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Topic: Circumcision advocacy

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	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Circumcision in the Bible
		According to the Jewish Bible, circumcision was enjoined upon the biblical patriarch Abraham, his descendants and their slaves as "a token of the covenant" concluded with him by God for all generations, an "everlasting covenant" (Genesis 17:13), thus it is commonly observed by the Abrahamic religions.
		There is the circumcision and massacre of the Shechemites (Genesis 34:1-35:5), the hundred foreskin dowry (1 Samuel 18:25-27) and the story of the LORD threatening to kill Moses, and being placated by Zipporah's circumcision of their son (Exodus 4:24-26), and the Circumcision at Gilgal of Joshua 5.
		While Jesus' circumcision was recorded as having been performed in accordance with Torah requirements in Luke 2:21, according to the Acts of the Apostles, chapter 15, the leaders of the Christian Church at the Council of Jerusalem rejected circumcision as a requirement for Gentile converts.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Circumcision-in-the-Bible (7598 words)

	When Circumcision Was The Cure For Everything
		The first medical circumcisions were performed sporadically in the 18th century to remove syphilitic sores which tended to locate themselves on the foreskin.
		By the end of the century it was well established that circumcision was effective in reducing the risk of contracting various venereal diseases, particularly syphilis which was a scourge at the time.
		Even today, after its universal application has been largely discredited, prophylactic circumcision is being touted as a means of controlling AIDS in Africa and pro-circumcision advocacy groups are becoming established on the Internet.
	www.altpenis.com /penis_news/circumcision_masturbation.shtml (1265 words)

	Male circumcision - Peaceful Beginnings
		Circumcision as a therapeutic medical procedure may be recommended to treat a variety of conditions, such as pathological phimosis, chronic inflammations of the penis and penile cancer.
		Circumcision may be undertaken as a body modification of the genitals to change the looks of the penis to appeal more to certain aesthetics.
		Although it is difficult to determine historical circumcision rates, one estimate[75] of infant circumcision rates in the United States holds that 30% of newborn American boys were being circumcised in 1900, 55% in 1925, and 72% in 1950.
	peacefulbeginnings.org /Circumcision (4919 words)

	Circumcision
		Circumcision may be recommended to treat medical conditions in males, such as phimosis, chronic inflammation of the penis, and penile cancer.
		Circumcision ceremonies among certain Australian aboriginal societies constitute a rite of passage and are noted for their painful nature, including subincision for some aboriginal peoples in the Western Desert.
		Circumcision advocates assert that circumcision is a significant public health measure, preventing infections, and possibly slowing down the spread of AIDS, while the genital integrity movement asserts that infant circumcision is a human rights violation and a sexual assault, and that the practice of circumcising infants or children should be discouraged or banned.
	www.dejavu.org /cgi-bin/get.cgi?ver=93&url=http%3A%2F%2Farticles.gourt.com%2F%3Farticle%3Dcircumcision%26type%3Den (6202 words)

	Male Circumcision: Pain, Trauma and Psychosexual Sequelae
		Similarly with regard to circumcision, one of the reasons for it is, in my opinion, the wish to bring about a decrease in sexual intercourse and a weakening of the organ in question, so that this activity be diminished and the organ be in as quiet a state as possible...
		Circumcised men complained significantly more often than did genitally intact men of a progressive decline in penile sensation throughout their adult years--presumably due to increasing keratinisation of the exposed glans and inner foreskin remnant in circumcised men.
		Circumcised males may also be at risk of premature ejaculation, or alternatively may have to resort to prolonged thrusting during intercourse in order to stimulate sufficiently the residual erogenous penile nerve endings to trigger ejaculation (Bensley and Boyle, 2001).
	www.cirp.org /library/psych/boyle6 (7769 words)

	Circumcision
		Some of the medical reasons parents choose circumcision are to protect against infections of the urinary tract and the foreskin, prevent cancer, lower the risk of getting sexually transmitted diseases, and prevent phimosis (a tightening of the foreskin that may close the opening of the penis).
		Circumcision should not be performed on infants with certain deformities of the penis that may require a portion of the foreskin for repair.
		In circumcision of infants, the foreskin is pulled tightly into a specially designed clamp, and the foreskin pulls away from the broadened tip of the penis.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/circumcision.jsp (1159 words)

	A New Covenant
		Bigelow and Short are part of a decades-old movement of activists who are seeking to end routine circumcision, or at least make parents think twice before consenting to a procedure that forever affects their son's sexual anatomy.
		And, to underscore their contentions, as the organized movement to end infant circumcision grows, more and more adult men are seeking ways to restore their circumcised penises to the way God really intended.
		Circumcision in America became routine 100 years ago as part of the "masturbation frenzy" of the sexually repressed Victorian Age.
	www.cirp.org /news/1996.08.07_ColumbusAlive (2577 words)

	Advocacy to Ban Circumcision
		Circumcision means 'cutting around,' which is correct as far as it goes, but this is hardly an adequate definition of the modern procedure.
		Circumcision is a massive epidemic, putting at risk every individual American male from birth to death and harming more than half of the males in the United States.
		The relationship between circumcision and infant death is usually obscured by the reporting of the immediate cause of death, like infection, and omitting the precipitating cause - the circumcision wound.
	business.fortunecity.com /mars/272/circ.html (4274 words)

	Circumcision
		Circumcision is an operation to remove the foreskin of the penis.
		Circumcised men may have less risk of getting sexually transmitted diseases than men who are not circumcised (these studies have not been scientifically confirmed).
		Some men choose to have a circumcision for social reasons, such as a belief that the foreskin is unattractive or pressure from their partner to have the operation.
	www.disability.vic.gov.au /dsonline/dsarticles.nsf/pages/Circumcision?OpenDocument (620 words)

	Circumcision cuts risk of HIV by half, studies find in Kenya and Uganda
		Two major studies of male circumcision in Africa have found that the simple surgical procedure reduces the risk of HIV infection by half -- a hugely important result that is likely to prompt many African nations hard hit by AIDS to promote it as a means to control the epidemic.
		Doctors theorize that circumcision might protect against HIV infection because the foreskin is rich in a type of white blood cell that is a favorite target of the AIDS virus.
		She contends that circumcision removes "the most erogenous tissue" of the male body and that the diminished sensitivity she said circumcised men experience is a further disincentive to use condoms.
	www.sfgate.com /cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2006/12/14/MNGDIMVHF81.DTL (1421 words)

	Question and answer: Dr. Rey Joson on Xtulepinoy
		We are for therapeutic circumcision such as in patients with phimosis (restrictive foreskin) with recurrent urinary tract infection, paraphimosis (too tight foreskin), and balanitis (infection of the glans penis).
		With majority of the Filipinos being Catholic and with the Catholic Church not requiring circumcision for salvation, the religion basis is not a strong contributory factor for the rampant practice of circumcision in the Philippines.
		Using the benefit-risk ratio, an invasive and painful procedure such as circumcision is not warranted to promote hygiene of the penis and to prevent diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases and cervical cancer.
	xtulepinoy.tripod.com /qacircumcisionrj03.htm (1515 words)

	Circumcision -- familydoctor.org
		During a circumcision, the prepuce or the foreskin, which is the skin that covers the tip of the penis, is removed.
		Circumcision is usually performed on the first or second day after birth.
		Study results are mixed about whether circumcision may help reduce the risk of cervical cancer in female sex partners, and whether it helps prevent certain problems with the penis, such as infections and unwanted swelling.
	familydoctor.org /online/famdocen/home/men/reproductive/042.html (886 words)

	Jewish Circumcision Resource Center
		Some Jews may be so rigid in their advocacy of circumcision that they do not consider the details of opposing arguments.
		For example, circumcision advocates may use these terms to exaggerate the challenge to their views in order to encourage a stronger Jewish response, to “rally the troops” to defend circumcision.
		Given the symbolic religious and cultural meaning of circumcision to Jews and the repressed feelings associated with circumcision, it is understandable that some Jews may overreact to circumcision critics.
	jewishcircumcision.org /beyondas.htm (1048 words)

	Fitness
		Circumcision rates have dropped dramatically in the United States since their peak in the '60s and '70s, when over 80 percent of male newborns got the big chop (including me).
		I don't think anyone's suggesting we should ask guys to get circumcised as adults (although many have advocated this be done in order to slow the spread of HIV in Africa).
		Dismissive of any study that suggests a potential benefit to circumcision, including this latest one, she advocates universal precautions when it comes to HIV prevention.
	www.planetout.com /fitness/article.html?sernum=3251 (921 words)

	History of Circumcision
		Snow’s discussion of the historical evolution of circumcision as a religious rite is less off the track, but even there he was often misled by the limitations of the anthropological research available to him.
		This statement concisely set out the terms of his opposition: circumcision was an antiquated religious custom, not a modern medical therapy; it meant suffering and harm to a class of patient who had not given consent; and the grounds advanced to justify it were spurious.
		This fact, together with that of the advocacy of circumcision in cases of congenital phimosis by many very cautious and experienced surgeons, would seem to us to suggest that the dilatation method may not be invariably satisfactory, and that a certain number of cases may remain in which operative treatment will be found necessary.
	www.historyofcircumcision.net /index.php?option=content&task=view&id=45 (2131 words)

	RollingDoughnut.com
		Researchers say that the prevalence of circumcision, which slows the spread of HIV, and regional variations in sexual behavior are the biggest factors determining the severity of the AIDS epidemic in different countries and even within countries.
		The cost of newborn circumcision for middle class boys is covered by health insurance but in 13 states poor parents will have to raise the money themselves if they want their sons circumcised.
		This "infant circumcision opponents hate poor people" canard is a classic straw man, but it's so pathetically transparent that even a moment's thought destroys it all.
	www.rollingdoughnut.com (10552 words)

	BBC News \| Health \| 3,000 UK girls risk female circumcision every year
		Around 100 million women have been circumcised and it is estimated that two million a year undergo the process which is potentially fatal.
		There are three main types of circumcision: one involves removal of the tip of the clitoris; another involves total removal of the clitoris and surrounding labia and in the third, infibulation, the clitoris and labia are removed and the vagina is sewn up, leaving only a small opening for urine and menstrual blood.
		She is looking at what knowledge local and health authorities have about female circumcision, how many incidents they have come across and whether they have policies on it which they implement.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/212240.stm (706 words)

	ACOG Education Pamphlet AP039 -- Newborn Circumcision
		Circumcision is the surgical removal of this foreskin.
		Circumcised infants appear to have less risk of infections of the urinary tract than uncircumcised infants.
		Circumcision is done before the mother and baby leave the hospital.
	www.acog.org /publications/patient_education/bp039.cfm (857 words)

	Review: AIDS in Africa (Scientific American)
		Circumcision has, after all, become accepted by Western medicine, a system that prides itself on providing the best possible standards of care.
		The region in which most men are not circumcised correlates well with the so-called "AIDS belt," the region defined here as that in which some 10% of rural and 23% of urban inhabitants are infected with HIV-1.
		Circumcision is fundamentally a social surgery, still in search of a medical need.
	www.cirp.org /library/disease/HIV/falk (940 words)

	San Francisco AIDS Foundation: Statement on Adult Male Circumcision and HIV Prevention
		There is a potential for men who have been circumcised to believe they are fully protected and to lapse in condom use and other modes of risk reduction, which could have the effect of increasing HIV transmission rather than decreasing it.
		Circumcision is an invasive medical procedure that must be conducted by trained individuals under sterile conditions with appropriate monitoring and an adequate healing period to eliminate the risk of bacterial infection.
		Circumcision is a personal decision that should be made in consultation with providers, pediatricians and others.
	www.sfaf.org /policy/statements/circumcision.html (650 words)

	Intactivism news
		If the government is reluctant to take on the secret societies that regard female circumcision as a cornerstone of their rituals, foreign donors are equally hesitant to put pressure on ministers to ban the practice.
		Circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin of the penis.
		Although circumcision deaths in the U.S. are rare, the ritual is facing heavy criticism as it becomes synonymous with genital mutilation.
	www.circumstitions.com /News16.html (6054 words)

	Study: Circumcision can halve HIV risk : Mail & Guardian Online
		Circumcision can halve the risk of a man picking up the HIV infection that leads to Aids, scientists in the United States said on Wednesday night.
		Mitchell Warren, executive director of the Aids Vaccine Advocacy Coalition, said the results are "a milestone in the history of the Aids epidemic" but urged that circumcision be rolled out only in the context of other prevention measures.
		Circumcision was carried out by skilled medical professionals in the trials and all those involved had aftercare in case of complications.
	www.mg.co.za /articlePage.aspx?articleid=293342&area=/breaking_news/breaking_news__international_news (1077 words)

	Doctors' Advocacy
		In the 1940's, when venereal disease was the focus of national attention, circumcision advocates said that circumcision would prevent and cure venereal disease.
		In the 1950's and '60's, when cancer was the great fear of the American public, naturally circumcision was used as a cure and a preventative of cancer.
		In fact, even with the majority of boys in the U.S. still being circumcised, there is a small, yet vocal, group of male doctors who's goal seems to be to convince the general public to have their baby boys circumcised.
	www.circumcisionquotes.com /index8.html (977 words)

	Africa Update Archives
		In circumcising groups, a person who is not circumcised is often considered unclean, not fully formed as an adult member of society, not prepared to marry and bear children and a perpetual child.
		Female circumcision, like male circumcision in the same group, is often thought to purify and protect the next generation from dangerous outside influences, to bind all youth to their peers or age set.
		Female circumcision thus physically marks the female as belonging to a male family whose rights over her will be violated and whose wrath will be faced if she is sexually invaded.
	www.ccsu.edu /Afstudy/upd3-2.html (4243 words)

	Jewish Circumcision Resource Center
		Circumcision advocates fail to differentiate between reasonable criticism of a specific practice and a more general unjustified hostile attitude.
		For example, circumcision advocates may use these terms to exaggerate the challenge to their views in order to encourage a stronger Jewish response, to “rally the troops” to defend circumcision.
		Given the symbolic religious and cultural meaning of circumcision to Jews and the repressed feelings associated with circumcision, it is understandable that some Jews may overreact to circumcision critics.
	www.jewishcircumcision.org /beyondas.htm (1048 words)

	Discover the Wisdom of Mankind on Circumcision (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Circumcision used to be the norm in American hospitals, but has been on the decline for at least 20 years as its medical benefit has been questioned and ties to cultural traditions (Jewish, Muslim) have loosened.
		Circumcision is part of the initiation rite in a number of African and Australian Aboriginal tribal traditions.
		Although it is difficult to determine historical circumcision rates, one estimate77 of infant circumcision rates in the United States holds that 30% of newborn American boys were being circumcised in 1900, 55% in 1925, and 72% in 1950.
	www.blinkbits.com /blinks/circumcision (5058 words)

	MoonDragon's Articles: Journal of Health Psychology - Men's Health: Male Circumcision
		Similarly with regard to circumcision, one of the reasons for it is, in my opinion, the wish to bring about a decrease in sexual intercourse and a weakening of the organ in question, so that this activity be diminished and the organ be in as quiet a state as possible...
		Circumcised men complained significantly more often than did genitally intact men of a progressive decline in penile sensation throughout their adult years--presumably due to increasing keratinisation of the exposed glans and inner foreskin remnant in circumcised men.
		Circumcised males may also be at risk of premature ejaculation, or alternatively may have to resort to prolonged thrusting during intercourse in order to stimulate sufficiently the residual erogenous penile nerve endings to trigger ejaculation (Bensley and Boyle, 2001).
	www.moondragon.org /articles/malecircumcisionpain.html (7792 words)

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