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	Civil disobedience - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civil disobedience encompasses the active refusal to obey certain laws, demands and commands of a government or of an occupying power without resorting to physical violence.
		Civil disobedience has been used in nonviolent resistance movements in India in the fight against British colonialism, South Africa in the fight against apartheid, in the American Civil Rights Movement in the fight against segregation and disfranchisement, and Europe as well as in the Scandinavian resistance against Nazi occupation.
		Civil disobedience has served as a major tactic of nationalist movements in former colonies in Africa and Asia prior to their gaining independence.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_disobedience (906 words)

	Civil Disobedience (Thoreau) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, also known as Civil Disobedience, is an essay by Henry David Thoreau.
		Published in 1849 under the title Resistance to Civil Government, it expressed Thoreau's belief that people should not allow governments to overrule or atrophy their consciences, and that people have a duty both to avoid doing injustice directly and to avoid allowing their acquiescence to enable the government to make them the agents of injustice.
		Thoreau was motivated in part by his disgust with slavery and the Mexican-American War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_Disobedience_(Thoreau) (1368 words)

	Peter Suber, "Civil Disobedience"
		Civil disobedience is a form of protest in which protestors deliberately violate a law.
		While civil disobedience in a broad sense is as old as the Hebrew midwives' defiance of Pharaoh, most of the moral and legal theory surrounding it, as well as most of the instances in the street, have been inspired by Thoreau, Gandhi, and King.
		Thoreau claimed that the only harmful consequences of civil disobedience were triggered by the government's reaction to it.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/writing/civ-dis.htm (1767 words)

	Henry David Thoreau and 'Civil Disobedience' by Wendy McElroy
		Henry David Thoreau (1817—1862) was an introspective man who wandered the woods surrounding the small village of Concord, Massachusetts, recording the daily growth of plants and the migration of birds in his ever-present journal.
		The annexation was doubly offensive to Thoreau because it permitted slavery in the new territory.
		Thoreau’s criticism is aimed at the form of obedience that springs from a genuine respect for the authority of the state.
	www.lewrockwell.com /mcelroy/mcelroy86.html (4801 words)

	Civil Disobedience
		Civil disobedience means a conscious refusal to obey laws or government commands when they are deemed unjust.
		Whether or not breaking a law amounts to civil disobedience depends both on the nature of the law and the purpose of the violator.
		It might be that petty disobedience serves as a psychological outlet for people obliged to yield continually before more serious infringements of their liberty, and who have interiorized their slavery to the point of thinking that liberty means violating stop signs or cheating their neighbors.
	www.pierrelemieux.org /artho.html (2252 words)

	Civil Disobedience
		Therefore, civil disobedience is at the same time a symbolic and existent violation of such a law that is considered to be an unjust law, which is not rejected by the state legislation and the government but certain groups of people believe it as unjust.
		Therefore, civil disobedience should be encourage at all stages as it is any how a violation of the rules made by the state authority, as every states keeps in mind the national interest of its country while making its policies or law.
		Though civil disobedience is a nonviolent way of breaking the law by a certain group of individuals but it is not the right means to react against unjust laws.
	www.termpapergenie.com /Civil_Disobedience.html (879 words)

	Civil Disobedience Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thoreau's classic essay popularly known as "Civil Disobedience" was first published as "Resistance to Civil Government" in Aesthetic Papers (1849).
		The appeal of civil disobedience in the North grew in the wake of the Compromise of 1850, which included the hated Fugitive Slave Law, requiring all citizens to aid in the return of escaped slaves to their owners.
		Thoreau's essay has had a profound influence on reformers worldwide, from Tolstoy in Russia and Gandhi in South Africa and India; to Martin Luther King, Jr's civil rights movement and the opposition to the Vietnam War in the United States; to recent demonstrations for civil rights in the former Soviet Union and China.
	www.walden.org /Institute/thoreau/overview/thoreau_cd.htm (331 words)

	civil disobedience
		In the modern era, civil disobedience has been used in such events as street demonstrations, marches, the occupying of buildings, and strikes and other forms of economic resistance.
		Civil disobedience in the United States traditionally has been associated with those on the left of the political spectrum, as were most participants in the
		Problems of punitive damages for political protest and civil disobedience.
	www.infoplease.com /id/A0909663 (551 words)

	Civil Disobedience and the Underground Railroad
		In July 1846, Thoreau's stay at Walden Pond was interrupted by his famous one-night imprisonment in a whitewashed jail cell in the town of Concord.
		Thoreau's individual resistance was part of a mounting wave of reform activism that had begun in the 1840s.
		Thoreau's refusal of government did not stop with the passive resistance that we identify with his tax protest in "Civil Disobedience." As the storm clouds of slavery gathered and darkened, Thoreau angrily began to side with those who believed that violence was necessary to win against an unjust institution.
	www.calliope.org /thoreau/thurro/thurro1.html (1752 words)

	Talk:Civil disobedience - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The distinction between Gandhi's and Thoreau's ideas of civil disobedience may be worth mentioning.
		Gandhi focused very much on that resistance should be active, whereas Thoreau, although he had great faith that C.D could change the world, primarily did it for reasons of conscience, it was the right thing to do, the changing the world part was just a bonus.
		Thoreau refused to pay taxes that were going to pay for drilling of soldiers for the war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Talk:Civil_disobedience (401 words)

	Working Toward Social Change with Civil Disobedience
		Civil disobedience is defined as an act of breaking a law to draw public attention to a problem concerning human rights.
		Civil disobedience is generally nonviolent, and most citizens that participate in such actions are not trying to defy law enforcement, but are looking for expressive, yet peaceful ways to be heard on certain issues.
		Although Thoreau is known for defining the term civil disobedience, such actions had been taking place long before the famous essay was published.
	www.njsbf.com /njsbf/student/respect/spring02-1.cfm (962 words)

	UK Indymedia - Thoreau's Civil Disobedience (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thoreau sought, in these two years in the woods, to truly know himself and indeed to allow the reader to know him a little too.
		This is not the first case in history of a principled act of civil disobedience nonetheless it is very significant; for fifty years later Gandhi would read Thoreau's account of his actions and be spurred to put his ideas into practise first in South Africa and later in India.
		For the act of disobedience and its consequences are seen by others and the truth of that action is uncovered: "My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer, is the very man I have to deal with....he is obliged to consider whether he shall treat me...
	www.indymedia.org.uk /en/2005/10/326269.html (1799 words)

	SparkNotes: Civil Disobedience: Context
		He practiced civil disobedience in his own life and spent a night in jail for his refusal to pay taxes in protest of the Mexican War.
		Thoreau delivered the first draft of the treatise as an oration to the Concord Lyceum in 1848, and the text was published in 1849 under the title Resistance to Civil Government.
		Thoreau and other opponents of the war argued that the campaign constituted an unnecessary act of aggression and that it was pursued on the basis of arrogance rather than any philosophically justifiable reasons.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/civildisobedience/context.html (356 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Civil disobedience
		Civil disobedience has been used in struggles in India in the fight against British colonialism, South Africa in the fight against apartheid and civil rights movement in the USA and Europe.
		The American author Henry David Thoreau pioneered the modern theory behind this practice in his 1849 essay (available at Wikisource), originally titled "Resistance to Civil Government", and later retitled "Civil Disobedience".
		In the essay, Thoreau explained his reasons for having refused to pay his taxes as an act of protest against slavery and against the Mexican War.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Civil_disobedience (755 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: Civil Disobedience
		Despite his stance of civil disobedience on the issues of slavery and the Mexican war, Thoreau claims to have great respect and admiration for the ideals of American government and its institutions.
		Throughout Civil Disobedience, passages from the Bible are referenced and seamlessly integrated into his argument about political dissent and civil disobedience.
		Thoreau's allusions to the Bible are imbued with strong romantic and naturalist imagery.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/titles/disobedience/section5.html (742 words)

	Thoreau's Civil Disobedience
		While Walden can be applied to almost anyone's life, "Civil Disobedience" is like a venerated architectural landmark: it is preserved and admired, and sometimes visited, but for most of us there are not many occasions when it can actually be used.
		In the 1940's it was read by the Danish resistance, in the 1950's it was cherished by people who opposed McCarthyism, in the 1960's it was influential in the struggle against South African apartheid, and in the 1970's it was discovered by a new generation of anti-war activists.
		Because this essay is often associated with passive civil disobediance, some have assumed that Thoreau's later support of John Brown was a change from his earlier position.
	thoreau.eserver.org /civil.html (391 words)

	ON ELECTRONIC CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE BY STEFAN WRAY
		But as attempts to prevent people from engaging in traditional civil disobedience have failed before or have at least not been universally successful, we can expect that whatever net the government creates in attempts to capture future cyber-activists will be strewn with holes and ways of evasion will be possible.
		In the near future, we can expect to see hybrid civil disobedience actions that will involve people taking part in electronic civil disobedience from behind their computer screens while simultaneously people are engaging in more traditional forms of civil disobedience out in the streets.
		The variorum Walden and the variorum Civil disobedience.
	cristine.org /borders/Wray_Essay.html (2705 words)

	Thoreau Reader
		Thoreau's 1845 experiment in living well, with annotated text, photos, Henry's own survey of the pond, and the Walden Express and Ask Jimmy for students.
		Thoreau's influential 1849 essay on the right to follow your conscience, with annotated text.
		In 1862, Thoreau describes "wildness" as a treasure to be preserved, rather than a resource to be plundered.
	eserver.org /thoreau (637 words)

	Henry David Thoreau and "Civil Disobedience," Part 1
		The incarceration may have been brief but it has had enduring effects through “Civil Disobedience.” To understand why the essay has exerted such powerful force over time, it is necessary to examine both Thoreau the man and the circumstances of his arrest.
		Thoreau’s attempt to apply principles to his daily life is what led to his imprisonment and to “Civil Disobedience.” Oddly enough, his contemporaries did not see him as a theorist or as a radical, viewing him instead as a naturalist.
		Especially in his later years, Emerson seemed distant from Thoreau’s lusty approach to life, which he described as “the doctrine of activity.” Given this difference of approach, it is no wonder that Emerson did not embrace the ideas within “Civil Disobedience.” Nor did he approve of Thoreau’s refusal to pay taxes.
	www.fff.org /freedom/fd0503e.asp (2087 words)

	Amazon.ca: Civil Disobedience and Other Essays: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Thoreau also wrote the famous "Walden," and several other influential pieces shaped by his sense of environment and his unwavering belief in the power of the individual.
		Thoreau argues that majorities in a democracy decide what the laws are because they are the strongest element in society.
		Thoreau starts his discussion by musing on the wonders of walking in the country (sans terre, or "sauntering"), and ends up discussing nature, the movements of mankind, work, and freedom.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0486275639 (1106 words)

	Thoreau, "Civil Disobedience"
		My civil neighbor, the tax-gatherer, is the very man I have to deal with, —for it is, after all, with men and not with parchment that I quarrel,— and he has voluntarily chosen to be an agent of the government.
		Thoreau (1817-1862) first delivered a version of this text as a lecture to the Concord Lyceum in 1848 under the title, "On the Relation of the Individual to the State".
		It was not entitled "Civil Disobedience" until it appeared in a posthumous collection of his essays published in 1866.
	www.earlham.edu /~peters/writing/disobey.htm (6457 words)

	OpinionJournal - Scene & Heard
		But when it comes down to it, honest-to-goodness civil disobedience in the environmental field is in short supply.
		The irony is that the bible of many enviro activists is none other than Henry David Thoreau's 1849 essay "On the Duty of Civil Disobedience." Thoreau, of course, has been studied by and inspired many thoughtful people, from Gandhi to Martin Luther King.
		And if the purpose of civil disobedience is also to gain attention, the farmers have accomplished their goal.
	www.opinionjournal.com /columnists/kstrassel?id=95000803 (1146 words)

	Henry David Thoreau and "Civil Disobedience," Part 2
		Although many Quaker writers had argued from conscience for civil disobedience against war and slavery, Henry David Thoreau’s “Civil Disobedience” essay is not tied to a particular religion or to a specific issue.
		To drive this point home, “Civil Disobedience” dwells on how the Founding Fathers rebelled against an unjust government, which raises the question of when rebellion is justified.
		It is important to remember that, although Thoreau’s imprisonment was a protest against slavery, “Civil Disobedience” was written after the outbreak of the Mexican-American war and protests both slavery and war.
	www.fff.org /freedom/fd0504e.asp (1354 words)

	Thoreau's Civil Disobedience
		While Walden can be applied to almost anyone's life, Henry Thoreau's Civil Disobedience is like a venerated architectural landmark -- it is preserved and admired, and occasionally visited, but for most of us there are not many occasions when it can actually be used.
		In occupied Denmark in the 1940's it was read by the Danish resistance, in the 1950's it was cherished by people who opposed McCarthyism, in the 1960's it was influential in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa, and in the 1970's it was discovered by a new generation of anti-war activists.
		Civil Disobedience originated as a Concord Lyceum lecture delivered by Henry on January 26, 1848.
	cyberspacei.com /jesusi/authors/thoreau/civil.html (209 words)

	[No title]
		Henry David Thoreau "Civil Disobedience" Henrv Thoreau (i8l7-i862) wrote his essay on civil disobedience after he served a night in jail, in 1846, for refusing to pay the Massachusetts poll tax.
		He believed that the war with Mexico, then going on, was intended to spread slavery; and that those who wished to do more than wish godspeed to the right as it went by them (as he put it) would have to put their bodies in the way.
		The essay on civil disobedience was first published in 1849 under the title "Resistance to Civil Government." I heartily accept the motto,-"That government is best which governs least"; and I should like to see it acted up to more rapidly and systematically.
	spot.colorado.edu /~wehr/491R3.TXT (6169 words)

	Abolitionists, Emerson, and Thoreau by Sanderson Beck
		Thoreau was known to have helped some runaways, and he thought it absurd for a court to try to decide whether a person ought to be free.
		Thoreau's great innovation was in the ways he suggested for opposing an unjust government in order to be true to the higher laws of one's own being.
		Thoreau treated of imprisonment instead of the seizure of property because he believed that people of principle are usually poor; the rich have sold themselves to the institution, and they enjoy Caesar's government and neglect God.
	www.san.beck.org /GPJ16-Abolitionists.html (8495 words)

	Links for Specific Works of Thoreau
		Thoreau's Walden - "Thoreau called the move an experiment, to test the Transcendentalist idea that divinity was present in nature and the human soul." - from NPR
		Thoreau's Dream - by Ted Williams - "The philosopher from Concord envisioned a preserve in the "mossy, moosey" Maine Woods.
		Thoreau's Stance on Abolition - by Shannon Riley - "...the one movement which he finally could not resist allying himself to was the abolition of slavery.
	eserver.org /thoreau/wrkslnks.html#civil (1811 words)

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