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Topic: Circassian language

	Encyclopedia: Northwest Caucasian languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Current theory holds that the richness of consonantal phoneme systems in the Northwest Caucasian languages is the result of a process which removes vowel features such as labialisation and palatalisation from the vowels in a root and reassigns them instead to the consonants which surround them.
		In linguistics, a participle is an adjective derived from a verb.
		The Kabardian language is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken in Russia, Jordan and Turkey.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Northwest-Caucasian-languages (2042 words)

	Kabardian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Kabardian language is closely related to the Adyghe language, both members of the Northwest Caucasian language family, mainly spoken in Jordan, Turkey, and the Kabardino-Balkar Republic of Russia.
		Some argue that Kabardian is only a dialect of an overarching Circassian language that also includes the various Adyghe dialects.
		Kabardian is written in a form of the Cyrillic alphabet, and like all Northwest Caucasian languages, has an extremely complex verbal system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kabardian_language (148 words)

	Circassian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic orAbkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasian part of Russia, in Turkey and in Abkhazia (an autonomous republic of Georgia).
		The basis behind this theory is that, during language evolution, vowelfeatures such as labialisation, pharyngealisation or frontness are removed from the vowels in a root and reassigned instead to the consonants which surround them.This theory also explains why there are so few vowels in Northwest Caucasian languages.
		The North-West Caucasian languages are currently undergoing some study as to whether they may share a phyletic link with the Indo-European family, at a time depth of about 12,000years before the present.
	www.therfcc.org /circassian-96862.html (776 words)

	EDMUND SPENCER: TRAVELS IN CIRCASSIA, 1836 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In addition to this, the Circassian is armed with a light gun, slung across the shoulder, and a sabre suspended by a silk cord in the Turkish fashion; attached to the belt is a powderflask, and a small metal box containing flints, steel, gun-screws, oil, and, not infrequently, a small hatchet.
		The granary of a Circassian in those districts, most liable to the ravages of war, however singular its form, is, nevertheless, admirably adapted for a country, like this, exposed to the continual devastations of the enemy, independently of the advantages that it preserves the grain for years, both from damp and vermin.
		A Circassian, having returned from a predatory excursion, sold a horse, part of his booty, to a neighbour, which he warranted perfectly sound; it was, however, subsequently discovered that the animal had received a slight wound in the hoof, but not till after he had fallen and broken the leg of the rider.
	www.iras.ucalgary.ca /%7Evolk/sylvia/Circassia.htm (14391 words)

	Circassian - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about Circassian
		Divided into several tribes, they were politically independent but united under Turkish influence and resisted the Russian advance into their area in the late 18th century.
		Russia annexed their land 1864, forcing 500,000 Circassians into Turkey, half of whom perished on the way.
		Hemp is a dusky, dark fellow, a sort of Indian; but Manilla is as a golden-haired Circassian to behold.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /Circassian (254 words)

	Adygeyan language - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Adyge, or Адыгэ, is a language of the republic of Adygeya in the Russian federation.
		The language is referred to by its speakers as Adyghadze or Adyghabza, and alternatively spelled in English as Adygean, Adygeyan or Adyghe.
		It belongs to the Northwest Caucasian languages, and is closely related to the Kabardian language.
	en.freepedia.org /Circassian_language.html (137 words)

	Circassia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Mr Fathi Radjab is the Circassian representative at the UNPO
		The Circassians are descendants of the old pre-Indo-Europeans of the first millennium B.C. and emerged as one people in the 10th century with their own distinctive culture and language.
		The vast majority of Circassians were at several occasions in their history, forced to flee their homeland and more than 2 million live in Turkey and about 100 000 in Jordan, Syria, Israel, the United States and Europe.
	www.unpo.org /print.php?arg=18&par=227 (243 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Circassians, who call themselves Adigha, are the aborigines of the North-Western Caucasus, with a unique language and a distinct culture of their own, one of the oldest people of the world and one of the primary inhabitants of Europe.
		Circassian traditional hospitality and tolerance have undoubtedly contributed to this distinctive phenomenon of this land, which became the home of many ethnic groups, speaking among them more than forty different languages.
		The Circassians are known throughout history for their beauty, heroism and gallantry as great horsemen and warriors.
	www.usacba.org /KCCdefault.asp (605 words)

	Adyghe language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Adyghe language is also known as the Circassian language, and is spoken by the various tribes of the Adyghe nation: Shapsugh, Bzedugh, Abzekh, Kemirgoy, Hakuchi, and some others.
		Kabardian is a very close relative, treated by some as a dialect of Adyghe or of an overarching Circassian language.
		Category:Caucasian languages Category:Languages of Russia Category:Languages of Turkey ja:&12450;&12487;&12451;&12466;&35486; nl:Adyghe (taal) sv:Adygeiska
	adyghe-language.area51.ipupdater.com (267 words)

	Circassian Reference,
		A group of dialects of the North - West Caucasian languages are often referred to as Circassian or Cherkess.
		There are nearly a million 'circassians' in Turkey, where many of their ancestors fled to escape Christian rule when Russia conquered this part of the Caucasus in 1864.
		Circassian was taught in Schools in Syria till the 1950s, and is still taught in few schools in Israel.
	www.worldlanguage.com /Languages/Circassian.htm (134 words)

	Articles & Publications / Circassian World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The decision to deport the Circassians came in 1860; the Russians invaded from the north, accompanied by mobile columns of riflemen and Cossack cavalry; four thousand Circassian families left for Turkey.
		John Colarusso is a professor in the departments of Anthropology and Modern Languages and Linguistics at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.
		The Nart Epos: The Fountain-Head Of Circassian Mythology
	www.circassianworld.5u.com /Articles.html (1033 words)

	Minority Communities
		The Circassians, comprising some 3,000 people concentrated in two northern villages, are Sunni Muslims, although they share neither the Arab origin nor the cultural background of the larger Islamic community.
		Essentially non-assimilating, the community's separate existence is facilitated through the use of Arabic, Israel's second official language; a separate Arab/Druze school system; Arabic mass media, literature and theater and maintenance of independent Muslim, Druze and Christian denominational courts which adjudicate matters of personal status.
		Cultural life in the Arab sector, both within the framework of the community itself, and as part of the country's cultural mainstream, expresses the Arab population's affinity to the Arab world as a whole and its status as a minority group in Israel.
	www.us-israel.org /jsource/Society_&_Culture/Minority_communities.html (1245 words)

	Cherkess Fund (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		One of the most critical aspects of Circassian culture was and continues to be under threat today; the Circassian language.
		Teams of volunteers were established under the supervision of Circassian and international scholars to begin collecting and collating the lost words, phrases and vocabulary for the new dictionaries.
		The Fund is coordinating with all the Diaspora organizations (Khasa) to strengthen ties between all Circassians of the Diaspora and the motherland.
	www.cherkessfund.org /facts.htm (561 words)

	Encyclopedia: Circassian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		as a synonym for the The Kabardian language is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken in Russia, Jordan and Turkey.
		Circassian languages is also used as a synonym for the The Northwest Caucasian languages, also called Pontic or Abkhaz-Adyg/Circassian, are a group of languages spoken in the Caucasian part of Russia, in Turkey and in Abkhazia (an autonomous republic of Georgia).
		The entire group is characterised by paucity of phonemic vowels, rich consonantal systems with many forms of...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Circassian (249 words)

	Circassians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Location: Circassians (Adygeis) live in the western part of North Caucasus between the mountain range and the Black Sea.
		Population and administration: Today Circassians are divided in three small republics (of the Russian Federation): Kabardino-Balkaria (390,000), Karachai-Cherkessia (60,000), and Adygei (125,000); more than two million Circassians live in Turkey and about 100,000 in Jordan, Syria, Israel, United States and Europe.
		Language: The Circassian language belongs (together with Abkhazian) to the Northwest Caucasian language family.
	www.unpo.ee /en/members/circassians.html (74 words)

	Minority languages of Russia on the Net - Kabardian (Circassian) language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Kabardian (Circassian) language - one of the Caucasian languages (Abkhaz-Adyge group).
		Spoken in the Kabardian-Balkar and Karachay-Circassian republics, in the city of Mozdok and its surroundings in the Stavropol region, in a number of villages of the Krasnodar region and the Republic of Adygea.
		The literary language is founded on the dialect of the Greater Kabardia.
	www.peoples.org.ru /eng_kabard.html (217 words)

	[No title]
		By Zeynel Besler in Istanbul New legislation in Turkey is opening the way for a possible renaissance of the Circassian and Abkhaz languages, spoken by the descendants of exiles from the North Caucasus.
		An estimated one million Circassians, 150 thousand Abkhazians and smaller numbers of Ossetians, Chechens, Karachais, Balkars and Dagestanis were forced to leave their homeland and settled in various parts of the then Ottoman Empire, founding nearly a thousand ethnic enclaves in the heartland of Turkey.
		In their homelands, both languages have been written in the Cyrillic script since the late 1930s and almost no one in the diaspora, bar a few thousand educated activists, understands it.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /absoluten/showarticle.php?articleID=321 (924 words)

	The Circassian Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		''I find the Circassian language to be the most beautiful sounding language I have ever heard, and whose loss would be a tragedy not only for the Circassians as an ethno-linguistic group but also for the world of language-study.''
		FBA, Professor of Caucasian Languages, SOAS, London University
		Circassian (Adyghe) Alphabet and Respons in Latin Alphabet
	circassianworld.5u.com /adigebze.html (257 words)

	circassian Thoughts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Circassians historically spread across the N. Caucasus, speaking a language that was closely related to, but mutually unintelligible with, Ubykh and Abkhaz(-Abaza).
		Most of the surviving Circassians and Abkhazians together with ALL the Ubykhs chose to leave their territories and take refuge in Ottoman lands (mainly Turkey).
		Ubykh died out in 1992, and the future for Circassian and Abkhaz amongst the diaspora is bleak -- in many ways the future of these two languages even in the Caucasian homeland is far from secure.
	www.book-thoughts.com /book/circassian.html (961 words)

	The Unreached Peoples Prayer Profiles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		By the mid-1860's, roughly 90% of the Circassian population had been either killed or forced to flee to various parts of the Ottoman Empire.
		Students in junior high school often study written Circassian, a language that uses the Cyrillic script but is not related to Russian.
		Christianity was introduced to the Circassian between the sixth and twelfth centuries by Byzantine missionaries.
	www.ksafe.com /profiles/p_code4/146.html (791 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Adyghei, Chechen and Avar language broadcasts each 20 minutes is now available with its archives from 1 January 2003.
		The initial 15 minute broadcasts in Russian, Adyghei, Chechen and Avar languages was a source of unhappiness for Russia.
		Circassian language broadcast covers news from Turkey and interesting interviews by Negor Fathi, the RFE/RL’s Turkey correspondent.
	www.kafkas.org.tr /absoluten/showarticle.php?articleID=381 (265 words)

	languagehat.com: RADIO CAUCASUS. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		I'm listening to the Circassian now; the only thing I recognize is "Adyghe Respublika" (adyghe being the self-designation for the languages called by foreigners Adyge and Kabardian/Circassian), but it's fascinating to hear—it doesn't sound anything like I had imagined.
		One striking feature of NWC [North-West Caucasian] is that the languages are very rich in consonants and very poor in vowels.
		This is not actually true, but the peculiar phonology of the NWC languages makes it to some degree justifiable.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/000910.php (193 words)

	Aims and early achievements - Al-Jeel Club (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		After about one year had passed on the foundation of the club, classes were started to teach circassian language in Latin alphabet as set by circassian writer and poet in Syria called Kube Sha'ban who came to the Arab region after the end of the second world war.
		In 1951 Kube Sha'ban joined Al-Jeel Al-Jadeed club to act as a spiritual father for the folkloric aspirations of the club, long plays authored by Mr.
		Besides that, short oneact plays were performed in addition to short ones translated from other languages.
	www.al-jeel.org /aims.htm (113 words)

	Ethnologue 14 report for language code:ADY
		The following is the entry for this language as it appeared in the 14th edition (2000).
		It has been superseded by the corresponding entry in the 15th edition (2005).
		71,000 first language speakers out of 130,000 in ethnic group in Turkey, 6,409 monolinguals (1965 census).
	www.ethnologue.org /show_language.asp?code=ADY (140 words)

	Ethnologue report for language code:ady
		Circassian, Lower Circassian, Kiakh, Kjax, West Circassian, Adygei, Adygey
		Wallis, Ethel E. "The dynamics of vocalic harmony in Shapsugh Circassian."
		This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as:
	www.ethnologue.com /show_language.asp?code=ady (185 words)

	Institute for War and Peace Reporting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		New legislation in Turkey is opening the way for a possible renaissance of the Circassian and Abkhaz languages, spoken by the descendants of exiles from the North Caucasus.
		In fact, many associations of Circassians and Abkhaz (in Turkey they are all generally called “Cerkez” — Cherkess or Circassian) had already been running language courses without official permission and were tolerated by the authorities.
		Another innovation permits the broadcast of programmes in minority languages on television and radio, so long as Turkish translation or subtitles were provided.
	www.iwpr.net /index.pl?archive/cau/cau_200404_225_3_eng.txt (1090 words)

	TravelBlog \| Languages \| Circassian Information
		The Language information on TravelBlog will continue to increase, we hope to have more detailed information on Circassian soon.
		But in the meantime, the chances are that the 101 Languages of the World software package may include Circassian.
		Languages of the World teaches you to use real language, in context, using the widest variety of interactive activities available from any multi-language learning product today.
	www.travelblog.org /World/circassian-language.html (218 words)

	Kabardian (Circassian) alphabet, pronunciation and language
		Kabardian is a North West Caucasian language with about 650,000 speakers mainly in Kabardian-Balkar and Karachay-Circassian Republics of Russia.
		Kabardian is also known as East Circassian or Upper Circassian.
		Like other Caucasian languages, Kabardian has very few vowels and a large number of consonants.
	www.omniglot.com /writing/kabardian.htm (129 words)

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