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Topic: Circular error probable

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Sampling distribution

Normal distribution

Confidence region

Standard deviation

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JDAM

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	Earth Observation Magazine
		The Circular Error Probable (CEP) defines the radius of a circle that represents a 50 percent probability of a position lying in that circle.
		Dietsch: The terms CEP (Circular Error Probable), SEP (Spherical Error Probable), 1 Sigma and 2 Sigma are estimates of the probability of an occurrence.
		CEP refers to a 50 percent probability that the true value of an estimated two-dimensional point lies within a circle centered on the point and of a radius given by the magnitude of the CEP, i.e., ±0.05m.
	www.eomonline.com /Common/Archives/1996jun/96jun_gps.html (842 words)

	Circular error probable - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Unless the munition is arriving exactly vertically downwards the standard deviation of range errors is usually larger than the standard deviation of azimuth errors, and the resulting confidence regions is elliptical.
		The mean error squared (MSE) will be the sum of the variance of the range error plus the variance of the azimuth error plus the covariance of the range error with the azimuth error plus the square of the bias.
		The square root of the MSE is the circular error probable, commonly abbreviated to CEP.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Circular_error_probable (406 words)

	Circular error probable -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the (The discipline dealing with the principles of warfare) military science of (The science of flight dynamics) ballistics, Circular Error Probability or circular error probable (CEP) is a simple measure of a weapon system's (The quality of being reproducible in amount or performance) precision.
		For example, an (A ballistic missile that is capable of traveling from one continent to another) ICBM warhead with a CEP of 100 meters will impact within 100 meters of the target point in at least 50 percent of all attempts.
		The square root of the MSE is the circular error probable, commonly (Click link for more info and facts about abbreviated) abbreviated to CEP.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/c/ci/circular_error_probable.htm (396 words)

	Linear and Radial and Spherical Error Probabilities
		Often it is useful to characterize navigation accuracy in terms of spherical errors.
		is simply the standard deviation of bias type errors in measurement of ranges to individual satellites.
		These errors are usually a small component of the overall error budget except in high performance differential systems.
	home.earthlink.net /~loganscott53/Circular_Error_Probable.htm (449 words)

	Circular error probable - Freepedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the military science of ballistics, circular error probable is a simple measure of a weapon system's precision.
		Circular Error Probability (CEP) is defined as the radius of a circle into which a missile, bomb, or projectile will land at least half the time.
		For example, an ICBM warhead with a CEP of 100 meters will impact within 100 meters of the target point in at least 50% of all attempts.
	en.freepedia.org /CEP.html (303 words)

	Encyclopedia: Circular error probable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		ICBM warhead with a CEP of 100 meters will impact within 100 meters of the target point in at least 50 percent of all attempts.
		Usually the standard deviation of range errors is larger than the standard deviation of azimuth errors and the resulting In statistics, confidence intervals are the most prevalent form of interval estimation.
		That radius is the circular error probable, commonly Abbreviation (from Latin is not part of the abbreviation.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Circular-error-probable (1459 words)

	Kemungkinan ralat bulatan - Wikipedia
		Untuk kebanyakan senjata, CEP meningkat dengan jarak, jadi ia patut dinyatakan untuk jarak tertentu, atau pada sudut tertentu.
		Dalam kes ini, CEP digambarkan sebagai apa akan berlaku jika peluru menghentam permukaan secara menegak, dan ianya mesti disedari bahawa pada sudut cetek ia akan membujur.
		Ianya patut diingati bahawa konsep CEP hanya bermakna sekiranya tersasar dibahagi samarata.
	ms.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kemungkinan_ralat_bulatan (210 words)

	PROBABLE ERROR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Thus, if 3[sec] is the probable error in a given case, the chances that the real error is greater than 3[sec] are equal to the chances that it is less.
		The probable error is computed from the observations made, and is used to express their degree of accuracy.
		The probable error ep is 0.6745 times the standard deviation s.The probable error is not 'probable' in the normal sense of the word.Symbol ep.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Pr/Probable+error.html (288 words)

	Circular Error Probable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The accuracy of a ballistic missile is expressed in terms of its Circular Error Probable (CEP).
		Thus if the Agni IRBM has a CEP of 100 metres, then 50% of missiles fired at a given target should impact within 100 metres of their intended target and the remaining 50% will impact more than 100 metres from their target.
		Therefore, an Agni fitted with a conventional high-explosive warhead and a CEP of 100 metres would normally be expected to destroy or disable fixed military targets such as a Command and Control facility.
	www.bharat-rakshak.com /MISSILES/CEP.html (234 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, The Global Positioning System: A Shared National Asset (1995) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The probability of the actual horizontal position lying inside (or outside) a circle with radius CEP is 50 percent.
		Similarly the Spherical Error Probable (SEP) is defined to be SEP = 0.513 (σN + σE + σh).
		The probability of the actual position in space lying inside (or outside) a sphere of radius SEP is 50 percent (σh is the square root of the variance in the height).
	www.nap.edu /books/0309052831/html/177.html (1130 words)

	Alternatives to Cat III ILS Autoland Recoveries
		Since the sources of the error are continuously changing, it is necessary to match the error correction data from the base station very closely in time to the rover data.
		The CEP is the radius of a circle in which the true horizontal coordinates will be located 50% of the time.
		These errors consist of (1) ionosphere and troposphere delays on the radio signal, (2) signal multi-path, (3) receiver clock biases, (4) orbital errors, also known as ephemeris errors of the satellite's exact location, and (5) the intentional degradation of the satellite signal by the DOD.
	www.iasa.com.au /folders/RoboLander_files/alternatives_to_cat_iii_ils_auto.htm (1608 words)

	Sam Wormley's GPS Errors & Estimating Your Receiver's Accuracy
		The probability of horizontal error is within an ellipse of radius 2drms ranges between 0.95 and 0.98 depending on the ratio of the ellipse semi-axes.
		Consequently, the residual satellite clock error, at 2.1 m, is not the dominant error; in fact, the largest error is expected to be the mis-modeling of the ionosphere, at 4.0 m.
		The 41-m horizontal error is a one-sigma result; under the existing agreement between the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) and the U.S. Department of Defense (DOD), the 2 DRMS horizontal error is to be less than 100 m.
	www.edu-observatory.org /gps/gps_accuracy.html (2969 words)

	Glossary of Terms
		The CEP value is defined as a circle of a specified radii that encloses 50% of the data points.
		Errors caused by the interference of a signal that has reached the receiver antenna by two or more different paths.
		An estimate of error is often associated with a position.
	www.navtechgps.com /glossary.asp (1689 words)

	THE TARGET LOCATION - USAF INTELLIGENCE TARGETING GUIDE
		Spherical Error (SE) is the three- dimen-sional combination of horizontal and vertical errors at 90% probability and will be increasingly used as the measure of geospatial fidelity in the near future.
		The 50% Circular Error Probable (CEP) fig-ure is the radius of a circle around the target within which 50% of the weapons should fall.
		Conceptually, the CEP "error budget" is a set of systematically defined error sources, each of which contributes some identifiable portion to total system inaccuracy.
	www.fas.org /irp/doddir/usaf/afpam14-210/part13.htm (1841 words)

	Circular Error Probable (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The accuracy of a ballistic missile is expressed in terms of its Circular Error Probable (CEP).
		Thus if the Agni IRBM has a CEP of 100 metres, then 50% of missiles fired at a given target should impact within 100 metres of their intended target and the remaining 50% will impact more than 100 metres from their target.
		Therefore, an Agni fitted with a conventional high-explosive warhead and a CEP of 100 metres would normally be expected to destroy or disable fixed military targets such as a Command and Control facility.
	bharat-rakshak.com /MISSILES/CEP.html (234 words)

	GPS Accuracy
		CEP (Circular Error Probable) - Values stated as CEP apply to horizontal accuracy only.
		For example, if the distance between your base and rover is 200 kilometers, and the decorrelation of your GPS system is specified at 10 ppm; you may experience as much as 10 millionths of 200 kilometers of accuracy degradation, or 2 meters.
		On the other hand, using the same 200 kilometer example, with a decorrelation of only 2 ppm; your error will be limited to 2 millionths of 200 kilometers, or 0.4 meters.
	www.romdas.com /technical/gps/gps-acc.htm (1401 words)

	GPS Overview
		Circular Error Probable (CEP) is the value of the radius of a circle, centered at the actual position that contains 50% of the position estimates.
		Spherical Error Probable (SEP) is the spherical equivalent of CEP, that is the radius of a sphere, centered at the actual position, that contains 50% of the three dimension position estimates.
		Noise errors are the combined effect of PRN code noise (around 1 meter) and noise within the receiver noise (around 1 meter).
	www.forestry.umt.edu /academics/courses/X495/GPS_Overview.htm (2864 words)

	TDC Ltd - SiRF Product Range
		A technique to improve GPS accuracy that uses pseudo-range errors recorded at a known location to improve the measurements made by other GPS receivers within the same general geographic area.
		The standard deviation is representative of the error typically expected in a measured value of that quantity.
		A measure of error in range measurement to each satellite as seen by the receiver.
	www.tdc.co.uk /glossary.htm (8726 words)

	[No title]
		Also known as circle of probable error; circular error probable.
		] A circular line of position, used most frequently with reference to the circle of equal altitude surrounding the geographical position of a celestial body, but also used to refer to the lines of position produced by the distance-measuring equipment system.
		] A circle having as its center a position and as its radius the probable error of the position; the percent of the probable error must be specified error; it is a circle within which a craft is considered to be located.
	www.accessscience.com /Dictionary/C/C26/DictC26.html (1382 words)

	Ch 13 of Russell's PoP
		This, however, is a circular definition: it assumes that we already know what is meant by 'known premisses'.(Note 6) It can, therefore, at best define one sort of knowledge, the sort we call derivative, as opposed to intuitive knowledge.
		But in fact 'knowledge' is not a precise conception: it merges into 'probable opinion' (Note 8), as we shall see more fully in the course of the present chapter.
		In regard to probable opinion, we can derive great assistance from coherence, which we rejected as the definition of truth, but may often use as a criterion.
	www.xs4all.nl /~maartens/philosophy/russell/problems/RusPoP13.html (2204 words)

	ipedia.com: Precision-guided munition Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Because it is possible to jam GPS, the bomb reverts to inertial navigation in the event of losing the GPS signal.
		Inertial navigation is significantly less accurate; JDAM achieves a CEP of 13 m under GPS guidance, but typically only 30 m under inertial guidance.
		Further, the inertial guidance CEP increases as the dropping altitude increases, while the GPS CEP does not.
	www.ipedia.com /precision_guided_munition.html (676 words)

	CHAPTER XIII
		In passing from the perception to the judgement, it is necessary to analyse the given complex fact: we have to separate out 'the sun' and 'shining' as constituents of the fact.
		A body of individually probable opinions, if they are mutually coherent, become more probable than any one of them would be individually.
		But this test, though it increases probability where it is successful, never gives absolute certainty, unless there is certainty already at some point in the coherent system.
	www.ditext.com /russell/rus13.html (2408 words)

	MODELING OF GPS POSITION ERRORS
		The reason for this is that although the probability of a fix being within any unit area falls off with range from the true position, the circumference at that range gets larger (meaning there is more area at that range) which tends to increase the probability of the true position being at that range.
		Note in the above two plots that the agreement between measured and predicted error statistics is only approximate due primarily to the Rayleigh distribution approximation (assuming the error distribution is the same in all horizontal directions); unfortunately, to do better than this is an intractable mathematical problem.
		Maximum errors generally cannot be modeled as they represent rare events (such as multipath due to surrounding a particular satellite geometry); thus reporting of maximum errors is of little value.
	users.erols.com /dlwilson/gpsacc.htm (1643 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Technical Note: For the purpose of 7A002.b, 'angle random walk' is the angular error buildup with time that is due to white noise in angular rate.
		Navigation error (free inertial) subsequent to normal alignment of 0.8 nautical mile per hour (nm/hr) Circular Error Probable (CEP) or less (better); or a.2.
		"Circular Error Probable" ("CEP") - In a circular normal distribution, the radius of the circle containing 50 percent of the individual measurements being made, or the radius of the circle within which there is a 50 percent probability of being located.
	www.access.gpo.gov /bis/ear/txt/ccl7.txt (4065 words)

	Did USAF Technology Fail in Vietnam?
		The F-105s achieved a circular error probable (CEP) of 447 feet and 5.5 percent direct hits during the end of Rolling Thunder, compared with guided bombs’; CEP of 23 feet and 48 percent direct hits during the period of February 1972 through February 1973.
		Fourth, the military chooses to forget the lessons of Korea (for example, the difficulties of fighting a nonindustrial country, the problems of night interdiction, and the restrictions of a limited war), while the politicians were dominated by that war and the fear of Chinese intervention.
		“Circular error probable” is the radius within which half of the bombs will fall.
	www.gunships.org /werrell.html (6708 words)

	Probable Error Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		this radius represents an approximate probability of 97
		An RMS error statistic represents the radius of a circle
		CEP refers to the radius of a circle
	www.tpub.com /content/USMC/mcwp3167/css/mcwp3167_176.htm (192 words)

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