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Topic: Citharas

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	Epigonion - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It was undoubtedly a kind of harp or psaltery, since in an instrument of so many strings some must have been of different lengths, for tension and thickness only could hardly have produced forty different sounds, or even twenty, supposing that they were arranged in pairs of unisons.
		Strings of varying lengths require a frame like that of the harp, or of the Egyptian cithara which had one of the arms supporting the cross bar or zugon shorter than the other, or else strings stretched over harp-shaped bridges on a sound-board in the case of a psaltery.
		Epigonus was also a skilled citharist and played with his bare hands without plectrum Unfortunately we have no record of when Epigonus lived.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Epigonion (348 words)

	Guitar Salon International: Classical Guitars & Flamenco Guitars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		At least on the face of it, this view is directly opposed to the more conventional assumption that the guitar's ancestor was the ud, brought by the Moors after the invasion of Spain during the 8th century.
		But with the Roman cithara arriving centuries prior, we might say that although the ud influenced the development of the guitar it is not the true ancestor.
		According to this theory, the Spanish guitar derived from the tanbur of the Hittites, kithara with a "k" of the Greeks and then the cithara with a c of the Romans.
	www.guitarsalon.com /index.php?site_url=123 (922 words)

	Detail Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The lyre was considered to be the superior instrument and mainly accompanied lyric poetry.
		Unlike a harp, the lyre and cithara had seven vertical strings of equal length, which were plucked with the left hand and with a plectrum held in the right hand (no bow was used).
		The misnamed flute (aulos, pl. auloi) was actually an instrument with a single or double reed, similar to a clarinet or oboe, allegedly invented by the goddess Athena.
	www.fofweb.com /Onfiles/Ancient/AncientDetail.asp?iPin=HLAG0599 (406 words)

	[No title]
		It seems to have evolved slowly from the classical and late antiquity period instrument called the cithara, which was a kind of lyre.
		Cithara was the generic name for a class of instruments similar, but not the same as, the lyre, ostensibly deriving from the Greek island Cithara.
		Cithara became Cithar, and a large cithar became a Citarrone, or Chitarrone/Chitarra.
	crab.rutgers.edu /~pbutler/citole.html (18797 words)

	Beazley Archive - Sculpture - Parthenon
		The procession is shown starting at the south-west corner of the Parthenon, running in two streams on the long sides of the temple and converging at the centre-east above the main entrance.
		Here at the head of the column we see men with sacrificial cattle followed by a tray-carrier, men carrying citharas, and, finally, a group of elders.
		The following procession consists of a cavalcade led by four-horse chariots (not seen in this drawing) with riders bunched in ranks, roughly ten on each of the north and south friezes, and each shown differently dressed to emphasise their different tribes in Athens.
	www.beazley.ox.ac.uk /CGPrograms/Context/Script/parth-south-frz.html (141 words)

	A Nineteenth Century Brazilian Dulcimer Tablature
		In a generic study of the Province of Goiás, Cunha Mattos reported in 1824 that "some ladies sing fairly and play the psalterio, citharas, guitarras and violas".
		Although in his narrative Cunha Mattos distinguished the psalterio from the cithara, it is clear that in some cases this particular word also referred to dulcimer-like instruments.
		In any case, there are evidences that the dulcimer played a more important role in colonial Brazil than it was believed up to this point.
	www.rem.ufpr.br /REMv1.1/vol1.1/salting.html (1819 words)

	Harp History
		Harps in my definition are multi-stringed-instruments, with open strings (no frets), where each string plays one note and where the strings are plucked with the fingers.
		This would include medieval harps, baroque harps; Irish harps, Celtic harps, Spanish harps; Chinese harps, African Harps; as well as related instruments like lyres, zithers, chariot, citharas, psalteries, arpas, yahz, cheng, kotos, koras and other stringed instruments.
		The harp's evolution went along with physical, cultural and economic changes such as human migration patterns, trade, religion, environmental changes, musical scale development, and technology.
	www.4harpmusic.com /harphistory.htm (658 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The portuguese guitar possesses twelve metallic strings distributed by six orders, three of which tune in unisonous (in pairs of steel wire) and the remainders in eighth (in pairs of naked and covered wire).
		The strings lay in one mobile trestle (characteristic of the instruments of the citharas family) that transmits the vibrations to the harmonic sound-board, being this lightly convex.
		The strings pass over the point and stand out with fixed metal frets.
	paginas.fe.up.pt /~fado/eng/guitarra3.html (74 words)

	Ark of Covenant
		For at the moment the sound of your greeting reached my ears, the infant in my womb leaped for joy.
		"David and all the Israelites made merry before the LORD with all their strength, with singing and with citharas, harps, tambourines, sistrums and cymbals."
		Elizabeth, filled with the holy Spirit, cried out in a loud voice and said, "Most blessed are you among women, and blessed is the fruit of your womb."
	www.maronite-heritage.com /html/ark_of_covenant.html (1435 words)

	Backroads Music Feature Artist: Patrick Bernhardt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		From the opening track, 'Open Your Heart,' to the closing 'Infinity,' this music speaks quietly from the depth of the soul.
		With his Indian tambouras, Middle-east Citharas, Japanese gongs, Nepalese cymbals, acoustic guitars and pure use of voice, Patrick provides the space for inner journeying that flows from the unexplored regions of the human spirit.
		On "Manuscrits du Silence" -- from 1998 -- shamanistic drums, mantras in Sanskrit and spiritual poetry open the album.
	www.backroadsmusic.com /catalog/feature_artist/bernhardtfeat.htm (1777 words)

	Study of Ephesians - www.ezboard.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Odeion in Ephesus had 22 tiers and accommodated over 1500 spectators.
		Here musicians played their flutes, lyres, and citharas, and poets recited from Homer.
		The disturbance over Diana of the Ephesians is one of the most promintent stories in the book of Acts (Acts 19:23—41).
	p105.ezboard.com /fxcatholicfrm24.showMessage?topicID=1.topic (3521 words)

	Ancient guitar construction and performance by ELENA METHODIEVA STOYNOVA
		An approach to constructing and playing an ancient Greek Cithara by Elena Stoynova
		Reconstruction of ancient citharas and lyras by another researcher:
		For more information on the various types of ancient guitars visit the page
	homoecumenicus.com /ancient_guitar.htm (295 words)

	bronze medallion
		On one side it has a head and the name Scott and on the other it has a partially clothed women leaning against a plinth which has a sash rapped around it with the words 'To great men'.
		Around the edge it has the following Latin inscription 'Qui reddidit istro bardorum citharas patrio' which I have translated to mean 'Which/who has returned I enter the citharas of the bards father's'?
		It also has the date mark MDCCCXXVII (1827)
	metiques.com /cgi-bin/metiques-bbs/webbbs_config.pl?noframes;read=16124 (132 words)

	Presumptuous Propositions: A Reply to the Credenda/Agenda Concerning Icons
		To replace icons, the iconoclasts intensified preaching, religious poetry, and they introduced all types of music.
		On this subject, Pope St. Gregory wrote to Emperor Leo III: "You have entertained the people with vain discourses, futile words, citharas, castanets, flutes, with inaneness; instead of doxologies and thanksgivings, you have led the people into fables." This is how the liturgical tradition was broken, with everything it entailed.
		Indeed, the divine revelation penetrates into the believing people through the liturgy and the icon, the sanctifying life, giving things their true meaning, and thus becomes the fundamental task to be fulfilled by the faithful.
	www.orthodoxinfo.com /inquirers/presumptuous.aspx (10021 words)

	U.S. Catholic Bishops - New American Bible
		Uzzah and Ahio, sons of Abinadab, guided the cart,
		while David and all the Israelites made merry before the LORD with all their strength, with singing and with citharas, harps, tambourines, sistrums and cymbals.
		When they came to the threshing floor of Nodan, Uzzah reached out his hand to the ark of God and steadied it, for the oxen were making it tip.
	www.usccb.org /nab/bible_hold/2samuel/2samuel6.htm (656 words)

	HOLY BIBLE: Psalm 136
		On the willows in the midst thereof we hung up our instruments.
		Super salices in medio eius suspendimus citharas nostras
		For there they that led us into captivity required of us the words of songs.
	www.newadvent.org /bible/psa136.htm (391 words)

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