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Topic: Cladism

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	Evolutionary taxonomy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolutionary taxonomy or evolutionary systematics seeks to classify organisms using a combination of phylogenetic relationship and overall similarity.
		It differs from strict cladism where all taxa in a classification always should include all descendants of a single ancestral node.
		As evolutionary systematicists define terms, paraphyletic taxa are monophyletic too, in the sense that they derive from a single common ancestor, just not holophyletic, meaning that all descendants are included (which is monophyletic according to the cladistic definition).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolutionary_taxonomy (103 words)

	Principles of systamatics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Indeed, as on a phylogenetic tree natural boundaries of taxa are absent (because the whole tree represents a non-interrupted branching chain of generations), in each concrete case it is difficult to come to agreement where an artificial boundary between taxa should pass.
		In the cladism a universal answer on this question is suggested: the boundary between two sister taxa should pass by their common ancestral species, and the ancestral species itself does not fall to anyone of these taxa.
		The traditionalism appeared as an opposition to the cladism, and its aim is to protect and ground that positions which traditionally exist in systematics, but are rejected by the cladism.
	www.bio.pu.ru /win/entomol/KLUGE/syst_I_2.htm (10142 words)

	In search of deep time. (Henry Gee)
		According to Gee cladism is a step forwards because it produces testable hypotheses about the relations between organisms and because cladism rejects the storytelling mode of evolutionary history as unscientific.
		However: Gee shows the public that cladism is more than doubt and criticism: he introduces us into the method of cladism and shows that it is a scientific method.
		"cladism depends on the notion of common ancestry".
	home.planet.nl /~gkorthof/kortho49.htm (2496 words)

	Scientific classification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Whereas Linnaeus classified for ease of identification, it is now generally accepted that classification should reflect the Darwinian principle of common descent.
		Since the 1960s a trend called cladistic taxonomy or cladism has emerged, arranging taxa in an evolutionary tree.
		If a taxon includes all the descendants of some ancestral form, it is called monophyletic, as opposed to paraphyletic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Scientific_classification (1120 words)

	Explaining Expert Categorisation
		It is clear, then, that the biological species concept rests upon the presupposition of an inextricable link between taxonomy and evolution (natural selection), and Mayr himself states that: ‘An understanding of the nature of species, then, is an indispensable prerequisite for the understanding of the evolutionary process’ (Mayr, 1984, p.531).
		The central tenet underlying cladism is that classifications should reflect genealogy or evolutionary branching patterns.
		Cladism relates and separates individuals through shared ancestry — species can only be isolated by acknowledging that genealogies have merged, interacted and split in the past and will continue to do so in the future.
	www.ul.ie /~philos/vol3/expert.html (4119 words)

	[No title]
		Glossary of Phylogenetic Systematics with a critic of mainstream cladism © Günter Bechly, Böblingen, Germany, 1997 This text is a revised translation of a stencilled handout-manuscript by the author for different courses on metazoan morphology, systematics and phylogeny at the Eberhard-Karls-University of Tübingen / Germany, under the supervision of Dr. Gerhard Mickoleit.
		Consequently the over-reductionist view of the principle of parsimony in computer-cladistics, as a mere minimization of the number of homoplasies, has to be dismissed as unwarranted formalism that has no place in a science that is striving for the recognition of natural phenomena.
		The socalled "Transformed Cladism" or "Pattern Cladism", founded by NELSON and PLATNICK, is striving to avoid an alleged circular reasoning between evolutionary theory and biological systematics, with the logical consequence that "Pattern-Cladistics", since not being embedded in the total complex of biological theories, is lacking a sound theoretical justification as well as any explanatory power.
	www.rhododendron.dk /termeg.htm (10960 words)

	.:: Jornal Infinito .:. http://www.jornalinfinito.com.br ::.
		What cladism is, is best shown when his 2 cats and Gee himself are placed in a cladogram.
		However cladism could also be interpreted as a retreat because now it is impossible to know for certain whether one species is the ancestor of another (p155), once held as the ultimate goal of evolutionary science.
		Far from being a non-evolutionary classification, as Michael Denton(1986) (5) suggested, cladism is based on evolution.
	www.jornalinfinito.com.br /series.asp?cod=121 (2826 words)

	Re: begging question: evolution
		Cladism calssifies on the basis of shared characters that are different from the nearest relatives of two or more groups.
		Process cladism treats this resulting classification as a tree of the history of life.
		Pattern cladists argue that the cladistic classification must be independent of history, because they are what tests the historical reconstructions.
	www.usenet.com /newsgroups/sci.bio.evolution/msg00366.html (226 words)

	Taxonomic Classifications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Cladism is a school of taxonomy founded in 1966.
		Cladism assumes that the recency of common origin can best be shown by the shared possession of evolutionary novelties, or 'derived characters.
		The central concept of cladism is that any characteristic is either 'primitive' or 'derived'.
	www.bbm.me.uk /Portsdown/PH_720_Tax.htm (2313 words)

	Re: seeking clarification on the cladism debate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I can't recall a written description of a highly derived theorpod which says 'this was a birdy animal'; 'bird-like' seems entirely sufficent.) -- graydon@dsl.ca To maintain the end is to uphold the means.
		Prev by Date: Re: seeking clarification on the cladism debate (RE: hidden "cladistic" ranks)
		Previous by thread: Re: seeking clarification on the cladism debate
	dml.cmnh.org /2001Oct/msg00459.html (145 words)

	PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO BIOGEOGRAPHY
		Cladism follows a species concept "in which a species is a lineage of populations between two phylogenetic branch points (or speciation events)" (Ridley 1993:632, emphasis in original).
		Systematics during the last three decades, the era of phylogenetic systematics, has experienced a transformation unprecedented in earlier decades of the twentieth century (Novacek 1993).
		Cronquist, Arthur 1987 A Botanical Critique of Cladism.
	www.nakedscience.org /cladism.htm (5537 words)

	Is a dog more like a lizard or a chicken?
		Cladism has been around since at least 1950, when the German entomologist William Hennig began classifying organisms in a new way.
		Early on, cladism ignited many fireworks in the biological community.
		The cladists, however, are now fighting among themselves.
	www.science-frontiers.com /sf036/sf036p09.htm (379 words)

	Charles Darwin on Hierarchies and Phylogenies
		This book is an excellent overview of evolutionary classifications, cladism, transformed cladism, and so forth.
		Ridley clearly lays out the rules for proper classification, and demolishes so-called "transformed cladism" in the process.
		In one discussion, Ridley notes that if we used an ancestral feature, such as number of toes, to compare an alligator, a cow, and a baboon, we would incorrectly group alligators and baboons in one group (five-toed), and cows in another (two-toed).
	www.nmsr.org /darwin.htm (1363 words)

	To : ALL Subj: Biele's authority ARTHUR BIELE to ALL on 091994 00:06 re: TRANSITIONS, PART (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I can't see how it is possible to strip cladism of evolutionary assumptions, unless one does so by means that amount to little more than mere declaration.
		My guess (admittedly made without adequate background knowledge) is that this "transformed cladism" deal is a tempest in a teapot, concerned more with issues of semantics than genuine substance.
		However this may be, cladism only works because there are very particular patterns of homology (similarities and dissimilarities among corresponding features of different organisms) which do obtain in nature; and these patterns do obtain because evolution has occurred.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/sundrlnd.htm (1573 words)

	POLYMORPHISM AND TAXONOMY: DO HOMEOSTATIC PROPERTY CLUSTERS DO THE JOB
		Pheneticism and pattern cladism were in part motivated by the desire to expel “theory” from the taxonomic endeavour.
		Polyphyletic taxa are considered artificial by the two major schools of contemporary biological taxonomy: cladism and evolutionary taxonomy.
		Griffiths’ attempt to incorporate cladism in HPC theory is at odds with cladism itself.
	www.philosophy.ubc.ca /faculty/matthen/Polymorphism%20and%20Taxonomy%20after%20referee.htm (8613 words)

	TalkOrigins Archive - Feedback for January 1998
		Patterson is a leading exponent of a variety of systematics known as "pattern cladism", or "transformed cladism", or even "reformed cladism".
		Now, cladism is a formal methodology of reconstructing evolutionary relationships, mainly of modern organisms, on the basis of observations of characters they display.
		Pattern cladism is not the majority view, although it is a fairly persistent school of thought over the past 25 years or so.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/feedback/jan98.html (6191 words)

	The Sciencist - Travigne’s Animaux comestibles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		For example, a recent trend in biology called cladism has been gaining in popularity recently.
		Whereas Linnaeus grouped species according to shared physical characteristics, cladism describes the evolutionary relationships between living things.
		Similarly, other systems of classification based on differing features have emerged throughout history, as a challenge to the conventional way of thinking.
	www.thesciencist.org /papers/20031101.html (1249 words)

	Re: seeking clarification on the cladism debate (RE: hidden "cladistic" ranks) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Re: seeking clarification on the cladism debate (RE: hidden "cladistic" ranks)
		Prev by Date: Re: seeking clarification on the cladism debate
		Previous by thread: RE: seeking clarification on the cladism debate (RE: hidden "cladistic" ranks)
	dml.cmnh.org /2001Oct/msg00445.html (154 words)

	Response to Marvin Kuehn
		One quotation that I could check was the charge by Kuehn: "...where he [that is, Denton] makes Halstead sound like a cladist." The quotation from Denton's book (p.
		139) follows: "...in the words of Beverly Halstead (no friend of cladism himself), that `no species can be considered ancestral to any other' marks without question a watershed of evolutionary thought." Kuehn considers this to be a serious distortion.
		Nowhere does Denton say what he is purported to have said in the quotation of Kuehn that I cited.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/PSCF/1990/PSCF3-90Mills.html (884 words)

	WKU Anth 375 Paleoanthro Lab 1 Classification and Phylogeny
		As explained by France (2004:48-49), the "phylogenetic approach to classification is divided into two schools: cladistics and evolutionary classification.
		Cladistic classification (cladism) is based exclusively on genealogy, that is, a genus should include a group of species that all descended from the same common ancestor.
		On the other hand, while evolutionary classification is the same as cladism in that it is based on evolutionary history, it also takes into account the time factor, and the different rates of evolution in different lineages."
	www.wku.edu /~darlene.applegate/paleoanthro/lab1.html (434 words)

	Evolution - Video Gallery - Richard Dawkins - What is the difference between phenetics and cladism ? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Evolution - Video Gallery - Richard Dawkins - What is the difference between phenetics and cladism ?
		What is the difference between phenetics and cladism ?
		Cladism can only be used when things have an actual ancestral history - like living things, possibly like human languages."
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/video_gallery/RD_What_is_the_difference_between.asp (66 words)

	Aves Translation and Pronunciation Guide Introduction
		The most devoted among the cladists make a distinction between avian and non-avian dinosaurs, and thus do not recognize birds as a separate class of vertebrates.
		A number of researchers have taken a middle ground, accepting the methods of cladism, but rejecting wholesale revision of the nomenclature--birds remain a branch of the theropod dinosaurs, but are nontheless referred to as birds in the traditional sense, and are granted class status.
		A smaller group of researchers remains unconvinced that birds evolved directly from dinosaurs, and have argued for a kind of parallel evolution--birds and dinosaurs share a common ancestor among the archosaurs, but have distinct evolutionary histories probably leading back to the Late Triassic, or even earlier.
	www.dinosauria.com /dml/names/avesi.htm (641 words)

	Jarvik Obituary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		At an international symposium held 1967 in Stockholm, the Swedish entomologist Lars Brundin asked Jarvik, and got his permission, to deliver an unscheduled talk about the principles of phylogenetics and phylogenetic systematics advanced earlier by W. Hennig.
		This talk started what today is called cladism.
		But as Jarvik saw it, there is nothing new or revolutionary in Hennig's cladistic theory.
	biodb.biology.ualberta.ca /wilson.hp/paleozoic/Jarvik_Obituary.html (806 words)

	User:Paalexan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Interests: I'll probably write or modify pages relating to either botany, general biology, or southwestern US geography.
		Within botany my main interests are in general procedural/ideological problems (species concepts, methods of phylogenetic reconstruction, cladism, etc.) and in mustards and ferns (especially cheilanthoid ferns, though my interests span all plants at one point or another).
		Within SW geography my biases are towards the aspects of topography that influence botany--meaning elevations, ecosystems, rock types, etc. rather than culture or history.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/User:Paalexan (129 words)

	Kingsnake.com - Herpforum - RE: Elaphe is not polyphyletic
		You said that a problem with cladism is that its guidelines for taxon distinctions are `more subjective' than those of other taxonomic philosophies.
		Your support for this position was the fact that Kluge, as a cladist, could have recognized one, two, or three genera within what he called `Charina'.
		We both disagree with him in that, but that doesn't seem to be the result of cladism.
	forums.kingsnake.com /view.php?id=116459,188881 (1098 words)

	evolution@calvin.edu: Cladism in a nutshell (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		I get the impression that there are a lot of folks that don't really
		understand cladism (some of us think that cladist don't either).
		might be interested in taking a look at the thread cladism in a nutshell
	www.asa3.org:16080 /archive/evolution/199505-10/0746.html (100 words)

	More on Michael Denton
		Despite a minor deficiency (no Halstead in the book's index) I found the sentence in question: "Whatever the future of cladism, the fact that a significant number of biologists in the 1980s are insisting, in the words of Beverly Halstead (no friend of cladism himself), that `no species can be considered ancestral to any other
		My feeling is that Denton is technically in the clear because he identified Halstead as "no friend of cladism." Denton might better have quoted the booklet rather than Halstead's response to it.
		Yet Halstead was reacting to a claim made by enough biologists to cause a big fuss in the literature.
	www.asa3.org /ASA/PSCF/1990/PSCF3-90Hearn.html (909 words)

	Civil Disobedience contra M. Rowe and Cladism
		I am no big fan of Gould, but I certainly agree with him on this one.
		Strict cladism is sowing the seeds of its own downfall, and moderate cladists (like Benton and myself) are clearly worried about how this is going to impact future funding (not to mention the nomenclatural chaos that is developing).
		M. Rowe's increasingly hostile e-mails to me make it pretty clear that he has been itching to throw me off the list for a long time, and now that I have dared to speak candidly about a severe problem that afflicts this list (and strict cladism in general), I await an even more scathing e-mail.
	dml.cmnh.org /2002Mar/msg00164.html (878 words)

	Quote Mine Project: "Lack of Identifiable Phylogeny"
		It was from controversies that surrounded the rise of cladism.
		Brundin 1966, 1969; Dupuis 1979 gives a good account of the spread of cladism) and by those vertebrate zoologists faced with the problems of reconstructing phylogenies in groups with very large numbers of Recent species and complex classifications (Nelson 1962a).
		Palaeontologists were, on the other hand, largely unreceptive to Hennig's book and preferred to stand by the synthetic[2] approach as outlined by Simpson (1961) and Mayr (1969).
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/quotes/mine/part1-1.html (5298 words)

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