird besprochen in (Zitationen):
	beat.doebe.li /bibliothek/w01083.html (131 words)

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