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Topic: Civilian control of the military

	Civilian control of the military - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Civilian control of the military is a doctrine in civil-military relations and military and political science that places ultimate responsibility for a country's strategic decision-making in the hands of the civilian political leadership, rather than professional military officers.
		Civilian control is often seen as a prerequisite feature of a stable, liberal democracy; use of the term in scholarly analyses tends to take place in the context of a Western state governed by democratically elected officials, though in fact the subordination of the military to political control is not unique to these societies.
		The danger of granting military leaders full autonomy or sovereignty is that they may ignore or supplant the democratic decision-making process, and use physical force, or the threat of physical force, to achieve their preferred outcomes; in the worse cases, this may lead to a coup or military dictatorship.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Civilian_control_of_the_military (1534 words)

	Kohn: Civilian Control
		Civilian control depends frequently on the individuals involved: how each side views its role and function; the public respect or popularity possessed by a particular politician, or political institution, or military officer, or armed force; the bureaucratic or political skill of the various officials.
		Civilian control is, by its very nature, nonexistent if the armed forces can use force, or military influence, to turn a government out of power, to dictate the character of a government or a particular policy, or to act in any way outside those areas of responsibility duly delegated by higher authority.
		Military establishments which are unused to having their judgment or authority questioned by anyone, much less the cacophony of groups and individuals (many of whom most flagrantly do not subscribe to the values and behaviors traditional to military groups) typical of democratic governance, will experience an equally uncomfortable challenge.
	www.unc.edu /depts/diplomat/AD_Issues/amdipl_3/kohn.html (3712 words)

	Olin Institute for Strategic Studies
		Civilians recognize the need for the instruments of violence so they establish the military institution and contract with it the mission of using force on behalf of society.
		These decisions by the civilian are a function of the associated costs; costs which are themselves a function of the likely response by the military, who have a stake of their own in the relationship.
		Civilians still have means available with which to direct the military and thereby mitigate the adverse selection and moral hazard problems inherent in delegation.
	www.wcfia.harvard.edu /olin/publications/workingpapers/civil_military/no4.htm (10103 words)

	Mackubin Thomas Owens on Civilian-Military Relations on National Review Online
		Ensuring civilian control of the military is actually one of the oldest problems of political science.
		Huntington argued that subjective control was detrimental to military effectiveness, and that forcing the military to defer to civilians in the military realm would lead to failure on the battlefield.
		There was a wide gap between the preferences of the civilians and the military, but the military "worked" because the costs of intrusive monitoring were relatively low, and because the military believed the likelihood of punishment for shirking to be fairly high.
	www.nationalreview.com /owens/owens071703.asp (1339 words)

	Why do civilians have control of the U.S. military? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Civilian control of the military is so ingrained in America that we hardly give it a second thought.
		The military shrank in size and was mostly in the West.
		Military members swear "to support and defend the Constitution of the United States." One of the more successful aspects of that document is civilian control of the military.
	www.dcmilitary.com /navy/tester/6_19/national_news/7194-1.html (1133 words)

	TISS Project on the Gap Between the Military and Civilian Society
		The purpose of this project was to investigate the gap between the military and American society: its extent, whether it is growing or narrowing, and the implications for military effectiveness and civil-military cooperation.
		Surveys of civilian and military elites and the general public were completed in Spring 1999.
		I believe that this attitude has become morewidespread in the military over the past twenty-seven years with the end ofthe draft and the shift of the armed forces to an all-volunteer military,with the unintended consequence that the two communities have fewerconnections than during the Cold War.
	www.poli.duke.edu /civmil (1841 words)

	USIS -- Issues of Democracy, July 1997 -- Trask DEMOCRACY AND DEFENSE
		Civilian control of the military helps to ensure that decisions concerning defense policy do not compromise fundamental democratic values, such as freedom of speech, freedom of the press and freedom of religion.
		The professional military heads of the army, the navy and the air force are subordinate to civilian departmental heads, who are appointed by the president and confirmed by Congress.
		Thus during the Revolution, civilian control of the military became an indispensable attribute of liberty and therefore of democracy.
	usinfo.state.gov /journals/itdhr/0797/ijde/trask.htm (2568 words)

	Kohn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		If the manifestations of diminished civilian control were simply a sine curve—that is, a low period in a recurring pattern—or the coincidence of a strong Joint Chiefs and a weak president during a critical transitional period in American history and national defense (the end of the Cold War), there would be little cause for concern.
		Civilian control, as we have seen, is situational and indeed to a degree cyclical.
		Increased military influence, combined with the American people’s ignorance of or indifference to civilian control and the misreading of the bounds of professional behavior on the part of senior military officers, could in the future produce a civil-military clash that damages American government or compromises the nation’s defense.
	www.nwc.navy.mil /press/Review/2002/summer/art1-su2.htm (14487 words)

	Long Live the New Iraq!
		One of the safeguards intended to protect against tyranny is civilian control of the military.
		That is why civilians must control the military and not the other way round.
		This is intended to prevent the military adventurism, such as Saddam’s wars against Iran and Kuwait, which brought so much heartbreak to you and to your neighbors.
	www.cpa-iraq.org /democracy/PSAs/civ_control.html (560 words)

	[No title]
		Military officials often unknowingly misled appointed civilian superiors with dogmatic rhetoric, delaying the proper execution of Congress’ oversight role.
		Regardless of where accountability lies for the misinformation, the fact is the military implemented the immunization program based on false assumptions about the safety, efficacy and legality of the vaccine.
		Despite delays in the oversight process due to this lack of forthrightness, civilian control of the military remained steadfast.
	www.tricare.osd.mil /eenews/downloads/111004anthrax.doc (649 words)

	Scholastic Magazine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		That is, the sons of military officers took the place of their fathers.
		But, the most important issue missed was the civilian control of the military that you must have in a democracy.
		My experience in the military was that the officer corps reflects the current thinking around most universities for the simple reason that almost all officers come from the university environment.
	www.nd.edu /~scholast/past_issues/2002_02_07/edletter.html (813 words)

	POST-COMMUNIST EASTERN EUROPEAN SYSTEMS OF CONTROL
		Finner’s greatest contribution to the debate on the role of civilian authorities and the armed forces in the contemporary state is actually a critique of the professional model of the military, one of whose main proponents is Huntington.
		This model of civilian oversight of the military is based on the assumptions that the political authorities permit the officer corps to develop its professional skills and to maintain its code of honour, while the latter “recognizes that civilians appreciate and understand the tasks and responsibilities of the constabulary force.”
		Defining the existence of Western-type civilian control over the armed forces as a fundamental criterion for NATO membership, for instance, Euro-Atlantic organizations such as the North Atlantic Alliance suggested that achieving that is a necessary, although not sufficient condition for accession to Western politico-military structures.
	www.cda-cdai.ca /symposia/2002/popa.htm (9460 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Post-September 11 Assertion of Civilian Control Criticism continued to build, and by late August many were predicting the end of Rumsfeld and his efforts to transform the military. Rumsfeld’s stature, however, has risen significantly because of his performance since the September 11 terrorist attacks.
		If civilian control is tied to his efforts to transform the military, then the answer is probably “no,” since neither the initial review nor the QDR significantly moved the military toward transformation.
		Military interview B. While it is difficult to state with certainty that members of the military provided specific information, it is a fairly safe assumption that they were a source of at least some of the information, given their level of frustration, concern and alienation.
	www.ndu.edu /library/n2/n02BornsHowRumsfeld.doc (4383 words)

	Proposal for Paper for the 4th Multidisciplinary LSU Shreveport Deep South Conference on George Washington: Life, Times ...
		This paper discusses the ramifications of Washington’s legacy of civilian control of the military in this era of intense, highly emotional, and often critical civilian scrutiny of the military ushered in with the “television war” of the 60s.
		She was a 1992 military history fellow at USMA and is an instructor of military history for the Dept. of Military Science, as well as an antarctic geologist at U.
		For while we insist that our military cadets and officers undergo a rigorous education in their responsibility to the civilian sector, we neither educate ourselves nor our children to the personal and corporate responsibilities the Founding Fathers accepted for us along with civilian control of the military.
	www.columbia.edu /cu/senate/committees/rotc/kellogg.htm (2897 words)

	IndonesiaPosition
		Two justifications for U.S. military training programs with nations in Latin America and Asia are that the militaries of these countries are exposed to U.S. ideas about human rights and civilian control of the military, and that these exchanges forge relationships that could be useful in future contingencies.
		Fearing a possible bloodbath if Indonesian authorities used military force to subdue demonstrations by students and others opposed to President Suharto, U.S. officials sought to capitalize on their "relationships" to encourage a non-violent resolution to the crisis.
		In addition to JCET, some IMET funding was restored in 1995 for human-rights, "accountability," and civil control of the military training for Indonesian officers in the U.S. Furthermore, deliveries of military equipment did not stop.
	www.cdi.org /issues/indonesia/IndonesiaPosition.html (659 words)

	E-IMET HOME PAGE
		The program is based upon the premise that active promotion of democratic values is one of the most effective means available for achieving U.S. national security and foreign policy objectives and fostering peaceful relationships among the nations of the world.
		In addition, civilians who are not members of a government are encouraged to participate if it would contribute to, " accomplishment of program objectives, especially those involving the principles of, civil-military relations," civilian control of the military, and respect for human rights.
		Human Rights, Civilian Control of the Military, and other subjects of interest are covered in these lessons.
	www.dsca.osd.mil /programs/eimet/eimet_default.htm (700 words)

	spector
		Ask Americans if they favor the principle of civilian control of the military, and the vast majority would say yes.
		Along with military considerations, a president may have to be concerned with the attitude of his
		control of the military has achieved its central purpose.
	www.holycross.edu /departments/political_science/wthomas/spector.htm (1356 words)

	Publisher description for Library of Congress control number 98046418
		Publisher description for Civilian control of the military : the changing security environment / Michael C. Desch.
		In times of peace, however, civilian leaders are less interested in military affairs--and therefore often surrender them to the military.
		He then turns to the former Soviet Union, explaining why it was easier for civilians to control the Soviet military than its present-day Russian successor.
	www.loc.gov /catdir/description/jhu052/98046418.html (235 words)

	Rantingprofs: Either We Have Civilian Control of the Military or We Do Not (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		But we either believe in civilian control of the military or we do not.
		So this kind of snide shot at the President and Vice President's military record is simply not helpful.
		Don't just think how many Presidents never served in the military, like FDR and Clinton, also think of how many did serve but were "combat innocent" (Lincoln, Carter and Reagan for sure...
	www.rantingprofs.com /rantingprofs/2005/07/either_we_have_.html (363 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Crafting Civilian Control of the Military in Venezuela: A Comparative Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Harold Trinkunas answers these questions in an examination of Venezuela's transition to democracy following military rule and its attempts to institutionalize civilian control of the military over the past sixty years, a period that included three regime changes.
		He then analyzes a regime's capacity to institutionalize civilian control, looking specifically at Venezuela's failures and successes in this arena during three periods of intense change: the October revolution (1945-48), the Pact of Punto Fijo period (1958-98), and the Fifth Republic under President Hugo Chávez (1998 to the present).
		Trinkunas examines Venezuela's transition to democracy following military rule and its attempts to institutionalize civilian control of the military over the past sixty years, a period that included three regime changes.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/080782982X (406 words)

	danieldrezner.com :: Daniel W. Drezner :: It's not your father's Turkish military
		For the first time since the 1980 military coup, a civilian presided over Turkey's National Security Council on Wednesday, reflecting a quiet but major shift toward limiting the political power of the country's generals.
		The council's new civilian secretary general is Yigit Alpogan, a diplomat who was most recently ambassador to Greece.
		In what was widely described as a "soft coup," the generals pressured the prime minister at the time, Necmettin Erbakan, to resign by criticizing his Islamist leanings and acting without consulting him....
	www.danieldrezner.com /archives/001696.html (3558 words)

	Table of contents for Crafting civilian control of the military in Venezuela (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Table of contents for Crafting civilian control of the military in Venezuela
		Table of contents for Crafting civilian control of the military in Venezuela : a comparative perspective / Harold A. Trinkunas.
		Hugo Ch?vez and the Fifth Republic in Venezuela, 1998@-2004 000 7 Assessing the Relationship between Civilian Control of the Military and the Consolidation of Democracy 000 Notes 000 References 000 Index 000
	www.loc.gov /catdir/toc/ecip0510/2005010252.html (131 words)

	Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment
		In times of peace, however, civilian leaders are less interested in military affairs—and therefore often surrender them to the military.
		Order Civilian Control of the Military: The Changing Security Environment online from
	www.libertyhaven.com /politicalbooks/politicalbooks24/0801866391AMUS471011.shtml (264 words)

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