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Topic: Civil War in Finland

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Continuation War

Finnish Civil War

History of Finland

Winter War

Social Democratic Party of Finland

Grand Duchy of Finland

Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim

Finland

Lapland war

List of Presidents of Finland

Carl Gustaf Mannerheim

Lapua Movement

List of Finnish wars

Risto Ryti

List of Finnish treaties

In the News (Wed 11 Nov 09)

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	Winter War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The relationship between the Soviet Union and Finland was tense and frosty—both the two periods of forced russification at the turn of the century, and the legacy of the failed socialist revolution in Finland contributed to a strong mutual distrust.
		This partial healing of the wounds and rifts after the Civil War in Finland (1918), and Finland's language strife, is still referred to as "the Spirit of the Winter War," although it should also be noted that many communists were not allowed to fight in Finland's conscription army because of their political background.
		Diplomatically, Finland was squeezed between Allied hopes for a prolonged war and Scandinavian fears of a continued war spreading to neighboring countries (or of the surge of refugees that might result from a Finnish defeat).
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/w/wi/winter_war.html (2098 words)

	Continuation War - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Although the Continuation War was fought in the periphery of World War II and the engaged troops were relatively few, the history of this war is intriguing as it challenges much of the conventional wisdom on the World War, and the popular theory that democratic countries don't wage war against each other.
		Finland's main goal during World War II was, although nowhere literally stated, to survive the war as an independent country, capable of maintaining its sovereignty in a politically hostile environment.
		Public opinion in Finland longed for the re-acquisition of the homes of the 12% of Finland's population who had been forced to leave Finnish Karelia in haste, and put their hope to the peace conference that was generally assumed to come to follow the World War.
	www.bexley.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Continuation_War (10493 words)

	Finnish Civil War biography .ms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Civil War in Finland was fought from January to May 1918, between the "Reds" (punaiset), Social Democrats together with Communists, and the "Whites" (valkoiset), forces of the Conservative Senate intending to maintain the status quo (retained independence and constitutional monarchy without parliamentarism).
		The Civil War and the Continuation War have been the two most controversial and emotion-loaded events in the history of modern Finland, often seen as the hinges or pivots of Finland's fate; and both have had a great influence also on the foreign relations of Finland.
		The background of the Civil War can be traced to political polarization due to a major conflict between Imperial Russia and the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which commenced in 1889 as an outcome of Russian Pan-Slavism, and was intensified in 1899 with the attempted Russification of Finland.
	finnish-civil-war.biography.ms (2722 words)

	Finland Civil War 1918
		Whether or not the civil war was avoidable has been debated ever since, but both sides must share in the responsibility for its outbreak because of their unwillingness to compromise.
		The tragedy of the civil war was compounded by a reign of terror that was unleashed by each side.
		The civil war was a catastrophe for Finland.
	www.onwar.com /aced/data/foxtrot/finncivwar1918.htm (1592 words)

	Senate of Finland - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Senate of Finland combined the functions of cabinet and supreme court in the Grand Duchy of Finland between 1816 to 1917.
		Due to the Civil War in 1918 the Senate was relocated to the town of Vaasa from January 29 to May 3.
		In 1918 the economic division became the Cabinet and the judicial division became the Supreme court of the independent Republic of Finland.
	www.leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Senate_of_Finland (218 words)

	Articles - Winter War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland had a long history of being a part of the Swedish kingdom when it was conquered by Russia in 1808 and turned into a autonomous buffer state to protect the Russian capital.
		The relationship between the Soviet Union and Finland was tense and frosty—both the two periods of forced russification at the turn of the century, and the legacy of the failed socialist rebellion in Finland contributed to a strong mutual distrust.
		Diplomatically, Finland was squeezed between Allied hopes for a prolonged war and Scandinavian fears of a continued war spreading to neighbouring countries (or of the surge of refugees that might result from a Finnish defeat).
	www.gaple.com /articles/Winter_War (3031 words)

	LIBERATION OR SUPPRESSION
		The civil war of 1918 was, for Finland, a terrible ordeal.
		The difference between the two civil wars is that in Spain the 'Whites' rebelled against the country's government, whereas in Finland the rebels were the 'Reds'.The Spaniards, too, lost about one per cent of their population, but they lost it over a period of three years, not three months.
		First, civil wars are not uncommon in newly independent countries, because it must be decided by whom and how the state is to be governed, and with the support of which external powers.
	www.lib.helsinki.fi /bff/9802/juttu3.html (1271 words)

	[No title]
		Finland's main goal during World War II was, although nowhere literally stated, to outlive the war as an independent country, capable to mind its own businesses in a politically hostile environment.
		Specifically for the Continuation War, Finland aimed at reversing her territorial losses under the March 1940 Moscow Peace Treaty and by extending the territory further east, to guarantee the survival of the Finnic brethren in East-Karelia.
		Finland took no part in the initial German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, since the Finnish government did not wish to appear as the aggressor; the popular support for such a move was deemed insufficient, and international relations would have suffered in vain.
	en-cyclopedia.com /wiki/Continuation_War (6412 words)

	FINLAND 1918-20
		The white and blue national flag of Finland was adopted in 1918, its colors (symbolizing the country's numerous lakes and the snows that cover the land for much of the year) being suggested by the poet Sakari Topelius.
		To stress Finland's connections to the other countries of the region, the design of the offset Scandinavian cross was chosen for the new national flag.
		Finland's ancient national symbol, the gold lion on a field of red, was retained as the national coat of arms, and it figured in the design of several of the flags that were adopted between 1918 and 1920.
	tmg110.tripod.com /finland1.htm (366 words)

	Finnish Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The background of the Civil War can be traced to political polarization caused by the major conflict between Imperial Russia and the autonomyautonomous Grand Duchy of Finland, which commenced in 1889 as an outcome of Russian Pan-Slavism, and was intensified in 1899 with the attempted Russification of Finland.
		The Civil War, and the pre-war polarization, did directly and indirectly lead to Finland developing a mentality more like 19th century Prussia, with the military forces and conservative ideologies having earned great prestige for their success, and less akin to her Scandinavian brethren where popular movements and liberal ideologies had won modern democracy.
		Another legacy of the Civil War was an anti-democratic and anti-parliamentarian current, which remained in public opinion, and particularly Academic Karelia Societyamong academic youth, until the end of the Continuation War when such utterances became dangerous.
	www.infothis.com /find/Finnish_Civil_War (2976 words)

	Civil War in Finland - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Finnish Civil War was fought from January to May 1918, between the "Reds", Communists together with Leftist Finnish Social Democrats, and the "Whites", forces of the Conservative coalition-cabinet who had proclaimed Finland's independence from Russia the previous December 6th and intended to maintain the status quo.
		The last stages of World War I were still being fought in central Europe at the time and both Russia and Germany had their own interests in Finland.
		The Whites regrouped in the north and centre of the country under the political leadership of Senate president Pehr Evind Svinhufvud and the military command of Carl Gustaf Mannerheim.
	openproxy.ath.cx /fi/Finnish_Civil_War.html (524 words)

	The historical significance of the Finland-Swedes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Finland to which they returned was at that time already an independent state, neutral in the World War, and so they were not traitors any more.
		When a new war broke out in 1741 he was appointed Commander of the fleet operating in the Gulf of Finland, but he died before the fleet could open battle.
		Mathias Calonius (1738-1817), a jurist and civil servant, served as rector of the Turku Academy (Sweden's third university, founded in 1640) in three turns and was later chosen Justice of the Supreme Court of Sweden.
	home.swipnet.se /nordling/finlandssvenskar/2.html (3869 words)

	Russian Civil War
		Vladimir Lenin appointed Leon Trotsky as commissar of war and was sent to rally the Red Army in the Volga.
		All civilized restraints had gone on both sides and this was civil war of the worst kind to the bitter end.
		When, therefore, the War Office called for volunteers who knew the language to go to Russia to help the White armies in their struggle against the Bolsheviks, I immediately applied and was ordered to Siberia.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /RUScivilwar.htm (3718 words)

	Balance Sheet of the Finnish Events
		Under the conditions of World War, to approach the question of the fate of small states from the standpoint of “national independence,” “neutrality,” etc., is to remain in the sphere of imperialist mythology.
		The appointment of the Kuusmen government indicated that the fate awaiting Finland was not that of the Baltic states but that of Poland, where Stalin—no matter what the amateur columnists of the “third camp” scribble—found himself compelled to provoke civil war and to overthrow property relations.
		I specified several times that if the war in Finland was not submerged in a general war, and if Stalin was not compelled to retreat before a threat from the outside, then he would be forced to carry through the sovietizing of Finland.
	www.marxists.org /archive/trotsky/works/1940/1940-finnish.htm (3098 words)

	FWW2 - Finland at War 1939-1944 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland stopped the advancing troops in Karelian Isthamus (Which was losted during war) and the war was mostly just Trech warfare.
		After Germany had started Operation Barbarossa, Finland saw that it was at war with Soviet union as it was a ally of Germany.
		Finland attacked thourgh Karelian Isthamus and in the north trying to reach the White Sea.
	ofp.bombsquad.org /fww2/info.html (632 words)

	Red - FreeEncyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The color of blood led red to be associated with the god of war, Mars, and the reddish planet Mars became named for him.
		For instance the Civil War in Russia and the Civil War in Finland were fought between "Reds" and "Whites".
		The identification of Communism as red (with red being the primary color of the flag of the Soviet Union) led to such Cold War phrases as "the Red Menace" and "Red China" (distinguished from Nationalist China or Taiwan).
	openproxy.ath.cx /re/Red.html (335 words)

	Ceteris Paribus: Fun Finland Facts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Finland is not as ethnically homogenous as we believe.
		Finland is the least corrupt nation in the world, according to Transparency International's Corruption Perceptions Index.
		It would be nice if bloggers in Finland and India could compare notes on their respective societies to see what makes these countries so different.
	azatlan.blogspot.com /2005/08/fun-finland-facts.html (1283 words)

	Finland - The Finnish Civil War
		The Revolution that was underway in Russia by March 8, 1917, spread to Helsinki on March 16, when the Russian fleet in Helsinki mutinied.
		As during the Revolution of 1905, most actual power in Finland was wielded by the local strike committees, of which there were usually two: one, middle-class; the other, working-class.
		The disintegration of the normal organs of administration and order, especially the police, and their replacement by local strike committees and militias unsettled society and led to a growing sense of unease.
	countrystudies.us /finland/15.htm (2007 words)

	Memories of Finland
		The Uprising is the most powerful novel written about the 1918 Civil War of Finland, which erupted only a month and a half after Finland's Declaration of Independence.
		Fueled by passions on both sides, the class conflict erupts into war between between the haves and the have-nots -- between neighbors.
		The most famous and penetrating novel dealing with the Civil War in Finland is also the centerpiece of Linna's trilogy.
	www.memoriesoffinland.com /product.asp?productid=AS/UNS-2 (141 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		PART TWO OF LINNA'S TRILOGY Under the North Star, entitled The Uprising, is the most powerful novel ever about the Civil War of Finland of 1918, which erupted only a month and a half after Finland's Declaration of Independence.
		The inhumane events of Finland's Civil War affect Pentinkulma and the Koskelas in dramatic fashion.
		This most famous and penetrating novel dealing with the Civil War in Finland is also the centerpiece of Linna's trilogy Under the North Star I-III.
	www.angelfire.com /fl3/esa/uprising.html (159 words)

	The Russian Civil War
		They were however only one dimension of the Civil War as other groups and nations played important roles.
		Throughout the Civil War large areas of the two sides territory were engulfed by hundreds of distinct peasant revolts.
		While the allies did intervene in the Civil War they did so for their own interests and to nurture the White opposition.
	www.historyorb.com /russia/civil_war.shtml (719 words)

	Civil War-- Finland 1918! [Free Republic]
		A FReeper suggested to me that Australia's oppressive new gun laws might lead to a situation paralleling the 1918 Civil War in Finland.
		Civil War, we have to look many years back in history.
		Read a research paper discussing the 1918 Civil War in Finland and the mark it left on Finnish society.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a3b5f4392226f.htm (294 words)

	OnWar.com - Military History Research
		The study includes major and minor inter-state wars, extra-state warfare, rebellions and revolutions around the globe.
		At the end of the Great War democracy, communism and fascism competed for global domination.
		Scholars engaged in the study of war are an important part of the audience.
	www.onwar.com (255 words)

	The Russian Civil War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Full-scale civil war and Allied intervention followed an uprising in May 1918 of the Czechoslovak Brigade in Russia.
		The Civil War, fought initially with small Russian forces of uncertain morale, grew in scope and bitterness.
		Their participation in medical services and combat was far broader than in World War I. In the Civil War, Russian women fought on every front, and with every weapon; the female machine-gunner made frequent appearances in early Soviet literature.
	mars.acnet.wnec.edu /~grempel/courses/russia/lectures/28civilwar.html (2302 words)

	Vapaa Sana (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		For the first time since Finland´s Mika Waltari achieved best-seller status in the U.S. during 1950s with historical novels such as Sinuhe the Egyptian, a Finnish novel deserving of international recognition emerges.
		Fueled by passions on both sides, the class conflict, particularly the land issue, erupts into war between Finns, between the haves and the have-not's, between neighbors.
		This most famous and penetrating novel dealing with the Civil War in Finland is also the center piece of Linna's trilogy Under the North Star.
	www.vapaasana.com /kirjakauppa2.htm (437 words)

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