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Topic: Civil Rights Act of 1866

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Civil Rights Act of 1968

Civil Rights Act of 1875

Civil Rights Act of 1957

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Jim Crow law

Amnesty Act of 1872

List of United States federal legislation

Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Civil Rights Cases

Reconstruction

United States Constitution

American Civil Rights Movement

Amnesty Act

	Civil Rights Act of 1866 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In March 1866, the Republican United States Congress passed the Civil Rights Act, which gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the American Civil War.
		The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition, excluding Indians not taxed.
		A far-reaching consequence of this act is that since 1866 it has been illegal to discriminate in housing based on the race of the individuals involved.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1866 (362 words)

	The Corruption of Civil Rights and Civil Law
		The concepts of "civil rights" and of "civil law" are both functions of the concept of "civil society": Civil society is that sphere of private action free of government control.
		The essence of civil society is thus that people are left by government to "regulate their own pursuits of industry and improvement," while the government protects the citizens from criminal wrongs of violence, theft, fraud, etc. Civil rights and civil law exist in relation to such a scheme of civil society.
		As in the case of civil rights, the purpose of this, perhaps deliberate, is to confuse the unwary and to appropriate liberal concepts and liberal institutions for illiberal or totaliarian purposes.
	www.friesian.com /corrupt.htm (4963 words)

	Civil Rights
		Civil rights are those rights that constitute free and equal citizenship in a liberal democracy.
		A cultural-reconstruction phase of the civil rights movement would run contrary to Kukathas's argument that it is too dangerous to license the state to intervene against cultures that engage in social tyranny.(2001) It also raises questions about whether state-supported cultural reconstruction would violate basic liberties, such as freedom of private association.
		The driving idea of the civil rights movement was that fls did not have any special needs: all they needed was to have the burdens of racism lifted from them and, once that was accomplished, they would flourish or fail like everyone else in society.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/civil-rights (7973 words)

	Civil Rights Act 1964
		The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is historically
		Civil Rights Act of 1964 was the concrete action the movement needed to progress
		Implications of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 For Psychological Assessment in
	www.thehistoryconnection.com /Civil-Rights-Act-1964.html (1612 words)

	National Civil Rights Museum - About the Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Between 1866 and 1875, Congress passed several civil rights acts to enforce the Thirteenth, Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, allowing the federal government to impose heavy penalties for violations.
		The Civil Rights Act of 1866: This act granted fl citizens equal rights to contract, to sue and be sued, to marry, travel, and own property.
		The Enforcement Act of 1870: This act stated that all citizens otherwise qualified to vote in any election should not be denied the vote because of race.
	www.civilrightsmuseum.org /gallery/civilrights.asp (319 words)

	FAIR HOUSING (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		As a result, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 as a method whereby the rights guaranteed by the Fifth, Thirteenth and Fourteenth Amendments to the Constitution could be enforced.
		Since the federal Fair Housing Act ("the Act") was amended by Congress in 1988 to add protections for persons with disabilities and families with children, there has been a great deal of litigation concerning the Act's effect on the ability of local governments to exercise control over group living arrangements, particularly for persons with disabilities.
		The Act does not generally affect the ability of local governments to regulate housing of this kind, as long as they do not discriminate against the residents on the basis of race, color, national origin, religion, sex, handicap (disability) or familial status (families with minor children).
	www.charlesbarnes.com /homestudy/FairHousing/fair_housing.htm (6969 words)

	American Civil Liberties Union : Voting Rights Act Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The ACLU's Voting Rights Project has worked to protect the gains in political participation won by racial and language minorities since passage of the 1965 Voting Rights Act, and is working to renew and restore these rights in three crucial sections of the VRA set to expire in 2007.
		The Civil Rights Act of 1957 is the first such measure to pass Congress since adoption of the federal civil rights laws of 1875.
		More than 500 non-violent civil rights marchers are attacked by law enforcement officers while attempting to march from Selma to Montgomery, Alabama to dramatize the need for African American voting rights and to protest the fatal police shooting of Jimmy Lee Jackson, a civil rights activist.
	www.aclu.org /votingrights/gen/12999res20050304.html (3129 words)

	Washington State Human Rights Commission
		At the end of the Civil War, the Thirteenth Amendment was enacted to abolish slavery and to give Congress War, the Thirteenth Amendment was enacted to abolish slavery and to give congress the authority to enact appropriate legislation to enforce the abolishment of slavery.
		In 1866, the Reconstruction Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866, which guaranteed property rights to all citizens regardless of race.
		In retrospect, the 1866 Civil Rights Act guarantee of equal rights to all races was, unfortunately, an empty promise.
	www.hum.wa.gov /FairHousing/History.htm (1555 words)

	Legal Affairs Column - April 1999 [ACN]
		The Civil Rights Act of 1991 reversed a portion of a Supreme Court decision that held that Section 1981's protections were limited to discrimination in contract formation, and did not extend to on-the-job racial harassment.
		But, and this is important, neither a state, an entity considered to be an "arm of the state," or a state official acting in his or her official capacity may be sued for damages under the Civil Rights Act of 1871.
		For that matter and of personal interest, a suit for damages against a state official in his or her official capacity is deemed to be actually another way of suing the state, since a judgment against a public servant in his or her official capacity would impose liability on the state he or she represents.
	www.ipmaac.org /acn/apr99/legal.html (1789 words)

	Stetson Law -- History of Civil Rights
		Professor Theodore Eisenberg writes that with the passage and sustaining of the 1964 Civil Rights Act, the 1965 Voting Rights Act, the 1968 Fair Housing Law and the revival of the Civil Rights Act of 1866, the legal battle against racial discrimination at least formally was won.
		The difficulty has been to compel a recognition of their legal right to take that rank, and to secure the enjoyment of privileges belonging, under the law, to them as a component part of the people for whose welfare and happiness government is ordained.
		However, he suggests that this period was, generally, not distinguished by federal promotion of civil rights, and that even President Franklin Roosevelt was reluctant to propose or endorse civil rights legislation.
	www.law.stetson.edu /courses/civilrights.htm (2520 words)

	1866 Civil Rights Act
		The act declared that all persons born in the United States were now citizens, without regard to race, color, or previous condition.
		The activities of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan undermined the workings of this act and it failed to guarantee the civil rights of African Americans.
		The bill neither confers nor abridges the rights of anyone but simply declares that in civil rights there shall be equality among all classes of citizens and that all alike shall be subject to the same punishment.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USAcivil1866.htm (976 words)

	American Experience \| Reconstruction: The Second Civil War \| Black Legislators \| PBS
		The fight for civil rights moved to the judicial realm.
		Provided, that all persons may elect to sue for the State under their rights at common law and by State statutes; and having so elected to proceed in the one mode or the other, their right to proceed in the other jurisdiction shall be barred.
		But this proviso shall not apply to criminal proceedings, either under this act or the criminal law of any State: And provided further, That a judgment for the penalty in favor of the party aggrieved, or a judgment upon an indictment, shall be a bar to either prosecution respectively.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/reconstruction/activism/ps_1875.html (300 words)

	The Pre-Affirmative Action Era
		The Fourteenth Amendment was enacted primarily to guarantee the constitutionality of the race conscious measures established in the Freedmen's Bureau Acts, which were subsequently affirmed through the Civil Rights Act of 1866, and to address the problems of racism during the post Civil War period.
		The Civil Rights Act of 1875 was enacted to provide African-Americans with equal access to public accommodations, including inns, public consequences, theaters, and "other places of public amusement." By its terms, the Act applied to private individuals, and made violations criminal misdemeanors.
		In a case that came to be known simply as the Civil Rights Cases, the Supreme Court consolidated the challenges for resolution of the issues presented.
	academic.udayton.edu /race/04needs/affirm08.htm (1780 words)

	History of Civil Rights Laws
		Civil Rights Act of 1866 -- "all persons shall have the same rights...to make and enforce contracts, to sue, be parties, give evidence, and to the full and equal benefit of all laws..."
		Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Title VII prohibits employment discrimination based on race, sex, national origin, or religion.
		Civil Rights Act of 1991 -- adds provisions to Title VII protections, including right to jury trial.
	www.withylaw.com /history.htm (376 words)

	[No title]
		Congress is presumed to know its prior legislative acts and to pass new laws in view of the legislation it has previously enacted.
		Infringements on that right may b e justified by regulations adopted to serve compelling state interests, unrelated to the suppression of ideas, that cannot be achieved through means significantly less restrictive of associational freedoms.
		See (Plaintiff's Reply at 7 ("'In light of the close connection between [the Reconstruction-era civil rights laws] and the }{\i [Fourteenth] Amendment}{, it would be incongruous to construe the principal object of their successor, }{\i \'a7 1981}{, in a manner markedly different from that of the Amendment itself.'" (alteration in original) (quoting }{\i Gen. Bldg.
	www.palso.org /295_F_Supp_2d_1141.doc (15116 words)

	Glossary
		Originally authorized to exist for only one year after the war, it was continued by congressional acts of 1866 and 1868 and remained in existence, with increasingly limited activity, until 1874.
		Lynching, a term referring primarily to the mob violence flourishing in the United States from the Civil War to the 1930s in which many people, especially fls, were beaten, tortured, mutilated, or even hanged or burned alive, without trial or any legal processes.
		Embittered by defeat in the Civil War and outraged by the rise of fl and white Reconstruction governments, white Southerners proceeded to launch a movement to "redeem" the South, take the vote and citizenship rights away from the fls, and restore white supremacy.
	sunsite.berkeley.edu /calheritage/Jimcrow/glossary.html (2343 words)

	[No title]
		Yet the right of fls to have arms existed partly as self-defense against the state militia itself, which implied that militia needs were not the only constitutional basis for the right to bear arms.
		The rights, privileges, and immunities of the American citizen, secured to him under the Constitution of the United States, are the subject-matter of this bill....
		The right to writ of habeas corpus; of peaceable assembly and of petition;...
	www.rkba.org /research/halbrook/hal14th.alternate.html (5846 words)

	History of the "Civil Rights" Acts - OD Board (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Civil Rights Act (1866) was passed by Congress on 9th April 1866 over the veto of President Andrew Johnson.
		The Civil Rights Act (1875) was introduced to Congress by Charles Sumner and Benjamin Butler in 1870 but did not become law until 1st March, 1875.
		The Immigration Act of 1965: Capstone of the Civil Rights Movement!
	www.originaldissent.com /forums/showthread.php?t=4545 (435 words)

	SSRN-The Supreme Court and Congress's Power to Enforce Constitutional Rights: An Overlooked Moral Anomaly by Robert ...
		Before the Civil War, Congress enacted two statutes that enforced slave owners' constitutionally secured property rights with civil remedies, including a civil fine and tort damages, and criminal penalties applicable to anyone who interfered with the slave owner's constitutional right to recover fugitive slaves.
		This article shows that the framers of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and Fourteenth Amendment used these legislative and judicial precedents to insist that Congress had to possess plenary power to enforce the fundamental rights and equality of all Americans.
		It also shows that the framers acted on this presumption and exercised this plenary power by enacting the Civil Rights Act of 1866, by which they enforced the civil rights of United States citizens with the civil and criminal remedies and enforcement provisions of the Fugitive Slave Acts.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=652142 (494 words)

	31 Questions and Answers about the IRS, Revision 3.2
		1866 Civil Rights Act, where the term “citizen of the United States” is used.
		Right of Election” or “freedom of choice,” namely, our freedom to choose between two different forms of government.
		As a trust domiciled in Puerto Rico, the IRS is, without a doubt, a federal government subcontractor that is subject to this Act.
	www.supremelaw.org /sls/31answers.htm (7711 words)

	Civil Rights Mini-Unit
		Impact: These rulings reversed the Civil Rights Act of 1875 and undermined the effect of the 14th and 15th Amendments.
		Action: This act prohibited interference in the exercise of voting rights; simplified the system for Federal Government involvement in voting rights violations; and established a national Commission on Civil Rights.
		Action: This Civil Rights Act, passed one week after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., focused on eradicating discrimination in housing and on protecting the right of fls to vote.
	www.alaskool.org /resources/teaching/national_archives/CivilRights_MiniUnit.htm (2249 words)

	AMAsearchdetail (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Civil Rights Act of 1866 was designed to nullify the Black Codes (laws used by plantation owners to maintain their former slaves as hired help).
		The act conferred citizenship upon fl people and granted the same civil rights to all persons born in the United States (except Native Americans).
		Passed by Congress on March 13, 1866, it was vetoed by President Andrew Johnson, who charged that it was an unwarranted invasion of states' rights; Congress overrode his veto on April 9.
	www.fofweb.com /onfiles/ama/amasearchdetail.asp?recordpin=5065 (151 words)

	SparkNotes: The Civil Rights Era (1865–1970): Summary of Events
		In 1955, the modern civil rights movement was effectively launched with the arrest of young seamstress Rosa Parks in Montgomery, Alabama.
		Although the Civil Rights Act and Voting Rights Act were landmark laws for the civil rights movement, young activists such as Stokely Carmichael felt they had not done enough to correct centuries of inequality.
		President Lyndon B. Johnson had also become suspicious of civil rights activists and ordered the FBI to begin investigations of Malcolm X, the Nation of Islam, and even Martin Luther King Jr.
	www.sparknotes.com /history/american/civilrights/summary.html (1927 words)

	Major Federal and Indiana Employment Laws
		Prohibits unequal wages for women and men who are employed at the same establishment and who perform equal jobs requiring equal skill, effort and responsibility under similar working conditions.
		The Civil Rights Law applies to the state and its political subdivisions and private employers with six or more employees.
		The Employment Discrimination Against Disabled Persons Act applies to employers with 15 or more employees and prohibits use of standards, criteria, or methods of administration that have the effect of discriminating on the basis of disability or that perpetuate discrimination by other employees.
	web.indstate.edu /aaction/federal_IN_body.htm (803 words)

	Equal Housing Opportunity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		You cannot instruct the licensed broker or salesperson acting as you agent to convey for you any limitations in the sale or rental because the real estate professional is also bound by law not to discriminate.
		Under the law, a home seller or landlord cannot establish discriminatory terms or conditions in the purchase or rental; deny that housing is available, or advertise that the property is available only to persons of a certain race, color, religion, sex, handicap, familial status, or national origin.
		You have the right to expect that housing will be available to you without discrimination or other limitations based on race, color, religion, sex handicap, familial status, or national origin.
	www.realtysells.com /ehonotice.htm (823 words)

	Digital History
		Reacting to the Black Codes, Congress attempts to protect the rights of the freedmen by increasing the power of the Freedmen's Bureau, giving it the power to try people who deprive freedmen of civil rights in military court.
		The Civil Rights Act of 1866, adopted over President Johnson's veto, enumerates the rights of citizens of the United States, including the right to make contracts, sue, give evidence in court, and purchase and sell property.
		Fearing that the Supreme Court might declare the Civil Rights Act unconstitutional, Congress proposes the 14th Amendment, which guarantees the citizenship of African Americans (which is necessary because of the Supreme Court's 1857 Dred Scott decision).
	www.digitalhistory.uh.edu /database/article_display.cfm?HHID=126 (1287 words)

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