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Topic: Civil defense

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	Encyclopedia: Civil defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Civil defense is an effort to prepare civilians for military attack.
		The old United States Civil Defense logo, now relagated to history since as FEMA's seal is now the DHS, the triangle emphasised the 3-step Civil Defense philosophy used before the foundation of FEMA and Comprehensive Emergency Management.
		Civil defense is a non-military effort to defend civilian society from military attack.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Civil-defense (620 words)

	Learn more about Civil defense in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		During the Cold War, civil defense was seen largely as defending against and recovering from an attack involving nuclear weapons.
		After the end of the Cold War, the focus moved from defense against nuclear war to defense against a terrorist attack possibly involving chemical or biological weapons.
		On an individual scale, one means of preparation for exposure to nuclear fallout is obtain potassium iodide (KI) tablets as a safety measure to protect the human thyroid gland from the uptake of dangerous radioactive iodine.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/ci/civil_defense.html (850 words)

	civil defense. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Civil defense grew in proportion to the use of aircraft in modern warfare, becoming significant during World War II, when both sides engaged in the strategic bombing of civilian populations.
		Opponents of civil defense have maintained that, given the destructiveness of modern weapons, warning and shelter systems are useless and merely encourage war hysteria.
		Proponents of civil defense have asserted that, since a major danger from a nuclear attack is radioactive fallout, an adequate shelter program can save the lives of a large portion of the population.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ci/civildef.html (331 words)

	AllRefer.com - civil defense (Military Affairs (nonnaval)) - Encyclopedia
		civil defense, nonmilitary activities designed to protect civilians and their property from enemy actions in time of war.
		A civil defense program usually includes measures taken during peace (e.g., building home shelters or air raid warning practice), measures to warn civilians of an impending attack, to protect them during attack, and to save their lives and property after attack.
		After the beginnings of a dEtente with the Soviet Union and the People's Republic of China in the 1970s, interest in civil defense in the United States, which peaked at the height of the cold war, began to decline; that decline was furthered by the break up of the Soviet empire.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/civildef.html (394 words)

	2000 for Civil Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Civil defense is a group of procedures necessary to protect civilians and their property, secure all types of transportation, ensure regular course of action of public facilities, save public and private buildings and premises of air attacks, other military operations, natural catastrophes, fires, maritime rescue and other dangers.
		The higher civil defense council shall issue instructions of required shelters conditions and specifications and other civil defense activities stipulated in the preceding article that permits, issued by the competent authorities, shall demonstrate such conditions and specifications.
		Provisions of civil defense law no. (12) of 1959 in force in the West Bank governorates and civil defense law no. (17) of 1962 in force in the governorate of Gaza any that contradicts provisions of this law shall be ruled out.
	www.pnic.gov.ps /english/law/law18.html (1703 words)

	Singapore - Civil Defense
		Numerous local civil defense units were organized and were assigned responsibility for such specialized duties as blood collection, food and water distribution, and providing shelter to the homeless.
		The deputy commissioner of police for civil defense was the government official responsible for all military and civilian civil defense units.
		The government frequently organized civil defense exercises in selected jurisdictions, and in 1989 the installation of a sophisticated electronic flout and civil defense warning system was under study.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-11932.html (824 words)

	Soviet Civil Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Soviet emphasis on this aspect of their civil defense preparation suggests a view diametrically opposite to the American thinking which professes that a nuclear war is inconceivable and thus funds for civil defense are unnecessary or even provocative.
		Civil defense preparations are well integrated into Moscow's strategic plans and are an integral part of Soviet military preparedness efforts.
		For a number of years, the Soviets have devoted considerable resources to their civil defense effort, which emphasizes the extensive evacuation of urban populations prior to the outbreak of hostilities, the construction of shelters in outlying areas, and compulsory training in civil defense for well over half the Soviet population.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/aureview/1977/mar-apr/dorough.html (3188 words)

	Civil Rights Defense Fund - Litigation Activities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		When the NRA notified school authorities that the action violated the student’s civil rights, the school subsequently added a provision for the 2002-2003 school year barring any clothing associated with “weapons” and “violence.” The lawsuit, seeks $100,000 in damages and $50,000 in punitive damages plus costs and attorney fees incurred in vindicating Newsom’s civil rights.
		Defense counsel filed a motion to remand the case back to the grand jury for a new determination of probable cause.
		A jury found her guilty on October 31, 2000, after the judge ruled that having a license was no defense and that it was a strict liability offense that did not require knowledge.
	www.nradefensefund.org /docs/litigation.html (14847 words)

	Civil Rights Defense Fund - Statement of Purpose
		The NRA Civil Rights Defense Fund was established by the NRA Board of Directors in 1978 to become involved in court cases establishing legal precedents in favor of gun owners.
		Defense of persons charged with criminal violations of federal, state, and local laws that prohibit the acquisition or possession of firearms by peaceful and honest Americans;
		Civil challenges to federal, state, and local laws that prohibit a law-abiding citizen or class of citizens from possessing or using firearms;
	www.nradefensefund.org (327 words)

	The Electronic Encyclopaedia of Civil Defense and Emergency Management
		The mission of The Electronic Encyclopaedia of Civil Defense and Emergency Management is to support research, learning, and teaching in the history, organization, and theory of civil defense and emergency management and to preserve information from a variety of sources that may otherwise prove ephemeral.
		Entries, and updates to existing entries, are gladly accepted from any researcher in emergency management, civil defense, air raid precautions, or disaster science and should be directed to the editor.
		Civil Defense and Emergency Management Organizational History Note: this entry is saved as a PDF file because it includes an extensive diagram – read with Adobe Acrobat.
	www.richmond.edu /~wgreen/encyclopedia.htm (1380 words)

	Military.com Content
		Comic yet terrifying, Bert's lessons reflected an abiding national concern with civil defense that reached back to the Minutemen, spread nationwide during World War II, and rose and fell with the tensions of the Cold War.
		The nation's civil defense posture became part of the Cold War calculations of victory and survival.
		Still, the lessons and infrastructure of the American civil defense experience are constantly used during hurricanes, floods, fires, and other catastrophes.
	www.military.com /Content/MoreContent1?file=cw_cd_story (699 words)

	Town of Weymouth - Departments - Emergency Management/Civil Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Each local organization for civil defense shall perform civil defense functions within the territorial limits of the political subdivision within which it is organized, and, in addition, shall conduct such functions outside of such territorial limits as may be required pursuant to the provisions of section seven of this act.
		Civil Defense was developed in Europe and Japan before WWII in order to help civilians during air raids.
		The Office of Civil Defense is now under the jurisdiction of the Federal Emergency Management Agency, however, the main responsibility for peacetime civil defense in the U.S. lies with each States Government.
	www.weymouth.ma.us /em/index.asp (442 words)

	THE JOURNAL OF CIVIL DEFENSE - An Official Publication of The American Civil Defense Association (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Journal of Civil Defense, published bi-monthly by The American Civil Defense Association, is TACDA's main vehicle for the distribution of current and reliable civil defense and disaster preparedness information and resources to our members and subscribers.
		The Journal of Civil Defense presents articles that cover the wide spectrum of civil defense and disaster preparedness and mitigation issues on both the personal and the professional levels.
		Formerly known as &QUOT;Survive";, the Journal of Civil Defense has been in circulation since 1968 and has been assisting individuals and their communities, as well as professional/commercial organizations and agencies in their efforts to understand the nature of all types of disasters and to prepare for and respond to these disasters.
	www.tacda.org /jcd (556 words)

	Maui County - Civil Defense Agency (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Maui Civil Defense Agency has responsibility for administering and operating the various local, state, and Federal civil defense programs for the County.
		This includes planning, preparing, and coordinating civil defense operations in meeting disaster situations and coordinating post-disaster recovery operations.
		Civil Defense instructions are broadcast over radio, television, and cable TV systems.
	county.maui.net /departments/CivilDefense (495 words)

	Kipp Teague's RetroWeb - Civil Defense
		The foreign and defense policies of your Government make such an attack highly un- likely, and to keep it unlikely is their most important aim.
		The need for preparation-for civil defense-is likely to be with us for a long time, and we must suppress the temptation to reach out hastily for short-term solutions.
		But an effective program of civil defense could save the lives of millions who would not otherwise survive.
	www.retroweb.com /civildefense.html (1075 words)

	BHL Research Topics: Civil Defense (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		While the planned methods for defense changed over the years, proponents of civil defense continuously portrayed it as a sincere effort to protect the population from the destruction of nuclear war, as an important part of the country's strategy of deterrence, and as an effective tool in crisis management.
		These opponents argued either that civil defense was meaningless given the incalculable level of destruction that would result from a nuclear attack, or that preparations for defense, far from deterring an attack, would destabilize the international situation and make war more likely.
		While the debate over civil defense was going on at the national level, at the state level a succession of agencies, developed out of the civil defense needs of World War II, presided over Michigan's civil defense program.
	www.umich.edu /~bhl/bhl/topics/defense.htm (440 words)

	ICDO - International Civil Defence Organisation
		ICDO is an inter-governmental organisation whose objective is to contribute to the development by States of structures ensuring the protection and assistance of populations and safeguarding property and the environment from natural or man-made disasters.
		The International Civil Defence Organisation (ICDO) is an inter-governmental organisation whose objective is to contribute to the development by States of structures ensuring the protection and assistance of populations and safeguarding property and the environment from natural or man-made disasters.
		The ICDO is the umbrella organisation of national civil defence structures.
	www.icdo.org (191 words)

	Civil defense: office of emergency management: departments: City of Fort Collins
		President Franklin D. Roosevelt described the extant state of America as being in "...a state of unlimited emergency" and as a result he advised each city to organize its own "Civil Defense" system to plan and prepare for the dangers looming on the horizon.
		The emblem at the top of this page is the primary Civil Defense logo and was often seen on training and propaganda posters during the war.
		The Civil Defense concept worked at the time and under the circumstances for which it was created.
	www.ci.fort-collins.co.us /oem/civildefense.php (900 words)

	It's Time For A Revival Of American Civil Defense by Jim Benson 0201
		But even in the heyday of US Civil Defense measures, it was widely acknowledged that a sizeable portion of the population was still likely to die in a major nuclear exchange with the Soviet Union.
		This “shortfall” of Civil Defense measures, wrote Dobbs, “is particularly disturbing and should be addressed if we are to develop a comprehensive and effective national program to reduce the vulnerability of the United States to the employment and effects of CBRN weapons.
		He has also made contacts with multiple international Civil Defense organizations and received hundreds of pages of English language documents from Switzerland, Austria, Sweden, the UK and Canada, and was at this writing awaiting packages from Singapore and Norway with more of the same.
	www.backwoodshome.com /columns/benson0201.html (3297 words)

	Cold War Era Civil Defense Museum-Main Page
		This virtual museum is dedicated to the Civil Defense and emergency workers of the United States who worked throughout the Cold War to try to protect the public from nuclear attack.
		There are many aspects of the civil defense program that may seem funny today, but the Cold War was a very scary time.
		Civil defense officials and volunteers during that time were very serious about their work and I believe they deserve respect for their efforts.
	www.civildefensemuseum.com (459 words)

	Civil Defense - Oregon Institute of Science and Medicine
		In 1986, the lnstitute began a special project of research and education on American civil defense.
		The Institute also built five full-scale civil defense shelter displays for FEMA and for the states of Pennsylvania, Utah, Arizona, and Idaho (see photograph below) and carried out other educational activities in cooperation with FEMA.
		With the decline of U. government interest in civil defense, the Institute is now the most reliable remaining source of civil defense educational materials in America.
	www.oism.org /oism/s32p25.htm (205 words)

	Civil Defense: You Duck and I'll Cover
		The Defense Civil Preparedness Agency and later the Federal Emergency Management Agency performed studies, published pamphlets, and stocked fallout shelters.
		It is easy in retrospect to find the ridiculous in the civil defense posture of the 1960's, as was done so well in the "Atomic Cafe" when it compared Bert the Turtle's advice of "Duck and Cover" against the actual effects of nuclear weapons on civilian houses.
		There was much serious study and development of civil defense measures that never reached a wide public audience.
	www.cddc.vt.edu /host/atomic/civildef (481 words)

	“In Time Of Emergency”: The Civil Defense Thread (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Civil defense against tornadoes generally consisted of hiding in a bathroom until the storm has passed.
		Of course, the Axis powers never did actually bomb Houston or Harrisburg, but such an event was at least theoretically possible, and the country's Civil Defense corps was a good way to keep the American people “in the war”, especially those patriots who were too old for any but the fight on the Home Front.
		The subject of this threat is Civil Defense in the Atomic Age (1949-1991).
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/961358/posts (942 words)

	civil defense on Encyclopedia.com
		Israeli Defense Forces troops during their breakthrough into the west of the City.September 1982.
		The Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) firing position at Ba'abda near Beirut during shelling of terrorist positions.Beirut 1982.
		Fighting Israeli soldier of the Israeli Defense Forces, entering the west part of the City of Beirut.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/c1/civildef.asp (847 words)

	Kauai Civil Defense Agency, Hawaii (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The Kauai Civil Defense Agency has the responsibility for administering and operating the various local, State and Federal civil defense programs for the County.
		Initiate and coordinate civil defense preparedness training, test drills to include periodic phone alert “call-up“ exercises and orientation for augmentation personnel which interface government and private organizations in realistically simulated disaster situation.
		Review periodically the emergency response plans of all County departments, agencies and Civil Defense Area Organizations, and State district and branch offices; maintain updated master files of plans in county EOC; check for compliance with the basic portion of the plan.
	www.kauai.gov /Default.aspx?tabid=45 (416 words)

	Florida Attorney at Law Find FL. Lawyers Law Firms Here (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Criminal defense attorney represents defendants accused of felony crimes such as domestic violence, drug possession, murder, rape, assault, kidnapping, etc. Defense lawyers also represent those accused of traffic violations such as driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol DUI, leaving the scene of an accident, careless driving charges, etc.
		Hence, you have civil attorneys that file an action (lawsuit) called personal injury attorneys and those that defend the accused.
		Other types of civil cases are landlord vs. tenant disputes, mortgage foreclosure, work discrimination, wrongful death cases like mesothelioma sickness a physical injury associated with work related asbestos exposure, prescription drug recalls and class action lawsuits like the celebrex, vioxx scandals.
	www.floridaattorneyatlaw.com (261 words)

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