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Topic: Citizenship of the European Union

	The Citizenship of the Union - The history of the European Union and European Citizenship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Treaty of the European Union or Treaty of Maastricht established the Citizenship of the Union.
		Every citizen of the Union residing in a Member State of which he is not a national shall have the right to vote and to stand as a candidate at municipal elections in the Member State in which he resides, under the same conditions as nationals of that State.
		Every citizen of the Union shall, in the territory of a third country in which the Member State of which he is a national is not represented, be entitled to protection by the diplomatic or consular authorities of any Member State, on the same conditions as the nationals of that State.
	www.historiasiglo20.org /europe/ciudadunion.htm (1157 words)

	SCADPlus: Citizenship of the Union: introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Treaty on European Union (Maastricht Treaty), by setting the objective in Article B (now Article 2) of "strengthening the protection of the rights and interests of the nationals of its Member States through the introduction of a citizenship of the Union", attaches very special importance to this area (Articles 17-22 of the EC Treaty).
		In comparison with citizenship of a State, citizenship of the Union is characterised by rights and duties and involvement in political life.
		Citizenship of the Union, which supplements national citizenship without replacing it, is made up of a set of rights and duties that add to those that are already attached to the citizenship of a Member State.
	europa.eu /scadplus/leg/en/lvb/l23001.htm (1080 words)

	CITIZENSHIP AND NATIONAL IDENTITIES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - 3. The architecture of European Union citizenship
		Union citizen are exempt from laws regulating the employment of foreigners and can substitute for third country immigrants in areas of low wage and high risk employment.
		Union citizenship would be seriously devalued in the eyes of citizens of the member states by reducing it to a generalized denizenship, disconnected from the notion of consensual membership in a political community.
		However, it is quite likely that such a second avenue for European citizenship would still considerably reduce both the pressure for member states to reform their national citizenship laws as well as the incentives for immigrants to opt for naturalization within their host countries.
	www.jeanmonnetprogram.org /papers/97/97-04--3.html (2417 words)

	Citizenship of the European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Citizenship of the Union was introduced by the Maastricht Treaty signed in 1992.
		Union citizenship continues to gain in status and the European Court of Justice has stated that Union citizenship will be the "fundamental status of nationals of Member States" (see Grzelczyk v Centre Public d'Aide Sociale d'Ottignes-Louvain-la-Neuve Case C-184/99 [2001] ECR I-6193, para 31)
		The European Commission has affirmed that Union citizenship should be the fundamental status of EU nationals with respect to matters covered by European Union treaties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Citizenship_of_the_European_Union (437 words)

	Pavee Point - Travellers, Gypsies, Roma and Citizenship in the European Union
		Citizenship originally meant belonging to a city and is associated with the "city states", such as Athens, long before the emergence of nation states.
		Citizenship is often referred to in the context of belonging, identity, rights, equality and inclusion, but it is also about exclusion, lack of belonging and denial of identity.
		Europe?s citizenship is not merely a collection of rights: it is also a way of living, of recognising one?s obligations to others, of participating in society through a multiplicity of relationships with its members.
	www.paveepoint.ie /pav_eurounion.html (1563 words)

	European Politics of Citizenship
		European Union studies are constantly faced with this interplay by means of the intercommunication between local and global, particular and national.
		The European Union has to address both the growing claims of human rights and cultural diversity, in which it encounters national, ethno-national minorities (traditional, within the borders of old nations, that is), and new ethnic or national minorities (as a result of XXth century immigration).
		Cultural citizenship as described by Turner overflows citizenship, because citizenship, as a form of cultural identity, did not originally implied (not in the letter nor in the spirit, and should not in the future) a whole set of social, cultural and educational values.
	www.nova.edu /ssss/QR/QR3-3/delgado.html (6384 words)

	EU, EC and European Law Essays and Dissertations
		Citizenship of the European Union in this context is not intended to represent a floor of rights, or to ensure some sort of equality in terms of social provisions across the Union.
		Citizenship of the European Union is complementary and ancillary, a framework within which the rights granted by the EC treaty are co-ordinated and underpinned.
		The concept of Citizenship was not introduced into EC law until the Treaty of European Union in 1992, reflecting the way in which economic concepts, especially negative integration, were originally a priority over the citizen as individual.
	www.law-essays-uk.com /essaysamples/EUlawessay/citizen.htm (2815 words)

	Cultural Citizenship and the Creation of European Identity
		As cultural citizenship is to a country built upon civil, political and social citizenship, European identity amounts to a surprise in a continent that is said to have come back from too many experiences of the drama of too much "identity".
		European identity is closer to the liberal concept of citizenship: comprised of political and civil rights in the public sphere.
		For European nations to achieve a European Union beyond the economic level, without becoming victims of their own success, they have to step back from the idea of nation and start working towards a plural and cultural citizenship, with special regard t o the rights of second-class, low-speed or ex-communist citizens.
	www.sociology.org /content/vol002.003/delgado.html (7240 words)

	Project Jane
		citizenship is a basic status which gives each person who holds it the ability to be recognised in a political community.
		The modern idea of citizenship has its roots in the Enlightenment, the intellectual movement of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries which sought to substitute the language of reason and rights for traditional and divine authority.
		Citizenship does not imply universal coverage unless citizenship itself is universal, and it is the nature of citizenship that some people – disabled people, are liable to be left out.
	www.ucc.ie /social_policy/ProJane.htm (9408 words)

	European Union
		In a report prepared within the framework of the research project "European Studies for Democratic Citizenship," Dr. Hans Koechler, Professor of Philosophy at the University of Innsbruck (Austria) and President of the International Progress Organization, called for democratization of the European Union on the basis of the requirements of democratic citizenship and participatory democracy.
		The report deals with (a) the concept of citizenship in the European "constitutional" system, (b) the Treaty of European Union (Maastricht Treaty in the recent version of the Treaty of Amsterdam) and its implications for democratic citizenship, and (c) the requirements of democratization on the European level.
		The principle of subsidiarity, solemnly confirmed by the Treaty on European Union, should be taken seriously and implemented at all levels and in all fields of decision-making.
	i-p-o.org /european_union.htm (515 words)

	Federal Union \| a European citizenship in a European federation
		Citizenship is part of that political system, it is a reflection of it.
		The nature of that European federation will depend on which member states are part of it.
		The strength of European citizenship and identity will be the basic strength of that European federation.
	www.federalunion.org.uk /europe/citizenshipfederation.shtml (924 words)

	[No title]
		Arguably, as a consequence, the concept of citizenship loses its true meaning in an environment where social rights are increasingly undermined and "rights", in general, are interpreted in a rather narrow fashion as entitlements dictated through the logic of the market.
		While this is not to say that, the norms of the European Union are the sole forces in shaping the stance of business communities towards democracy in the mentioned countries, importance of such norms should not be taken for granted.
		Consequently, the influence of the European Union has become more profound in pushing Turkey for greater democratization and political opening.13 Certainly increasing relations with the European Union, alone, do not present a sufficient explanation for the mounting EU pressure on Turkey in terms of its democratic agenda.
	home.ku.edu.tr /~zonis/entre.doc (3651 words)

	Henley & Partners - Austria - Citizenship in the European Union, Austrian, business, investment, passport, 2nd ...
		Several countries have adopted provisions that allow the acquisition of citizenship on the basis of an investment and/or a direct contribution to the state as a means of development of the country.
		The Austrian Citizenship Act generally requires the abandonment of the current citizenship of an applicant as a prerequisite to the grant of Austrian citizenship.
		However, in case of a grant of citizenship under the provisions of § 10 (6) of the Citizenship Act, the former citizenship can legally be maintained, i.e.
	www.henleyglobal.com /austriacitizenship.htm (865 words)

	Citizenship - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Citizenship is membership in a political community (originally a city or town but now usually a country) and carries with it rights to political participation; a person having such membership is a citizen.
		In recent years, some intergovernmental organizations have extended the concept and terminology associated with citizenship to the international level, where it is applied to the totality of the citizens of their constituent countries combined.
		Whilst Commonwealth citizenship is sometimes enshrined in the written constitutions (where applicable) of Commonwealth states and is considered by some to be a form of multiple citizenship, there have never been, nor are there any plans for a common passport.
	en.wikipedia.org.cob-web.org:8888 /wiki/Citizenship (1446 words)

	Politics of the European Union - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The European Union or EU is a supranational and international organization of 25 member states.
		The three main institutions of the European Union are the Council of the European Union, the European Parliament, and the European Commission.
		The European Parliament is sometimes criticised as little more than an advisory and rubber-stamping body, but its power to reject or amend legislation has been greatly increased in recent years.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Politics_of_the_European_Union (400 words)

	Henley & Partners - Austria - Residence and Citizenship in the European Union, residence, permit, Austrian, Austria, ...
		Austria - Residence and Citizenship in the European Union
		Austria is an excellent place to establish residence within the European Union, and it is the only EU country that offers the possibility for substantial investors to obtain citizenship and an EU passport immediately on the basis of an investment in the country.
		Under the citizenship-by-investment provisions, an applicant is required to actively invest in the Austrian economy, for example in the form of a joint venture or a direct investment in a business creating jobs or generating new export sales.
	www.henleyglobal.com /austria.htm (681 words)

	Conference Report on Comparative Citizenship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Dual citizenship, "a minefield in all three regions," which is often sought as an insurance policy for those who are uncomfortable with evolving political systems.
		Introducing the second panel, "Citizenship in Countries of Immigration: Australia, Canada, and the United States," David Martin remarked on the similarities among the three states, whose overall picture of attractiveness to immigrants reflects the general success of the lawful settlement membership model.
		Citizenship policy has come from above; its advances are economically motivated (for example, the right to freedom of movement between EU member states).
	www.ceip.org /Programs/migrat/Old/migconfci.htm (1751 words)

	EU22G CITIZENSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - BOOKLIST
		EU22G CITIZENSHIP IN THE EUROPEAN UNION - BOOKLIST
		Castles,S and Davidson, A (2000) Citizenship and Migration.
		Edye,D (1997) Citizenship in the European Union: The Post-Maastricht Scenario in Symes,V Levy,C and Littlewood,J (eds) The Future of Europe.
	www.north.londonmet.ac.uk /moduleline/readlist/EU22G.html (407 words)

	Managing diversity in the European Union: inclusive European citizenship and third-country nationals. Yale Human Rights ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		European citizenship establishes a precedent whereby the exercise and protection of rights--the practice of citizenship--is no longer contingent on residency within the jurisdiction of national citizenship.
		At the same time, however, European citizenship has largely failed to account for the past or future migration of third-country nationals (TCNs)--those who are not citizens of any Member State--into or within the European Union.
		As a result, the creation of European citizenship has arguably had the unfortunate side effect of...
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_go1945/is_200401/ai_n9555634 (196 words)

	Citizenship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Karen and Tom are both citizens, of the United States and of Ireland, and also of the European Union.
		Karen applied for Irish citizenship three years later, which was the waiting period required for a spouse to qualify by "nuptial declaration".
		Because of the Maastricht Treaty and the Treaty of Amsterdam, citizens of Ireland are also citizens of the European Union; therefore we have that citizenship, too.
	www.olympus.net /personal/kg7u/citizenship.htm (322 words)

	Electronic citizenship and global social movements
		This paper is an attempt at a more systematic study of the impact of new social movements on participatory politics and citizenship at a European level and is part of a larger project on the development of digital citizenship in the European Union (Tsaliki, 2001a, 2001b).
		However, environmental or ecological citizenship should be seen as an extension and a correction to the existing forms of Marshallian citizenship [1].
		It was established in 1992 as a non-profit organization and is funded jointly by the European Union, and the public sector.
	firstmonday.org /issues/issue8_2/tsaliki/index.html (13025 words)

	Marc Howard Homepage
		As a core faculty member of Georgetown's Center for Democracy and the Third Sector (CDATS), Howard also organizes the CDATS speaker series on the "Quality of Democracy," and directs the "Citizenship, Involvement, Democracy" (CID) project, a major representative survey of Americans that was carried out in the spring/summer of 2005.
		And he is also working on several publications related to the theme of American civic engagement in comparative perspective, based on the findings of the CID survey.
		The geographic focus of the course is the entire European continent--covering “Western,” “Central,” and “Eastern” Europe, as well as the European Union.
	www.georgetown.edu /departments/government/faculty/mmh (1167 words)

	Rights and Citizenship in the European Union
		This paper employs the methodology of "constitutional political economy" to examine the definition of citizenship, and the delineation of the rights that accompany citizenship.
		The answer to this question is shown to depend on whether the Union is organized as a federation or a confederation.
		The concepts developed are then used to critique the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, and to question whether this Charter should be made a part of a new European Union constitution.
	ideas.repec.org /p/ces/ceswps/_896.html (277 words)

	Florence workshop
		In the wake of the Schengen agreement, there is a need for further co-operation in immigration control, a harmonization of citizenship rights and nationality law, improvements in the rights of third-country nationals, new guarantees for social and political rights for migrant workers, and new types of anti-discrimination law or minority cultural rights.
		We will consider the history of European citzenship, the forms of regulation and legislation proposed in the new treaty and current discussions, the legal impact of new citizenship proposals on voting and social rights, and the role of the courts in counter-balancing legislative and popular politics.
		Papers from the workshop will be published in a forthcoming special edition of the Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies (vol.24, no4) to be published in the autumn 1998 by Carfax publishers.
	www.ercomer.org /events/conferences/Florence.html (555 words)

	Bauer: A (Modest) Proposal for Expanding Social Citizenship in the European Union (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A (Modest) Proposal for Expanding Social Citizenship in the European Union
		It proposes that the EU pays EURO 1000 per annum to all citizens and denizens of the European Union living in extreme poverty by using CAP and Structural Fund resources.
		It is shown that the envisaged scheme holds even for enlargement when the Union will comprise 27 members.
	www.coll.mpg.de /bauer2.html (122 words)

	Table of contents for Citizenship in a global world (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Table of contents for Citizenship in a global world : European questions and Turkish experiences / edited by E. Fuat Keyman and Ahmet çIðcduygu.
		Contents Introduction: Citizenship, identity, and the question of democracy in Turkey E.
		FUAT KEYMAN 13 Citizenship and the minority question in Turkey B.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0419/2004015909.html (122 words)

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