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	AllRefer.com - Cipriano Castro (Venezuelan History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Cipriano Castro[sEprEA´nO kAs´trO] Pronunciation Key, 1858?–1924, president of Venezuela (1901–8).
		Castro's administration is notable because of the financial claims (see Venezuela Claims) made by several foreign powers and his defiance of them.
		He retired briefly in 1906 and was succeeded by Juan Vicente GOmez, but after having violent disagreements with GOmez, Castro again assumed power.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/Castro-C.html (205 words)

	The Historian: The Venezuelan claims controversy at the Hague,... @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Castro established a commission in 1901 to decide many of the resultant claims and insisted that they were within the scope of Venezuelan internal affairs.
		Castro's arrangement was unsatisfactory to Europeans because the commission was comprised exclusively of Venezuelans, and Europeans distrusted Venezuelan justice.
		Castro carefully paid the first claims of the blockading powers, but tried to delay execution of other provisions of the settlement and to reduce revenues from the La Guaira and Puerto Cabello customs houses by opening more facilities.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:16990537&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (4951 words)

	Revista/Review Interamericana:Volumen 29 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Castro also knew that with the local insurgents not yet fully suppressed, and with the nearly total dependence of his government on the customs revenues of the two main ports of La Guayra and Puerto Cabello, he had to lean on the Americans for intercession with the blockading powers and for a negotiated settlement.
		Castro was determined to reverse the tradition whereby Venezuela always had to pay compensation for alleged injury to foreigners and their property in Venezuela, while those foreign interests which fomented death and destruction in Venezuela received no punitive sanction.
		Castro's strategy for dealing with those two island bases of insurgency, Trinidad and Curaçao, was to blockade the major Venezuelan ports in times of insurgency, which only the powerful war vessels of the western powers could break, and often did.
	www.sg.inter.edu /revista-ciscla/volume29/singh.html (5873 words)

	Search Results for Castro - Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Castro was founded in 1567 and regrew after being destroyed by an...
		Venezuelan soldier and dictator, called the Lion of the Andes, who was the first man from the mountains to rule a nation that until the 20th century had been dominated by plainsmen and city dwellers...
		Fidel Castro indicated in a speech that his government was lifting restrictions on those wishing to leave the country.
	www.britannica.com /search?query=Castro&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT (431 words)

	The Players - The ones who have reached the Majors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		According to the version, the president sent his son to Philadelphia for his college studies, but he did not registered for classes in 1902, he joined the Philadelphia Athletics without the authorization of his father and to remained covered it was told to be born in Colombia and was called "Louis" instead of "Luis".
		Castro only played for one season and his death was reported on New York in 1941.
		President Castro tried to go to the United States after he was ousted, but the American government did not allow him to enter as revenge to his policies.
	iml.jou.ufl.edu /projects/Fall02/Landino/theplayers15.html (485 words)

	VHeadline.com - Cipriano Castro in the National Pantheon completes another piece of jigsaw puzzle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The remains of Army General and President Cipriano Castro (1899-1902, 1902-1904, 1904-1908) are now in the National Pantheon, along with those of another of his heroes, General Guzman Blanco, whose remains he brought over from France.
		General Castro’s claim to fame lies in his victorious military campaign to take power, his humiliation of powerful “factor” bankers by marching them through Caracas, his oratory against the blockade of British and German frigates off Puerto Cabello and la Guaira, and the fight against provincial warlords.
		Castro sealed Venezuela’s transformation out of the feudal age into the modern age, while Chavez Frias’ role as a bridge has still to be defined he could be seen in the future as setting the stage to bring Venezuela into the global economy as a competitive force.
	www.vheadline.com /readnews.asp?id=3215 (855 words)

	The city under Castro (from Havana) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Havana's close ties with the United States were quickly ended, and Castro turned to the Soviet Union for economic and military assistance.
		Castro was founded in 1567 and regrew after being destroyed by an earthquake in 1837.
		Castro held the title of premier from 1959 until 1976, when he became president of the Council of State and the Council of Ministers.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-61533?tocId=61533 (769 words)

	Venezuela - A CENTURY OF CAUDILLISMO
		Crespo was killed in 1898; in 1899 General Cipriano Castro, the first of four military rulers from the Andean state of Táchira, marched on Caracas with a private army that became a strong naitonal army and assumed the vacant presidency.
		Castro was characterized as "a crazy brute" by United States secretary of state Elihu Root and as "probably the worst of [Venezuela's] many dictators" by historian Edwin Lieuwen.
		In 1908 Castro traveled to Europe for medical treatment; his chief military aide and fellow tachirense (native of the state of Táchira), Juan Vicente Gómez, took this opportunity to overthrow the dictator and assume power.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-14516.html (1794 words)

	Publications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Dictator Cipriano Castro, an energetic little maniac with a penchant for flamboyance, had just defied all the laws of economic common sense.
		When the bankers, headed by Manuel Antonio Matos, balked at the lack of any reasonable guarantee, Castro's reaction was to arrest and handcuff all of the nationÕs leading bankers and parade them through the streets of Caracas.
		Roosevelt and company had no love for Cipriano Castro, but the Monroe Doctrine was considered to take precedence over mere likes or dislikes.
	www.venamcham.org /ingles/pub_edit_july.htm (896 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Venezuela
		The last of these governments by bloodshed was that of Cipriano Castro, which lasted nine years and ended in December, 1908.
		Juan Bautista Castro, whose zeal has always manifested itself in the defence of the Church, and especially as an apostle of the Divine Eucharist, for the adoration of which he has consecrated at Caracas the sanctuary of the Santa Capilla, where perpetual homage is rendered to the Blessed Sacrament with daily Exposition.
		It is signed by Juan Bautista Castro, Archbishop of Caracas, and Antonio María Durán, Antonio Ramón Silva, Felipe Neri Sendrea, and Francisco Marvez, Bishops respectively of Guayana, Mérida, Calabozo, and Zulia; Aguedo Felipe Alvarado, at that time vicar capitular, now Bishop, of Barquisimeto, also assisted at the conferences.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15327a.htm (6153 words)

	Castro
		Cipriano Castro - Castro, Cipriano, 1858?–1924, president of Venezuela (1901–8).
		Américo Castro - Castro, Américo, 1885–1972, Spanish philologist and literary critic, b.
		Rosalía de Castro - Castro, Rosalía de, 1837–85, Spanish poet and novelist.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/world/A0911515.html (80 words)

	AllRefer.com - Juan Vicente GOmez (Venezuelan History, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Of indigenous and white parentage, GOmez was born on a ranch in the Western Andes and grew up a nearly illiterate cattle herder.
		He catapulted into the national scene in 1899 when he led his guerrilla henchmen in support of Cipriano Castro, under whom he was vice president.
		When Castro was overthrown, GOmez became president, and although he relinquished the title for long intervals, he ruled continuously from his estate near Maracay.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/G/Gomez-Ju.html (394 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Cipriano Castro
		Fidel Castro claimed power in 1959 following the Cuban Revolution, an armed revolt that overthrew...
		Bay of Pigs Invasion, attempt to overthrow Castro
		Bay of Pigs Invasion, unsuccessful attempt in 1961 to overthrow the government of the Cuban premier Fidel Castro by United States-backed Cuban...
	encarta.msn.com /Cipriano_Castro.html (115 words)

	Opposition 2003 should learn from opposition mistakes in 1903 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Historian Jorge Olavarria compares a last ditch battle fought by Cipriano Castro (1899-1902, 1902-1904, 1904-1908) 100 years ago to those fought and won by President Hugo Chavez Frias (1998-).
		Until that moment, Castro had been on the run and it was just a matter of finishing him off.
		Instead of heeding a proposal to take Caracas and attack Castro later from a more advantageous position, the arrogant warlord Luciano Mendoza insisted on attacking Castro holed up in La Victoria boasting that Castro would not last three hours the astute soldier, Castro outfoxed his adversaries.
	www.vheadline.com /printer_news.asp?id=4282 (591 words)

	Powell's Books - Gunboats, Corruption, and Claims: Foreign Intervention in Venezuela, 1899-1908 by Cipriano Castro
		The Cipriano Castro administration, which ruled Venezuela from 1899 to 1908, was characterized by a series of internal and external political crises which seemed capable of toppling it at any moment.
		In the midst of this civil war, Germany, the United Kingdom and later Italy instituted what came to be known as the "peaceful blockade" of Venezuela to force the government to honor its foreign debts.
		Analyzes the relationship between the Venezuelan government of Cipriano Castro and foreign governments and companies during the first decade of the 20th century.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=17-0313313563-0 (447 words)

	Caracas Chronicles: Happy Birthday, Andrés! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Yesterday during his televised speech, Chavez recalled El "Mocho" Hernandez, a general from our 19th century civil wars who, though he was an enemy of then president Cipriano Castro, nevertheless joined with him when German and Italian navy ships attacked Venezuelan ports, in 1903, with the pretext of collecting on overdue debts.
		They had not even finished jailing the Colombian mercenaries and already he, (Infrastructure Minister) Diosdado Cabello, (congressmen) Barreto, Tarek and Lara and any number of other government opinion peddlers, as well as the state TV channel, rushed to blame the Coordinadora Democratica.
		Unlike Cipriano Castro, Chavez made the incident a new chapter in his confrontation with those who oppose him and, faced with such an obscene manipulation, it was not hard to conclude that the whole episode had been a frame-up to obstruct, or even stop the reparos process and the organization of a recall vote.
	caracaschronicles.blogspot.com /2004/05/happy-birthday-andrs.html (688 words)

	Juan Vicente Gomez Biography / Biography of Juan Vicente Gomez Main Biography
		In politics Gómez associated himself with another Tachira native, Cipriano Castro, who led contingents in several civil wars of the last decades of the 19th century.
		When Castro organized, from exile in Colombia, an invasion of his homeland, Gómez accompanied him in the effort, and when it was successful and Castro became president of Venezuela, Gómez was rewarded with the vice presidency.
		Although Gómez had already acquired an extensive reputation as a plotter and schemer, Castro was injudicious enough to go to Europe for medical attention in 1908.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-juan-vicente-gomez (695 words)

	Biblioteca Digital del INEAM - INTERAMER
		In 1899, from his mountain hideout, Castro threatened the president in Caracas: “You will learn how the tigers of the Andes roar as they descend on Caracas!” And descend they did, but when they entered Caracas, these tigers of the Andes learned the subtle interplay of economics and politics.
		And if the slightest crack were to appear in the scaffolding of a dictator’s politics, the ambitions of those who could move power in one direction or another were stirred, and from then on the garrison became another waiting room of power.
		At times, no conspiracy was necessary: General Cipriano Castro left Caracas for treatment of an illnesses and in his absence his right-hand man, General Juan Vicente Gómez, declared himself president.
	www.educoas.org /Portal/bdigital/contenido/interamer/interamer_59/chap6/tension.aspx (2773 words)

	History and Class Part 4: FAST FORWARD
		In 1899, “General” Cipriano Castro marched his private army into Caracas from the Andean state of Tachira, becoming the first of the four tachirense caudillos to govern Venezuela.
		Castro was overthrown nine years later by his chief aide, Juan Vicente Gomez.
		Gomez became known as “The Tyrant of the Andes,” and Venezuelan oil reserves were opened to foreign exploitation and development.
	www.williambowles.info /guests/wolf_4.html (388 words)

	Juan Vicente Gómez
		Of indigenous and white parentage, Gómez was born on a ranch in the Western Andes and grew up a nearly illiterate cattle herder.
		When Castro was overthrown, Gómez became president, and although he relinquished the title for long intervals, he ruled continuously from his estate near Maracay.
		Congress conferred on him the title El Benemérito (the meritorious), but his enemies dubbed him El Bagre (the catfish) because of a supposed facial resemblance enhanced by a bushy mustache.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/people/A0821224.html (276 words)

	Series of Dictatorships - History - Venezuela - South America: angarita medina, dictatorships history, history ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The United States persuaded Britain to submit the case to an arbitration tribunal that subsequently awarded the larger share of the territory to Britain.
		The second incident occurred during the rule of Cipriano Castro, from 1899 to 1908, when the government failed to pay its foreign debts.
		In 1904 an international tribunal asked to rule on the dispute decided in favor of the allies.
	www.countriesquest.com /south_america/venezuela/history/series_of_dictatorships.htm (617 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In 1902, during the rule of Cipriano Castro, Britain, France, Germany, and several other powers blockaded Venezuelan ports because of the government's failure to meet its debts.
		The following year General Juan Vicente Gómez deposed Castro, and he basically ruled tyrannically until his death in 1935.
		Venezuela did not become actively involved in World War II (1939-1945) until 1945, when it declared war on the Axis Powers in order to qualify as a charter member of the United Nations.
	www.siue.edu /~jbueno/COURSES/FL111C/AIDS/Topical_Index/venezuhis.htm (647 words)

	castro on The Skateboard Directory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		DWARS veroordeelt Castro Maandag 7 april zijn acht dissidenten op Cuba veroordeeld tot gevangenisstraffen vari...
		Hijo de José del Carmen Castro, agricultor de mediana posición y de...
		Evaristo Jaimes-quien murió en combate-que Castro conoce a Juan Vicente Gómez, su...
	www.skateboarddirectory.com /srch?qt=castro (543 words)

	Venezuelatoday.net - Gustavo Coronel - Chavez confesses publicly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since the opposition did not attend, he spoke only to his followers and to a captive audience of diplomatic representatives, earning their salary the hard way: listening to Chávez.
		The style of his delivery was, as always, a combination of Fidel Castro and Joselo, the once popular Venezuelan comedian, now retired, who specialized in nonsense.
		In one section of the speech, perhaps in the belief that what he was saying would not be published, he confessed to having generated the PDVSA crisis in order to destroy the existing organization.
	www.venezuelatoday.net /GC/chavez_resumen_anual.html (1361 words)

	The Wonderful Country
		Bredi carries a gun for the Chihuahuan warlord Cipriano Castro and is on Castro's business in Texas.
		Fourteen years earlier—shortly after the end of the Civil War—when he was the boy Martin Brady, he killed the man who murdered his father and fled to Mexico where he became Martín Bredi.
		Back in Texas Brady breaks a leg; then he falls in love with a married woman while recuperating; and, finally, to right another wrong, he kills a man. When Brady/Bredi returns to Mexico, the Castros distrust him as an American.
	www.tamu.edu /upress/BOOKS/2002/lea.htm (240 words)

	WHKMLA : History of Venezuela, 1870-1918
		The years after Guzman are characterized by the return of political chaos, a succession of short lived dictators, the most notorious being JOAQUIN CRESPO and CIPRIANO CASTRO.
		The state finances had been mismanaged, and the state had declared it's unwillingness to honour international credits, causing the British, German, Italian and Dutch navy to militarily intervene (VENEZUELA CLAIMS).
		In World War I, Venezuela stayed neutral, resisting diplomatic attempts by the Entente to lure the country into entering the war.
	www.zum.de /whkmla/region/samerica/venezuela18701918.html (224 words)

	A short history of Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Much of Venezuela's 19th-century history is characterized by periods of political instability, dictatorial rule and revolutionary turbulence.
		The first half of the 20th century is marked by periods of authoritarianism, including the 1899-1908 dictatorship of Cipriano Castro Ruiz and the 1908-35 dictatorial rule by Juan Vicente Gómez Chacón, both of the Partido Liberal Restaurador (Liberal Restoration Party, PLR).
		The Venezuelan economy shifts after the first World War from a primarily agricultural orientation to an economy centered on petroleum production and export.
	www.electionworld.org /history/venezuela.htm (652 words)

	MONTEVIDEO CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF STATES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Article 2 The federal state shall constitute a sole person in the eyes of international law.
		I hope that at the earliest possible date such very important work will be done.
		MANE José Pedro VARELA Mateo MARQUES Castro Dardo REGULES Sofia Alvarez Vignoli DE DEMICHELI Teofilo PINEYRO Chain Luis A. Martin R. José G. Pedro MANINI Rios Rodolfo MEZZERA Octavio MORATA Luis MORQUIO José SERRATO Paraguay: Justo Pastor BENITEZ Maria F. Mexico: B.
	www.molossia.org /montevideo.html (1190 words)

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