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	City Beautiful movement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The City Beautiful movement was a Progressive reform movement in North American architecture and urban planning that flourished in the 1890s and 1900s with the intent of using beautification and monumental grandeur in cities to counteract the perceived moral decay of poverty-stricken urban environments.
		Critics of the movement asserted that the uniformity and high-mindedness of the style created dullness and sterility in urban environments, ironically contributing to an increase in the urban blight that the original advocates of the movement were seeking to ameliorate.
		The movement also borrowed from classical monumental planning but differed from the true neoclassical style in that in the City Beautiful movement, the classical idiom was adopted only partially, mixed with Beaux-Arts elements, and subjugated as means to the end of creating uniformity and harmony in style.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/City_Beautiful (855 words)

	The City Beautiful Movement
		However, the real consumers of the city's goods were not its residents; increasingly, with the advent of improved transportation and roadways, the middle and upper-middle class retreated from the cities into the suburbs, leaving the less well-to-do and the downright poverty-stricken to the quickly decaying urban center.
		The idiom the City Beautiful leaders used in their ideal civic centers was the Beaux-Arts style, named for the famous Ecole des Beaux-Arts in Paris, which instructed artists and architects in the necessity of order, dignity, and harmony in their work.
		The shimmering "White City," as the fair came to be known during that summer in Chicago, was a tour de force of early city planning and architectural cohesion.
	xroads.virginia.edu /~cap/citybeautiful/city.html (1466 words)

	Architecture: The City Beautiful Movement
		The shapelessness of American cities was due in large measure to the extraordinary speed with which they had developed: between 1860 and 1910, the number of American cities with more than 100,000 residents rose from 8 to 50.
		Daniel Hudson Burnham was indisputably the “Father of the City Beautiful.” As director of works of the World's Columbian Exposition (1893), he effectively launched the movement that 15 years later would reach its apogee in his epochal Plan of Chicago (1909).
		The builders of the temporary city had, after all, struggled with the problems posed by actual cities, from the efficacy of streets, sidewalks, waterfronts, and bridges, to the realities of sustenance, transportation, and sewage.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/61.html (1656 words)

	whichwayup.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		As a result of the City Beautiful movement in Chicago, the crowded urban landscape was changed by the addition of parks, organized street grids, and extensive lakefront reform.
		The year the plan was published, the city broke ground for a new city hall well away from the proposed center.[25] Akin to the City Beautiful as a whole, Burnham’s 1909 plan was an idealization of municipal planning and harmony.
		The City Beautiful movement in Chicago, and the nation, was at heart a progressive reform movement.
	www.whichwayup.org /writing/005 (2593 words)

	Detroit's City Beautiful and the Problem of Commerce
		Challenging the primacy of the exposition as a source of the City Beautiful movement, these scholars have traced the important contributions to City Beautiful ideals made by American park planning (3) and by 19th-century campaigns for municipal art, civic improvement, and outdoor memorials.
		Indeed, City Beautiful proponents in Detroit and elsewhere were centrally concerned with restoring the dignity and dominance of the civic and cultural landscape.
		The plaza between the city hall and the new courthouse lacked the formal clarity of later American civic centers, and it emerged amid charges of boodle and graft rather than amid celebrations of aesthetic ideals; nevertheless, it tentatively explored the spatial possibilities of the emerging City Beautiful movement.
	epsilon3.georgetown.edu /~coventrm/asa2000/panel5/bluestone.html (9533 words)

	The City Beautiful Movement (1800 - 1930), Victorian Eclectic Transition (1860 -1900),and Classical Revival (1890 - ...
		The City Beautiful Movement coincided with the legislative and social movement to begin to focus on comprehensive city planning for the first time.
		The 'City Beautiful' movement lasted until the 1930's and permanently influenced city and regional planning.
		Reform movements including women's political rights, children's social and physical rights, and the temperance movement occurred during this period and are often considered the beginning of the modern era.
	architecture.arizona.edu /landscape/courses/lar542/citybeautiful.htm (3962 words)

	H-Net Review: Daphne Spain on The Birth of City Planning in the United States, 1840-1917
		It differs from the previous work by identifying sanitary reform and the civic art movement as antecedents to the City Beautiful (hence the "1840" in the title), and by tracing the contributions of the City Beautiful Movement to the emergence of city planning as a profession responsible for the public good.
		According to Peterson, city planning was based on three ideas that eroded after World War I. The first was that the physical development of an existing city should (not could) be controlled by a single agency speaking for the public interest and presenting a comprehensive vision.
		The settlement house movement received a nod, but Jane Addams was credited only with displaying art at Hull House, not with her endless efforts to clean up the city, both literally and figuratively.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=175811116959737 (1206 words)

	James Howard Kunstler: Florida AIA
		That movement was the City Beautiful movement, and its animating idea was that Americans deserved to live in better towns and cities.
		American cities were creatures of industrialism and all of its obnoxious procedures -- the factories, the noise, the soot, the smells, the smoke, the poison waste products, the congested tenement neighborhoods of the factory workers, and so forth.
		The reconstruction of American towns and cities requires a new consensus that we are capable of making a better everyday world than the junk-scape of the last fifty years -- a consensus that we deserve a better world to live and work in than the national automobile slum.
	www.kunstler.com /spch_FL_AIA.html (4016 words)

	Explore DC: 1901: City Beautiful
		In the late 1800s, as the city of Washington approached its centennial, there was a general call to beautify and revitalize its monumental core.
		As a result of the 1901 Plan, L'Enfant's original vision of the city was finally realized and even expanded with the reclamation of land for waterfront parks, the development of scenic parkways, and the creation of an improved Mall with new monuments and vistas.
		The city we see today, with its landscaped parks, wide avenues, and open spaces, is amazingly, largely true to what he originally intended.
	www.exploredc.org /index.php?id=5 (324 words)

	News-Sentinel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Inspired by the City Beautiful movement that swept the country in the decades preceding World War I, Fort Wayne's civic leaders, forward-thinking designers and average citizens set out to beautify our little corner of the Midwest.
		Urbanization -- nearly a third of Indiana residents lived in cities by the turn of the century -- created its own set of problems: Long workdays in grim factories took their toll on the physical and mental health of knitters, iron smelters, piano makers and cigar rollers.
		The city forked out nearly $17,500 -- big bucks in those days -- to install footbridges, plant the extensive (but not yet rose) gardens and create the sunken gardens with their signature white pergolas.
	jordan.fortwayne.com /ns/heartland/2000/1910/ind4.php (721 words)

	The City Beautiful (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Exposition helped lay the groundwork for the "City Beautiful" movement of the early decades of the 20th century -- a movement which stressed the value of civic design.
		Led by major businessmen, unofficial City Plan Committees undertook to raise the quality of the public environment to make physical America a fitting subject for public-spirited support and patriotic respect, capable of inspiring both the ambitions of youth and the visions of the industrious.
		See also, James Howard Kunstler's Remarks to the Florida AIA for a look at the impact of the City Beautiful movement, and the pride communities used to take in their public buildings.
	www.plannersweb.com /publicbldgs/OTH-CityBeautiful.html (376 words)

	Denver - The City Beautiful - Part One
		The City Beautiful model was "The White City" built at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, in Chicago, Illinois.
		This was primarily an aesthetic movement, but its promoters felt that it would uplift the spirit too.
		At the heart of Mayor Robert Speer's City Beautiful dream for Denver was the Civic Center.
	photoswest.org /exhib/gallery2/dcb.htm (373 words)

	Week 5: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		We will focus on a moment around 1900 when Chicago business leaders commissioned Daniel Burnham to outline a reformulation of the whole city in form and infrastructure -- leading the whole nation in what came to be called the "City Beautiful" movement.
		Daniel Bluestone, "Detroit's City Beautiful and the Problem of Commerce", Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 47, no. 3 (September, 1988), pp.
		Where in the Burnham Plan and the City Beautiful Movement is an answer to the problem of the slums
	faculty-web.at.northwestern.edu /amstudies/chicago/Wweek5.htm (371 words)

	July (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Sculpture produced during the City Beautiful movement of the 1890s to 1910s aimed to improve passers-by.
		De Witt Clinton (in a cutaway coat and cape), who was serving either as mayor of New York City or governor of New York State for most of the quarter-century between 1803 and 1828.
		Part 3 of this series on the City Beautiful Movement (coming in July or August) will include a discussion of whether art should, in fact, be used for didactic purposes.
	www.forgottendelights.com /salute/2004JulySalute.htm (2024 words)

	City (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		It was the implanting of a grand manner, as opposed to an expedient urban form, that brought about a revolution of an idea, combined with the role of classicism framed against a geometry of landscape.
		The return to classicism also reflected the aspirations of American "city fathers" to show the world that American cities were about more than just commerce and industry, and could be endowed with some of the qualities of the finest European cities.
		The city is seen as much more than a pragmatic tool for commerce and residence, but is characterized as civic art.
	www.ar.utexas.edu /AV/Atkinson/lecture10/city.html (973 words)

	Coral Gables : The City Beautiful (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Coral Gables’ planners and dreamers were influenced by the City Beautiful movement of the early 1900s.
		The City Beautiful Movement grew out of landscape architect Frederick Law Olmstead’s graceful designs in the late nineteenth century, for example, New York’s Central Park.
		The movement reached its peak in the first decade of the 20th century.
	www.cs.cuc.edu /~bmowry/gables2.htm (472 words)

	JS Online:Lights, action, City Beautiful illumination!
		It seemed the glory days were long gone for this once-elegant remnant of the City Beautiful movement - the push by early 20th-century reformers for an urban model based on the grandeur of ancient Greece and Rome.
		For years, the windows of the 1913 building a Beaux-Arts example of the City Beautiful movement were painted over.
		He has used lighting to bring out the spooky beauty in relics as diverse as a derelict luxury liner docked in Philadelphia, an old passenger ferry half-sunk in the Hudson River, a grounded barge and an old school.
	www.jsonline.com /news/metro/jun05/336751.asp (1135 words)

	Teacher Resources - Collection - American Landscape and Architectural Design, 1850-1920
		The increased disparity and tensions between classes, the rampant materialism, crime, and poverty of the turn-of-the-century metropolis caught the attention of social reformers.
		Championed by landscape architect and city designer, Frederick Law Olmsted, the City Beautiful Movement sought to beautify the city so that it might help and inspire civic and moral virtue in its people, particularly the poor.
		The City Beautiful Movement emerged from a period of violent class strife and labor unrest expressed in Chicago's Haymarket Riot of 1886 and the Homestead and Pullman strikes of 1892 and 1894.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /ammem/ndlpedu/collections/al/history.html (1757 words)

	Plan of Manila in Plan of Chicago
		Relatively unknown when he designed the Prairie Avenue home of his father-in-law John Sherman, Daniel H. Burnham's fame as an architect and urban planner spread worldwide as a result of his notable buildings and his supervision of the creation of the White City at the World's Columbian Exposition.
		Part of a group charged with creating a plan for Washington, D.C. in 1901, he seemed a logical choice to the U.S. Philippine Commission to design plans for Manila, the capital city of the Philippines, and Baguio, a site designated as the summer capital by American colonial administrators.
		Working with assistant Pierce Anderson, Burnham prepared a plan, presented in 1905, that combined the tenets of the City Beautiful movement with the natural attractions of Manila.
	www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org /pages/10341.html (172 words)

	CRP 980X - History, Theory and Ethics of Planning - Readings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Robinson was the main spokesperson for the "City Beautiful" movement, successfully integrating several strands of civic activism (e.g., municipal art, civic improvement, and parks promotion) into a larger movement that evetually called for a comprehensive planning approach to city improvements.
		Marsh was executive secretary of the Commssion on Congestion of Population, established in 1907 in New York, and another major early proponent of city planning, but coming at it from a concern for urban congestion, poor housing conditions, chaotic land use, and rampant land speculation.
		His books on city planning summarized the state of this new discipline and laid out principles for the future.
	www.ar.utexas.edu /Courses/parmenter/980x/citybeautiful.html (404 words)

	August (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In the 1890s New York City's government decided it was time to start controlling what sculptures were erected on City property: see the essays on the City Beautiful movement, part 1 and part 2.
		They had agents secretly employed to foment the fears and clamors of the populace; and moreover circulated far and wide through the adjacent country a proclamation, repeating the terms they had already held out in their summons to surrender, at the same time beguiling the simple Nederlanders with the most crafty and conciliating professions.
		By these insidious means, therefore, did the English succeed in alienating the confidence and affections of the populace from their gallant old governor, whom they considered as obstinately bent upon running them into hideous misadventures; and did not hesitate to speak their minds freely, and abuse him most heartily, behind his back.
	www.forgottendelights.com /salute/2004AugustSalute.htm (3303 words)

	East Marion--Belvedere Park Historic District- -Shelby, North Carolina: A National Register of Historic Places Travel ...
		At the turn of the 20th century, in reaction to the industrial revolution, the City Beautiful Movement advocated for the creation of parklike settings within cities.
		In response, suburban neighborhoods were developed across the country with small parks, large lots, tree-lined medians and a curvilinear street pattern which followed the natural topography of the land--a dramatic departure from the traditional grid patterns of earlier neighborhoods like the Central Shelby Historic District.
		These types of neighborhoods were common in towns throughout the southeast, and the Nation, as growing populations required development of neighborhoods beyond the central city core, and new modes of transportation enabled people to live further out.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/shelby/eas.HTM (637 words)

	A New City Beautiful Movement \| Planetizen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		"Just as the “City Beautiful” movement at the turn of the 20th century transformed America’s ideas of urban design, today’s planners and designers are turning to new models for reclaiming cities and retrofitting suburbs.
		A century ago, planners tried to lift America’s newly industrialized cities out of their congestion and squalor by infusing them with Beaux Arts architecture and civic planning borrowed from Europe and building parks to provide places of fresh air and sunlight.
		That movement died with the birth of the automobile age after World War I, when planners reshaped cities to accommodate cars and promoted development of residential areas in the suburbs—thought at the time to be the “healthy” antidote to urban life.
	www.planetizen.com /node/16455 (303 words)

	Article \| In lower Manhattan, go classical
		So it is good news that firefighters, police, survivors and family members of the victims of Sept. 11 and the general public will be looking over the shoulders of the developers, planners, architects and civic leaders who will control what is built.
		Pennsylvania Avenue, in Washington, Michigan Avenue, in Chicago, the Beaux Arts ensemble of City Hall Park, in lower Manhattan, and elegant plazas in cities big and small, including Providence, were inspired by the exuberant grandeur of the exhibition's classical architecture.
		Meanwhile, classicists are focusing on how to fit a memorial and a set of buildings together in a way that recreates the grid of streets disrupted 30 years ago by the World Trade Center's raised plaza.
	www.manhattan-institute.org /html/_provjournal-in_lower_manhatta.htm (804 words)

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