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Topic: Cladogram

Related Topics

Cladistics

PhyloCode

Phenetics

Phylogenetic tree

Taxon

Bioinformatics

Bayesian inference

Phylogeny

Taxonomy

Maximum likelihood

Fern

Heuristic

Greedy algorithm

Algorithm

Morphology

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	Cladogram
		A cladogram is a diagram much like a family tree showing the phylogenic tree of different species and demonstrating where they evolved from common ancestors.
		The two basic principles behind assembly of a cladogram are that the process from ancestor to descendant should be shown as simply as possible in the tree; and the taxonomic categories applied to the branches in a clade should be monophyletic, or cover an ancestor and all its descendants.
		Cladograms should not be seen as evolutionary fact, but only as a possible path for speciation.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Cladogram (248 words)

	Cladistics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		As the end result of a cladistic analysis, treelike relationship-diagrams called "cladograms" are drawn up to show different hypotheses of relationships.
		In a cladogram, all organisms lie at the leaves, and each inner node is ideally binary (two-way).
		Another approach, particularly useful in molecular evolution, is maximum likelihood, which selects the optimal cladogram that has the highest likelihood based on a specific probability model of changes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cladistics (1914 words)

	Polytomies
		Cladogram A is the hypothesis that the turtle is sister taxon to a clade, bird + crocodile (Archosauria).
		In the first case (cladograms A and B in previous example), turtle was equally well supported as sister taxon to other reptiles (cladogram B), and turtle was not supported as sister taxon of snake + lizard (cladogram C), whereas in the second case (favoring cladograms A and C), the opposite statements are true.
		Cladogram B is the conventionally preferred hypothesis although recent molecular evidence has been accumulating in favor of cladogram* A, placing turtles as either sister taxon of Archosauria (including crocodiles and birds) or else within archosaurs, usually as sister taxon of crocodiles.
	biology.fullerton.edu /biol404/phylo/polytomies.html (731 words)

	SASB Cladistics Glossary
		A branching diagram (tree) assumed to be an estimate of a phylogeny; usually distinguished from a cladogram in that the branch lengths are proportional to the amount of inferred evolutionary change (cf.
		A cladogram with a hypothetical ancestor, which equates to the root, which is the node at the base of the tree.
		The descendant branches from a node on a cladogram.
	www.science.uts.edu.au /sasb/glossary.html (2158 words)

	Classification
		Cladograms are a useful way of organizing, in a visual way, the relationships between creatures that share and do not share derived characters.
		In practice, when cladograms are constructed, many hundreds of characters may have to be considered, and computers are needed to sort out the best fit between the branches and who should be on them.
		Cladograms emphasize the sequence or order in which derived characters arise from a central phylogenetic tree.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/CLAS/CLAS.Clad.html (908 words)

	Phylogenetic Trees
		Cladograms are branched diagrams, similar in appearance to family trees, that illustrate patterns of relatedness where the branch lengths are not necessarily proportional to the evolutionary time between related organisms or sequences.
		Cladograms cannot be considered completely true and accurate descriptions of the evolutionary history of organisms, because in any cladogram there are a number of possible evolutionary pathways that could produce the pattern of relatedness illustrated in the cladogram.
		In this phylogenetic tree, the root is at the far left, termed the root of the cladogram because it is at the base of the cladogram, opposite the branches.
	cnx.org /content/m11052/latest (1753 words)

	CAFCA Manual: Chapter 3: Primary Analysis with Partial Monothetic Sets (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The ensemble CI for the cladogram is 0.8333 and the average unit CI (AUCC) is 0.8335.
		Consistency of a character or character states with respect to a cladogram as measured by the UCC is an a posteriori predicate of a relation between a character or character state and a cladogram (tree), after a congruence test that primary homologies may pass and become secondary homologies.
		When all nodes of the cladogram have their appropriate label we can easily enter the state changes for characters onto the branches of the cladogram by using the table accompanying the cladogram [table with state changes for each character with reference to cladon nrs].
	biology.leidenuniv.nl /ibl/staff/zandee/cafca/primpms.html (3508 words)

	Phylogenetic Tree-Building -- Phylogenetic Trees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Traditionally, the descendants of an ancestor on a cladogram are called daughters, while the siblings after a speciation event are called sisters (so a descendant is a daughter relative to its ancestor and is a sister relative to its other sibling).
		The branching sequence of a cladogram organises taxa into monophyletic groups (called clades), and thus the best way to discuss the evolutionary pattern represented by a cladogram is in terms of which taxa form monophyletic groups on the tree.
		This is because the cladogram only specifies the temporal order of the branching sequence from the root to the tips, and which daughter is drawn on the tree to the left of the ancestor and which is drawn to the right has no evolutionary meaning.
	www.sasb.org.au /TreeBuild/TreeBuilding3.html (1793 words)

	GEOL 104 Lecture 12: Systematics III: Cladistics
		Cladograms are constructed by sorting out the simplest (most parsimonious) arrangement of shared derived characters.
		In a cladogram, it is the branching relationships which are important, not the "right to left"/"top to bottom" order.
		In a cladogram, terminal taxa can be expanded to show the relationships within them, and nodes can be collapsed if we aren't interested in the details within that group.
	www.geol.umd.edu /~tholtz/G104/10412phyl.htm (728 words)

	Evolutionary Relationships of Archosaurs
		The cladogram depicts the evolutionary relationships between some major groups of archosaurs ("ruling reptiles") and their relatives.
		Near the base of the tree are the Champsosauridae — there is no page on this group as yet, but it includes a bizarre menagerie of aquatic reptiles that survived the extinction of the giant dinosaurs at the end of the Cretaceous.
		The remainder of the animals on the cladogram are all archosaurs, comprising two major groups that correspond to the two branches of the cladogram leading from the archosaur node.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/archosy.html (409 words)

	Interpreting Cladograms
		For example, the clade that includes both Taxon 2 and Taxon 3 is hypothesized, in this cladogram, to include their shared ancestor (actually, an interbreeding population of organisms) at internal node C and everything it gave rise to (in this case, Taxon 2 and Taxon 3).
		Node A is termed the root of the cladogram because it is at the base of the cladogram.
		The purpose of a cladogram is to express a particular hypothesis for the relative branching order of the ingroup taxa.
	biology.fullerton.edu /biol402/phylolab_new.html (1415 words)

	Introducing Cladograms
		The cladograms you learned to interpret in Part 1 of this exercise might have seemed difficult to conceptualize because they were merely branches and names.
		In this cladogram, for example, a bird and crocodile are sister taxa, relative to a snake or lizard, or even more distantly related vertebrates.
		Note that a cladogram is a good example of an "unranked classification." The "unranked" means that none of the taxon names are preceded by a rank (e.g., phylum, class, order, family, etc.).
	scied.fullerton.edu /biol409/phylo/cladogram_intro.html (1587 words)

	CAFCA
		The characters from the data matrix are optimized on each of the cladograms found (parsimony mapping), and the most parsimonious cladograms are selected as the most likely representation of the cladistic relationships of the taxa involved.
		In all these instances the input data are generated from a cladogram describing the cladogenetic relationships of the genes, taxa, or parasites involved, and a binary matrix describing the distributions of these entities over their associate, i.e., taxa, areas, and hosts, respectively.
		File format error repaired in cladogram optimization for biogeographic analysis when due to widespread taxa (etc...) some columns in the data matrix representing cladogram structure are identical.
	biology.leidenuniv.nl /ibl/staff/zandee/cafca (2010 words)

	Dinosauria Cladogram Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The DOL Dinosauria Cladogram is one possible cladogram for the dinosauria.
		Each detail cladogram is followed by a list of the nodes in the cladogram and the dinosaurs considered to belong to each node.
		Backtracking through the cladogram is accomplished by clicking on the red circle at the bottom of the cladogram you advanced to.
	www.dinosauria.com /dml/clado/ci.htm (288 words)

	Interpreting Cladograms
		Cladograms C and D below are equivalent, only they may be drawn differently.
		Cladograms E and F below are equivalent, only they may be drawn differently.
		Cladograms G and H below are equivalent, only they may be drawn differently.
	faculty.fullerton.edu /deernisse/phylolab_new.html (1415 words)

	NOVA Online \| Teachers \| Classroom Activity \| Missing Link, The \| PBS
		While traditionally dinosaurs might be considered reptiles and birds classified as aves, on a cladogram the two would share the same line.
		In this sample, all organisms are cylindrical, have a head, and have the same pennyweight (10); these traits are known as plesiomorphic (original) and are common to all the organisms.
		Emphasize to the students that to be correct, the evolutionary development must be the basis, that is, the nail came before the screw.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/2905_link.html (945 words)

	CAFCA Manual: Chapter 4: Secondary Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		First, group {3 4 5 9} is new in both cladograms, at the cost of two parallelisms for character 9 in taxon 2 and 6.
		These cladograms are identical to the ones found by applying a secondary analysis to both primary cladograms.
		One of the cladograms found by CAFCA in its secondary analysis of the primary cladogram from table 3.30 is shown below.
	wwwbio.leidenuniv.nl /~zandee/cafca/sec.html (2600 words)

	SASB Introduction to Phylogenetics
		Alternatively, the cladogram may be represented as a set of nested boxes or bracketed groups (e.g.
		For example, the cladogram in Figure 2b shows the lineage leading to Corn diverging earlier than those leading to the other species; that is, the cladogram is "rooted" on the internode connecting Corn to the rest of the tree.
		Consideration of the kind of evidence that is relevant to cladogram rooting is beyond the scope of this chapter, but a recent review of this topic is provided by Weston (1994).
	www.science.uts.edu.au /sasb/WestonCrisp.html (1436 words)

	Cladistic association analysis of Y chromosome effects on alcohol dependence and related personality traits -- Kittles ...
		For this study, the Y chromosome cladogram was estimated from alleles at seven microsatellite loci and a DYZ3 restriction
		Y cladogram by using the algorithm of Templeton et al.
		The evolutionary relationships of the eight-locus haplotypes are depicted by the cladogram in Fig.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/7/4204 (4264 words)

	Cladogram
		This cladogram might illustrate how fish, reptiles, monkeys, apes and man are grouped in relation to the possession of four limbs, fur, taillessness and bipedalism.
		The lowest branching point would then divide the fish (at the end of the short branch) from the species with four limbs (reptiles, monkeys, apes and man).
		Place the foot, or other firm object, into the loop at the base of the cladogram.
	website.lineone.net /~m.p/sf/cladogram.html (848 words)

	Cladogram for the Metazoa (Hieber)
		Survey of the Invertebrates (Zoology 250) course at the University of Alberta, Canada.
		cladogram primarily in the position of the Echiurans.
		You should also note that the relationships of many of the groups in these and other cladograms you are likely to view are unknown/ still under debate.
	www.anselm.edu /homepage/chieber/hiebertree.html (86 words)

	Elephantidae Cladogram Exercise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In this exercise you are asked to interpret simplified phylogenetic and area cladograms for the genera comprising the Elephantidae, the elephant family (Order Proboscidea).
		You will need to keep in mind the taxonomic hierarchy as you reconstruct the history of this group of animals, and you may want to refer to the map of zoogeographic provinces or to the glossary.
		Interpret the cladogram for Elephantidae only in terms of the evolutionary relationships of the five genera represented.
	www.runet.edu /~swoodwar/CLASSES/GEOG235/exercises/phylog.html (386 words)

	Lesson: evolution: Classroom Cladogram of Vertebrate/Human Evolution
		Final Classroom Cladogram Assembly: minimum of one 40-60 minute period (plus brief part of an earlier period to assign groups and about 10-30 minutes the next day to check proper assignment of traits to each group, and to distribute materials).
		NOTE 1: It is very important to emphasize that this cladogram is only a simplified "pathway" tracing the main fossil vertebrate record toward humans, a diagram showing the sequence of accumulating traits in the intermediate forms leading to US, and indicating where other major animal groups (clades) have branched away from that pathway.
		A similar cladogram could just as easily be made for any other species, on which we would just be a "side group".
	www.indiana.edu /~ensiweb/lessons/c.bigcla.html (2905 words)

	From the Cover: Soft-tissue characters in higher primate phylogenetics -- Gibbs et al. 97 (20): 11130 -- Proceedings of ...
		with the consensus molecular cladogram for the extant hominoids
		Hylobates, the cladogram suggested that Pongo is the sister taxon
		membership as the clades of the molecular cladogram.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/20/11130 (2084 words)

	Constructing a Cladogram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Objective: Students will construct a cladogram using descriptions and information about 7 imaginary animals.
		Students will determine which traits are derived traits, and indentify synapomorphy and automorphy of characteristics.
		There may be several ways to represent this cladogram, remember that cladistics and systematics is inexact, do not worry if yours looks different from others.
	www.biologycorner.com /bio3/cladogram.html (386 words)

	cladogram - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Tip: Click on the first link on a line below to go directly to a page where "cladogram" is defined.
		cladogram : Encarta® World English Dictionary, North American Edition [home, info]
		cladogram : The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=cladogram (109 words)

	New Critters: How To Build a Cladogram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The idea behind constructing evolutionary trees (what scientists call "cladograms") is that evolutionary changes are rare, and tend to only occur once.
		The big pink triangle is the ancestor's closest relative, and therefore is the first branch of the cladogram.
		The switch from "little" to "big" is the "derived character" that marks the evolutionary change.
	scorescience.humboldt.k12.ca.us /fast/teachers/Critters/cladogram.html (360 words)

	Butterfly Cladogram (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Scientists refer to this type of family tree as a cladogram.
		A cladogram is a way of demonstrating our current understanding of the evolutionary relationships of groups of organisms.
		This butterfly cladogram is built on our knowledge of the physical and genetic traits of these families.
	imnh.isu.edu /digitalatlas/bio/insects/butrfly/main/btflycld.htm (99 words)

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