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Topic: Civil disobedience

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Civil and social disobedience

Civil Disobedience (Thoreau)

Satyagraha

Guerrilla warfare

Racial equality

Mohandas Gandhi

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Civil liberties

US civil rights movement

Thoreau

Henry David Thoreau

Rosa Parks

	Guide to Civil Disobedience : Resources : Wage Peace Campaign : AFSC
		Civil disobedience is a refusal to obey an order from a civil authority or public nonviolent violation of a legal prohibition.
		As understood by the American Friends Service Committee, civil disobedience is a conscience-based, heartfelt action which, while in violation of the law, reflects and draws on the religious convictions that are the base of AFSC's service and which witnesses to AFSC perspectives on major societal issues.
		When contemplating civil disobedience, therefore, an individual should be aware of its potential for good or ill, and before undertaking it, carefully examine his or her options, motivations, and attitudes.
	www.afsc.org /iraq/activism/civil-disobedience.htm (856 words)

	civil disobedience - Encyclopedia.com
		Practitioners of civil disobediance basing their actions on moral right and usually employ the nonviolent technique of passive resistance in order to bring wider attention to the injustice.
		The philosophy and tactics of civil disobedience have been used by Quakers and other religious groups, the British labor movement, suffragists, feminists, adherents of prohibition, pacifists and other war resisters (see conscientious objector), supporters of the disabled, and a wide variety of other dissenters.
		Civil disobedience in the United States traditionally has been associated with those on the left of the political spectrum, as were most participants in the anti-Vietnam War movement, but toward the end of the 20th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-civdisob.html (1387 words)

	Civil Disobedience (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		Civil disobedience, given its place at the boundary of fidelity to law, is said to fall between legal protest, on the one hand, and conscientious refusal, revolutionary action, militant protest and organised forcible resistance, on the other hand.
		While a civil disobedient does not necessarily oppose the regime in which she acts, the militant or radical protester is deeply opposed to that regime (or a core aspect of that regime).
		Civil disobedience taken in support of concerns such as the environment or animal rights may be seen in part as a response to some breakdown in the mechanisms for citizen engagement in the decision-making process.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/civil-disobedience (10649 words)

	Civil Disobedience St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture - Find Articles
		Civil disobedience is a nonviolent,; deliberate, and conspicuous violation of a law or social norm, or a violation of the orders of civil authorities, in order to generate publicity and public awareness of an issue.
		Civil disobedience brings people into the political system who were previously outside the system and is one of the few tactics available to empower concerned citizens who lack any other means to press their demands for change.
		Civil disobedience as a political tactic and social process increases in popularity and use as society decreases its reliance on violence and force to achieve political goals or to gain the advantage in social conflict or competition.
	findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419100256 (937 words)

	t r u t h o u t - Sari Gelzer \| Reclaiming the American Legacy of Civil Disobedience
		Civil disobedience is the role of citizens within the political system and has a much broader legacy than one was taught to think.
		Civil disobedience, practiced by various movements of people, has been responsible for forcing politicians to comply with the demands of its citizens.
		Civil disobedience is how "slavery was ended, civil rights were won, it's how women won the right to vote, and it's how Vietnam ended," says Anthony Arnove, a writer, editor and activist based in New York.
	www.truthout.org /docs_2005/101105Y.shtml (1332 words)

	Civil Disobedience
		Advocates of civil disobedience argue that small crimes, such as the disruption of roads and public spaces, are justified when they are against far greater crimes such as massive environmental damage or war.
		Civil disobedience often involves a breach of normal or legal boundaries: public spaces are disrupted and secret places are infiltrated.
		The sit-in is a type of civil disobedience which uses disruption to draw attention to the protest and the protesters' cause.
	portico.bl.uk /learning/histcitizen/21cc/counterculture/civildisobedience/disobedience.html (498 words)

	Bikers, Civil Disobedience, and the Constitution
		The term civil disobedience was coined by Henry David Thoreau in his essay which explained why he refused to pay a poll tax and as a result was imprisoned.
		Civil disobedience is public, nonviolently, and conscientiously breach of a law seen as illegitimate or immoral.
		The reason for using civil disobedience is to shift the focus of debate from the device to the law.
	fastfreds.com /articles/civildisobedience.html (1360 words)

	civil disobedience - Definitions from Dictionary.com
		Refusal to obey civil laws in an effort to induce change in governmental policy or legislation, characterized by the use of passive resistance or other nonviolent means.
		Note: In the twentieth century, civil disobedience was exercised by Mahatma Gandhi in the struggle for independence in India.
		Civil disobedience, sometimes called nonviolent resistance or passive resistance, was also practiced by some members of the civil rights movement in the United States, notably Martin Luther King, Jr., to challenge segregation of public facilities; a common tactic of these civil rights supporters was the sit-in.
	dictionary.reference.com /browse/civil%20disobedience (348 words)

	A Call for Nonviolent Civil Disobedience \| The Declaration of Peace
		Massive civil disobedience is a strategy for social change which is at least as forceful as an ambulance with its siren on full.” The growing emergency in Iraq calls us to organize dramatic and widespread civil disobedience with its “siren on full” until the present crisis is solved.
		Civil disobedience is a powerful tool for change because it consciously interferes with the operation of systematic violence and publicly withdraws consent from it.
		The power of civil disobedience flows from a disciplined commitment to refrain from violence and a willingness to accept the legal and social consequences of one’s action.
	declarationofpeace.org /a-call-for-nonviolent-civil-disobedience (1031 words)

	ON ELECTRONIC CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE BY STEFAN WRAY
		But as attempts to prevent people from engaging in traditional civil disobedience have failed before or have at least not been universally successful, we can expect that whatever net the government creates in attempts to capture future cyber-activists will be strewn with holes and ways of evasion will be possible.
		In the near future, we can expect to see hybrid civil disobedience actions that will involve people taking part in electronic civil disobedience from behind their computer screens while simultaneously people are engaging in more traditional forms of civil disobedience out in the streets.
		The variorum Walden and the variorum Civil disobedience.
	cristine.org /borders/Wray_Essay.html (2705 words)

	Civil Disobedience
		In order to properly discuss civil disobedience and whether or not it is moral to disobey laws, we must first characterize civil disobedience.
		Civil disobedience is about purposefully disobeying a law or rule to make a point, to try and change laws and rules in a specific situation, and is disobedience that is executed in a non-violent manner.
		The arguments against civil disobedience are that if people start disobeying laws, there could be a slippery slope effect and cause more and more unrest and soon no one would obey laws because every law might seem unjust to someone.
	members.aol.com /wutsamada2/ethics/essays/pitts.htm (1991 words)

	Thoreau's Civil Disobedience
		In the 1940's it was read by the Danish resistance, in the 1950's it was cherished by people who opposed McCarthyism, in the 1960's it was influential in the struggle against South African apartheid, and in the 1970's it was discovered by a new generation of anti-war activists.
		Because this essay is often associated with passive civil disobedience, some have assumed that Thoreau's support of John Brown was a change from his earlier position.
		It was published as "Resistance to Civil Government," in May of 1849, in Elizabeth Peabody's Aesthetic Papers, a short-lived periodical that never managed a second issue.
	www.eserver.org /thoreau/civil.html (530 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Civil disobedience was practise in Ireland in the fight against British colonisation.
		Civil disobedience has served as a major tactic of nationalist movements in former colonies in Africa and Asia prior to their gaining independence.
		Civil disobedience has served as a tactic of Polish opposition against communists.
	www.wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/c/ci/civil_disobedience.html (604 words)

	Peter Suber, "Civil Disobedience"
		Civil disobedience is a form of protest in which protestors deliberately violate a law.
		While civil disobedience in a broad sense is as old as the Hebrew midwives' defiance of Pharaoh, most of the moral and legal theory surrounding it, as well as most of the instances in the street, have been inspired by Thoreau, Gandhi, and King.
		Objection: Even if civil disobedience is sometimes justified in a democracy, activists must first exhaust the legal channels of change and turn to disobedience only as a last resort.
	www.earlham.edu /%7Epeters/writing/civ-dis.htm (1767 words)

	Henry David Thoreau and 'Civil Disobedience' by Wendy McElroy
		Civil Disobedience is an analysis of the individual’s relationship to the state that focuses on why men obey governmental law even when they believe it to be unjust.
		Civil Disobedience was Thoreau’s response to his 1846 imprisonment for refusing to pay a poll tax that violated his conscience.
		Civil Disobedience speaks to the individual’s right to resist the state but Thoreau does not consider disobedience to be an overriding duty.
	www.lewrockwell.com /mcelroy/mcelroy86.html (4801 words)

	ICT - Institute for Counter-Terrorism - Articles - Civil Disobedience, Rebellion, and Conscientious Objection (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Civil disobedience may also arise from moral considerations, amongst other things; but as its name testifies, it is first and foremost an act of civil, public protest stemming from civil responsibility, the purpose of which is to change a law or policy with which the objector disagrees.
		Civil disobedience is not intended to change the regime or the constitutional arrangements in general, but rather to influence and protest about a specific matter.
		Civil disobedience is a “mini-rebellion”—a hybrid of two duties: the duty to obey and the duty to break the law.
	www.ict.org.il /apage/5349.php (10455 words)

	FIRE - Was What Happened at Columbia ‘Civil Disobedience’?
		There are two important components of civil disobedience: first, your disobedience has to be nonviolent, if not precisely “civil.” Shouting loud slogans, braving fire hoses, etc., are not particularly civil, but they are nonviolent.
		If storming a stage is your act of civil disobedience (assuming you are peacefully doing so), you must be prepared to be treated like anyone else who storms a stage and shouts down a speaker.
		Indeed, enduring the punishment for civil disobedience is an integral part of the protest.
	www.thefire.org /index.php/article/7403.html?PHPSESSID=84bf (478 words)

	SparkNotes: Civil Disobedience: Context
		In addition to Civil Disobedience (1849), Thoreau is best known for his book Walden (1854), which documents his experiences living alone on Walden Pond in Massachusetts from 1845-1847.
		He practiced civil disobedience in his own life and spent a night in jail for his refusal to pay taxes in protest of the Mexican War.
		Civil Disobedience enjoyed widespread influence, both in the United States and abroad.
	www.sparknotes.com /philosophy/civildisobedience/context.html (378 words)

	Civil Disobedience and the Underground Railroad
		"Civil Disobedience." As a way of perpetuating the example he could not set in person, Thoreau told about his experience in 1848 in a lecture "on the relation of the individual to the State" at the Concord Meeting Hall, to satisfy curious townsmen about his jail time.
		That essay was published (as "Resistance to Civil Government") by the Concord educator and activist Elizabeth Palmer Peabody in 1849 in the first (and only) issue of her journal, Aesthetic Papers - not exactly a wide-reaching publication.
		Thoreau's refusal of government did not stop with the passive resistance that we identify with his tax protest in "Civil Disobedience." As the storm clouds of slavery gathered and darkened, Thoreau angrily began to side with those who believed that violence was necessary to win against an unjust institution.
	www.calliope.org /thoreau/thurro/thurro1.html (1752 words)

	Thoreau's Civil Disobedience
		In the 1940's it was read by the Danish resistance, in the 1950's it was cherished by people who opposed McCarthyism, in the 1960's it was influential in the struggle against South African apartheid, and in the 1970's it was discovered by a new generation of anti-war activists.
		Because this essay is often associated with passive civil disobedience, some have assumed that Thoreau's support of John Brown was a change from his earlier position.
		It was published as "Resistance to Civil Government," in May of 1849, in Elizabeth Peabody's Aesthetic Papers, a short-lived periodical that never managed a second issue.
	eserver.org /thoreau/civil.html (529 words)

	Portsmouth Herald Editorial: Civil disobedience should be taken only to needed extreme
		New England is the cradle of American civil disobedience, and it is a tradition that has lived on to the present day.
		We cherish the tradition of civil disobedience - and anyone who makes a face at such actions would, of course, do well to remember that this country was founded by those who had the courage to face incarceration - and much worse - to right what they perceived to be a wrong.
		We do not advocate the end to civil disobedience, but only point out that in today’s world there is a reaction to every action which must be considered before that action is taken.
	www.seacoastonline.com /2003news/05022003/opinion/26378.htm (522 words)

	Civil Disobedience
		So it is against this backdrop of biblical obedience to civil authorities that we discuss the issue of civil disobedience.
		In our survey of biblical instances of civil disobedience, we have found that in each situation there was a direct conflict between God's law and man's law.
		Although the Bible does permit civil disobedience, proponents of Operation Rescue leave many unanswered questions at a time when their actions should bear the burden of proof.
	www.leaderu.com /orgs/probe/docs/civildis.html (2194 words)

	A Special Supplement: Mayday: The Case for Civil Disobedience - The New York Review of Books
		This strategy would aim to close off the option of nonviolent civil disobedience of a kind that might reach the scale where it could not be disregarded and that might enlist the sympathy of growing numbers of people.
		It is sometimes argued that civil disobedience is illegitimate in a democracy or that it displays the "totalitarianism of the left," to use the fashionable phrase.
		If this is intentional, one might argue that from a narrow point of view it is rational, for passive nonviolent civil disobedience might appeal to large numbers of people willing to accept a measure of risk and discomfort to find some effective way to express their commitment to ending the war.
	www.nybooks.com /articles/10519 (10034 words)

	Civil Disobedience (Site not responding. Last check: )
		People practicing civil disobedience break a law because they consider the law unjust, want to call attention to its injustice, and hope to bring about its repeal or amendment.
		Civil disobedience was later practiced by pacifists and by individuals devoted to such causes as woman suffrage and prohibition.
		Two notable examples of progress were achieved through the practice of civil disobedience in the mid-20th century.
	www.free-biscet.org /biscetarticles/civil_disobedience.htm (194 words)

	UUA Remembering September 11th, 2001 One Year Later: The Civil Disobedience Imperative Reflections by Nick Cardell
		The second function served by civil disobedience is to show our government that there is real dedicated opposition willing to challenge its abuses of power.
		Civil disobedience is a vital element in sustaining free institutions, including religions.
		Civil Disobedience is not for everyone; prison is not for everyone; there are many too many people going to prison as it is. But there are many ways to resist injustice: join the vigils, lobby, write letters to Congress and newspapers and support the imprisoned.
	www.uua.org /news/2002/91102/civil2.html (1698 words)

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