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Topic: Clara Immerwahr

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	Clara Immerwahr - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clara Immerwahr (June 21, 1870 – May 2, 1915) was the German born wife of the well known chemist, Fritz Haber, who was most widely known for his development of the Haber-Bosch process, an effective method of synthesizing ammonia.
		Immerwahr studied at the University of Breslau, attaining her degree and a Ph.D. in chemistry.
		Clara's suicide remained largely in the dark; it was never in the newspaper and there is no evidence of an autopsy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clara_Immerwahr (240 words)

	Haber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Clara quit her job as a chemist (reportedly she was a good one) to be a good housewife to Fritz Haber.
		Clara rushed to Sachur, who was an old friend that in fact she had introduced to her husband.
		Clara Haber was not in a congratulatory mood.
	www.geocities.com /bioelectrochemistry/haber.htm (4293 words)

	COSMIC BASEBALL ASSOCIATION News & Information Archive
		Immerwahr has achieved several historical distinctions: She was the first woman to attain a Ph.D. in Chemistry (1900, University of Breslau).
		She was also the wife of Fritz Haber, also known euphemistically as the "Father of Gas Warfare." Immerwahr was appalled at her husband's "perversion of science." Haber's involvement with the development of such heinous weapons as chlorine gas bombs outraged Immerwahr.
		Clara Immerwahr has been pitching in the Utopian Chemical League for the past several years.
	www.cosmicbaseball.com /1101news.html (3858 words)

	The amoral scientist – Notes on the life of Fritz Haber
		Clara matched Fritz’s ambition and became the first female Ph D in science from the Breslau University.
		It is well-known that Clara pleaded with Haber repeatedly not to work on techniques of chemical warfare and James Franck stated clearly that Haber’s part in the gas warfare without doubt influenced Clara’s suicide.
		Clara and Fritz’s marriage was happy at first, but changed after their son’s birth, when Clara became increasingly concerned, according to Haber, with domestic trivia, which irritated him.
	www.ias.ac.in /currsci/oct25/articles35.htm (3002 words)

	Projects: Experimental Lives - biographies
		He first met Clara Immerwahr in youth; fifteen years later, in 1901, they met again and were married.
		Clara in the meantime, inspired by Haber's example, had gained the first woman's doctoral degree awarded by her university.
		Clara the chemist soon gave up hope of an independent career, devoting herself to the care of her new-born son and to her husband's ambitions, translating his papers and books into English.
	hughalderseywilliams.com /projects/experimental_lives-biographies.htm (1477 words)

	Clara Immerwahr Haber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Clara was the first wife of one of the great chemists, Fritz Haber.
		He invented the Haber-Bosch process for synthesizing ammonia, which in turn is the key for making nitrates for fertilizers and explosives.
		Clara and he got into a furious argument.
	world.std.com /~jlr/doom/haber.htm (360 words)

	Clara Immerwahr healthsouth Clara Immerwahr
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		Read about Clara Immerwahr in the free online encyclopedia and dictionary.
	www.find-ask.com /C/Encyclopedia/Clara_Immerwahr/Clara_Immerwahr.html (369 words)

	Claudia Reinhard: Killing me softly (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Clara Immerwahr, 1870 - 1915, German chemical scientist
		Her husband Fritz Haber developed the poison gas, which was used in the first World War.
		Clara Immerwahr shot herself with the official gun of her husband as a protest and out of powerlessness, in garden of their house.
	www.societyofcontrol.com /whitecube/reinh_6.htm (288 words)

	Broadway Review: `Einstein's Gift'
		One of the many emotionally sparked aspects of the play concerns Haber's first wife Clara Immerwahr (Melissa Friedman), a brilliant chemist in her own right and a perfectionist whom we are given to believe corrected and validated Haber's often hastily and sloppily developed experiments.
		Friedman is splendid and also heartbreaking as Clara, whose dismay with her husband's decision to use chlorine gas as a weapon of mass destruction prompts a desperate and tragic act.
		The same man cannot be both." To this Clara responds, "That may be true of men, Herr Professor, but women are trained to be good at everything.
	www.princetoninfo.com /200510/51019p04.html (856 words)

	Einstein's Gift, a CurtainUp review
		Melissa Friedman, who was so compelling as Hannah Arendt in Epic's Hannah and Martin, is once again impressive as Clara Immerwahr, the brilliant colleague Haber marries but loses to his blind patriotism and ambition.
		The playwright's use of a Chekhovian gun to set the scene for her suicide is one of several instances (fortunately, not many) of a too transparent reliance on an obvious theatrical device.
		There's a nice symmetry to the two marriages in that each relationship begins with the wife-to-be persuading Haber to dance (wife #1 ignores his protest that "a man is either a good chemist or a good dancer" and wife #2 banishes his middle-aged aura of a man who's dancing days are over).
	www.curtainup.com /einsteinsgift.html (966 words)

	Science & the City \| Webzine of the New York Academy of Sciences
		In a second scene, Haber’s wife and scientific collaborator Clara Immerwahr (Melissa Friedman), the first woman to earn a doctorate in chemistry from Breslau’s university, ardently protests her husband’s plan to apply their nitrogen fixation technique to chemical weapons development.
		Having contributed to the research, Clara feels that Haber has betrayed her work against her will.
		Clara, who becomes increasingly distraught throughout their marriage over having her work used for murder, castigates Haber: “I was under the impression that we were using science to help people.”
	www.nyas.org /snc/update.asp?UpdateID=25 (1880 words)

	Making the Modern World - Clara Haber
		Born Clara Immerwahr, Haber studied at the University of Breslau gaining her degree and a PhD in chemistry.
		Confined by marriage and society she was unable to conduct further scientific research.
		Her suicide was not announced in the newspaper and no autopsy report or letters exist.
	www.makingthemodernworld.org.uk /people/BG.0042 (257 words)

	The Richmond Review - book reviews - Microcosm author Norman Davies, Roger Moorhouse - C.J. Schüler
		Clara Immerwahr (1870—1915) was the first woman to be awarded a doctorate from a German university, In 1901 she married her fellow chemist Fritz Haber, who later received the Nobel Prize for discovering how to synthesise ammonia.
		On the outbreak of the First World War, Haber put his laboratory at the service of the German war effort, conducting experiments on animals with chlorine and ammonia.
		Immerwahr was increasingly disturbed by what she regarded as "a perversion of science" and, a week after Haber personally directed the first chlorine gas attack at Ypres in April 1915, Clara shot herself with his service revolver.
	www.richmondreview.co.uk /books/microcosm.html (2380 words)

	Flanders May 2003 conf. paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		His equally brilliant wife, Dr. Clara Immerwahr, had in vain tried to dissuade him from returning to the front to initiate the chemical warfare attack.
		Jan Bloch and Clara Immerwahr engaged in heroic efforts meant to preserve life, not to destroy or maim it.
		Unknown to the general public, they represent a whole tradition of artists, educators, philosophers, scientists, and activists who devoted their lives to safeguard their societies from the catastrophes of war.
	www.peacemuseums.org /conferencedata/1/text/Flanderspaper[1].htm (3633 words)

	Between Genius and Genocide: The Tragedy of Fritz Haber (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A few days after Haber directed Germany's first gas attack, his wife Clara, a talented chemist herself, took Haber's military pistol and shot herself.
		We cannot know why, but for many, Clara Immerwahr's death is a condemnation of Haber's life.
		When Hitler came to power in 1933, however, Haber and his institute were among the first targets of Nazi attacks, for Haber was among the most prominent of Germany's Jewish scientists.
	www.danielcharles.us /ukfritzhaber.html (375 words)

	Essays Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		He also developed chlorine gas, which was first employed on April 11, 1915, when the German military dropped 5,000 cylinders of the poisonous chemical near Ypres, Belgium, killing some 150,000.
		Haber's wife, the chemist Clara Immerwahr (who married him in 1901 and bore a son, Hermann, in 1902), condemned what she considered to be a perversion of science toward destructive ends.
		Despite the fact that she committed suicide in 1915 in protest of his actions, Haber headed the Chemical Warfare Service in 1916.
	www.fofweb.com /Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=azchem0052 (908 words)

	A brilliant scientist and his divided life, legacy - Books - The Washington Times, America's ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		His first wife, the hauntingly beautiful and sweetly idealistic Clara Immerwahr, also of Jewish background, and a fine scientist herself, committed suicide with Haber's own Army revolver when he was back on leave just after triumphantly supervising the very first poison gas attack.
		Ever the meticulous scientist, she test-fired a shot in the garden to make sure the mechanism was working, then blew her own brains out.
		According to one story, Clara discovered him on the night of her own suicide in the arms of his far younger future second wife Charlotte.
	www.washtimes.com /books/20050903-090946-2566r_page2.htm (423 words)

	Haber photo gallery (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Clara Immerwahr, who married Fritz Haber in 1900, is a fascinating historical figure in her own right.
		Haber's wife Clara had long been unhappy in her marriage.
		In 1915, just a few days after Haber orchestrated Germany's first poison gas attack, she killed herself with her husband's military handgun.
	www.danielcharles.us /haberphotos.html (316 words)

	Stage Door Reviews - including Lord of the Rings
		Claire Jullien is excellent as Haber’s first wife Clara Immerwahr, a scientist in her own right who helps Haber with his work but, despite her intelligence, has to contend with taking second place.
		Jullien shows us this growing undercurrent of unease that finally breaks out when Clara is outraged at her husband’s support for chemical warfare.
		Clara’s story is so interesting it’s a pity she disappears at the end of Act 1.
	www.stage-door.org /reviews/misc2006a.htm (11750 words)

	PoughkeepsieJournal.com - 'Einstein's Gift' well received
		Haber was a good man, a fierce German nationalist, and a bit of a blowhard who delivered his Ph.D. dissertation in Latin.
		It was at his dissertation reading that he met Clara and she became the "woman behind the man," editing his work and frequently correcting his chemistry since she was as knowledgeable as he.
		With: Shawn Elliott as Albert Einstein; Aasif Mandvi as F.J. Haber; Melissa Friedman as Clara Immerwahr; Sarah Winkler as Lotta Haber; James Wallert as Otto.
	www.poughkeepsiejournal.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051014/COLUMNISTS06/510140307/1005/LIFE (782 words)

	WebWeekly - Upcoming: Military Research and Scientific Responsibility: Remembering Fritz Haber by Jan Schmollinger
		Moreover, by violating the Hague Convention that outlawed the use of poisonous weapons, Haber had become a war criminal.
		In 1901 Fritz Haber had married Clara Immerwahr, one of the few women of her time who was allowed an academic career.
		Immerwahr, a highly talented researcher who had earned a PhD in chemistry, was adamantly opposed to the gas attacks that her husband organized.
	webweekly.hms.harvard.edu /archive/2002/4_8/student_scene.html (1042 words)

	Einstein's Gift - Review - Theater - New York Times (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		But he is undermined by the impeccably dressed Aasif Mandvi, who is miscast as Haber and whose strident performance starts out at such a high pitch that it has nowhere to go.
		Melissa Friedman is very good as Clara, the brilliant chemist who marries Haber but cannot have an equal career because she is a woman, and Glenn Fleshler is persuasive as both a German officer and a Nazi bureaucrat.
		The artistic set by John McDermott - a collection of platforms, tables, flboards and a corkscrew stairway - is an inhibiting obstacle course for the actors, who are kept moving by the director, Ron Russell, as if they were themselves atomic particles.
	theater2.nytimes.com /2005/10/08/theater/reviews/08eins.html?ex=1286424000&en=98bb9c2eace07190&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss (586 words)

	JBooks.com - Non-Fiction: A Jewish Faust
		More telling is the comparison with Oppenheimer, whom some might view as Charles does Haber: “a modern Faust, willing to serve any master who could further his passion for knowledge and progress.” Here a digression is worthwhile.
		The resultant gap torn in the Allied lines changed the landscape of war.
		Later Haber would rejoice in mustard gas, his improvement on chlorine, a “fabulous success.” On May 1, 1915, Clara Haber shot herself.
	www.jbooks.com /nonfiction/index/NF_Muir_Charles.htm (1133 words)

	LRB \| Steven Shapin : Tod aus Luft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		It awarded him his prize for the Haber-Bosch process within months of the war’s end and diplomatically didn’t mention his work with poison gas in its official biography.
		His first wife, Clara Immerwahr, may have had a different view: just after his triumphant return from Ypres at the end of April 1915, she took Haber’s service revolver and shot herself in the heart.
		That aside – and it had been a miserable marriage – war was very good to Haber.
	www.lrb.co.uk /v28/n02/print/shap01_.html (2727 words)

	Media Reviews Vol 9 No 3
		Chapter 9, “Family and Friends” (41 pp, the longest chapter; 76 pp), recounts his marriage with Clara Immerwahr, the first woman to receive her doctorate at the Universität Breslau, whom he wed in 1901 [6]; his relationship with their son Hermann (b.
		1902); Clara’s suicide in 1915 after Haber refused to abandon his gas warfare work; his marriage on October 25, 1917 to Charlotte Nathan, a young woman only slightly more than half his age, who divorced him in 1927; and his relations with their children, Eva (b.
		He died in self-imposed exile on January 29, 1934 in Basel, Switzerland, was cremated, and his ashes were interred with those of his first wife Clara’s ashes.
	chemeducator.org /bibs/0009003/930190mr.htm (10327 words)

	The Use of Poison Gases in the First World War Summary - The Use of Poison Gases in the First World War Information
		The son of a dye manufacturer, Haber was born in Bresslau, Silesia (now in Poland).
		He married Clara Immerwahr, the thirty-year-old daughter of another respected Jewish family in 1901.
		Although the Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907 stipulated that warring countries would "abstain from all projectiles whose sole object is the diffusions of asphyxiating or deleterious gases," German scientists developed poison gases and used them by 1915.
	www.bookrags.com /sciences/sciencehistory/the-use-of-poison-gases-in-the-firs-scit-0612345.html (386 words)

	Scientists Message Board
		I know of the Leitner biography, but have found nothing in English.
		One thing I have discovered that may interest you is a play by Tony Harrison called "Square Rounds," which is a dramatization of the debate between Clara and Haber re: his use of poison gas.
		Clara Immerwahr and her relationship to Fritz Haber
	mb.sparknotes.com /mb.epl?b=13&m=437394&t=52422&w=1 (103 words)

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