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	Orbit - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		As an object orbits another object, the periapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is closest to the object being orbited and the apoapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is farthest from the object being orbited.
		In the case of an open orbit, the speed at any position of the orbit is at least the escape velocity for that position, in the case of a closed orbit, always less.
		The gravity of the orbiting object raises tidal bulges in the primary, and since below the synchronous orbit the orbiting object is moving faster than the body's surface the bulges lag a short angle behind it.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Orbit (2408 words)

	Arthur C. Clarke - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clarke is considered one of the Big Three of science fiction, along with Robert A. Heinlein and Isaac Asimov.
		Clarke was born in Minehead in Somerset, and as a boy enjoyed stargazing and enthusiastically read old American science-fiction magazines (many of which made their way to England as ballast in ships).
		Clarke completed a draft of the novel at the end of 1964 with the plan to publish the novel in 1965 in advance of the film's release in 1966.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke (2463 words)

	Planetary orbit -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Orbits were first analysed mathematically by (German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630)) Kepler who formulated his results in his (additional info and facts about laws of planetary motion) laws of planetary motion.
		Newton showed that a pair of bodies follow orbits of dimensions that are in inverse proportion to their (The property of a body that causes it to have weight in a gravitational field) masses about their common (Point representing the mean position of the matter in a body) center of mass.
		In the case of an open orbit, the speed at any position of the orbit is at least the (The minimum velocity needed to escape a gravitational field) escape velocity for that position, in the case of a closed orbit, always less.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/p/pl/planetary_orbit.htm (2981 words)

	Geostationary orbit - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Similarly, the "Clarke Belt" is the part of space approximately 35,786 km above mean sea level in the plane of the equator where near-geostationary orbits may be achieved.
		A geostationary transfer orbit is used to move a satellite from Low Earth orbit (LEO) into a geostationary orbit.
		In geostationary orbit, a satellite is neither plunging towards the earth nor flying away from it.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clarke_orbit (699 words)

	Orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		As an object orbits another object, periapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is closest to the object being orbited; apoapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is farthest from theobject being orbited.
		An open orbit has the shape of a hyperbola (or in the limiting case, a parabola); the bodies approach each other for a while, curve around each otheraround the time of their closest approach, and then separate again forever.
		The orbit of a planet around the Sun is an ellipse, with the Sun in one of thefocal points of the ellipse.
	www.therfcc.org /orbit-3594.html (1765 words)

	Orbit
		Any comet in a parabolic or hyperbolic orbit about the central star is not gravitationally bound to the star and therefore is not considered part of the star's solar system.
		The orbit can be open (so the object never returns) or closed (returning), depending on the total kinetic+potential energy of the system.
		In the case of gravity, scaling of distances (including sizes of bodies, while keeping the densities the same) gives similar orbits without scaling the time: if for example distances are halved, masses are divided by 8, gravitational forces by 16 and gravitational accelerations by 2.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/o/or/orbit.html (2044 words)

	Orbit definitions (Henry Spencer) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Clarke orbit Some people prefer this to "geostationary", given that Arthur C. Clarke was the first person to realize how useful this orbit would be for comsats.
		GTO Geostationary Transfer Orbit, an orbit at modest inclination with perigee at LEO and apogee at Clarke orbit.
		The Earth's equatorial bulge normally causes the position of apogee&perigee to rotate in the plane of an elliptical orbit, but at the particular inclination of the Molniya orbits, this effect is zero and the apogee stays where it's put.
	yarchive.net /space/orbits/orbit_definitions.html (605 words)

	Orbit Article, Orbit Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Newton showed that a pair of bodies follow orbits of dimensions that are in inverseproportion to their masses about their common center of mass.
		As an object orbits another object, the periapsis is that point at which the orbiting object is closest to the object being orbited and the apoapsis is that point at which the orbiting objectis farthest from the object being orbited.
		In the case of an open orbit,the speed at any position of the orbit is at least the escapevelocity for that position, in the case of a closed orbit, always less.
	www.anoca.org /orbits/object/orbit.html (2031 words)

	Geosynchronous orbit (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Synchronous orbits exist around all moons, planets, and stars —unless they rotate so slowly that the orbit would be outside their Hill sphere.
		Circular geosynchronous orbits at the equator are known as geostationary orbits.
		A further form of geosynchronous orbit is obtained by the theoretical space elevator in which one end of the structure is tethered to the ground, maintaining a longer orbital period than by gravity alone if under tension.
	www.free-download-soft.com /info/appointment.html (619 words)

	CLARKE SATELLITE ORBIT FACTS
		The orbit which geosynchronous satellites must describe around the Earth was first suggested by science fiction writer Sir Arthur C. Clarke.
		geosynchronous (or geostationary) orbit is often called the "Clarke Orbit" in Clarke's honor.
		A satellite in the Clarke orbit travels a circle whose diameter is 52,527 miles.
	home.alltel.net /nelpi/nelpagec.htm (562 words)

	Arthur C. Clarke
		Clarke's fiction is credited with combining flawlessly accurate technical details with such philosophically expansive themes as "spiritual" rebirth and the search for man's place in the universe.
		Arthur Charles Clarke was born December 16, 1917 in the English coastal town of Minehead, in Somerset.
		In 1969, already regarded as one of the chief prophets of the space age, Clarke joined CBS newsman Walter Cronkite and astronaut Wally Schirra in narrating the landmark Apollo 11 lunar landing.
	www.nndb.com /people/725/000023656 (1547 words)

	60th Anniversary of Clarke's Communication Satellite Idea
		Sixty years ago Arthur C. Clarke of the British Interplanetary Society sent a letter to the editor titled Peacetime Uses for V2 which was published in the 1945 February issue of the Wireless World magazine suggesting the use of Geostationary Satellites for the instant global communications.
		The equatorial circular orbit at a distance of 42,164 km from the center of the Earth, i.e., 35,787 km (22,237 miles) above mean sea level has a period equal to the Earth's rotation on its axis and would remain geostationary over the same point on the Earth's equator.
		Clarke: I think one reason why Apollo 11, the first moon landing was not held up was the fear that the Russians may be on their way and get there first.
	lakdiva.org /clarke/2005trip (2110 words)

	Wired 1.03: Arthur C. Clarke On Life
		What he should be most famous for (and is, actually, in scientific circles) is far more impressive: In 1945, at the tender age of 28, Clarke sketched out the idea of orbital communication satellites.
		Now 75, Clarke is afflicted with post-polio syndrome; a debilitating disease about which little is known, since - as he himself dryly points out - few polio survivors have lived long enough to contract it.
		Clarke's refuge in seaside Colombo (where he has lived for 37 years) is a kind of "technoasis;" a self-contained media center, work station, observatory, and cerebral playground under a single roof.
	www.wired.com /wired/archive/1.03/clarke.html (820 words)

	fUSION Anomaly. Arthur C. Clarke
		The advantage of geosynchronous orbit, as Clarke noted in 1945, is that satellites there appear stationary because their motion matches Earth's rotation, allowing receiving stations on the surface to send and receive signals without having to rotate in order to track the satellite.
		Clarke defines the adjective 'elderly' as :"In physics, mathematics and astronautics it means over thirty; in other disciplines, senile decay is sometimes postponed to the forties.
		Clarke's Second Law - The only way of discovering the limits of the possible is to venture a little way past them into the impossible.
	fusionanomaly.net /arthurcclarke.html (1378 words)

	Orbital Elevators
		Midway Station, the lowest point where you go into an elliptical orbit instead of hitting the ground if you jump off, is 23450 km up, and has a tiny apparent gravity of 0.29 m/s².
		The total energy cost from ground to the Clarke point is just over 13 kW-hr per kg lifted, which means $100 a ticket at today's energy prices, minus savings for energy generated by the 'down' cars, plus (rather large) financing charges on the capital investment.
		Even more interesting is the idea of lowering the platform from a non-geosync orbit, thus greatly reducing the weight of cable, and spinning the cable end-over-end at a speed that leaves the lower end almost stationary each time it swings into the earth's atmosphere.
	www.geocities.com /pentapod2300/best/orbelev.htm (1113 words)

	Salon \| 21st
		Arthur, of course, is Arthur C. Clarke, and the belt is the Clarke Belt, the region of outer space, 25,000 miles above our heads, where satellites placed in orbit seem to "hang" above a single point of the earth's surface.
		Clarke's "technoasis" in Sri Lanka is a spacious, deliciously cool compound on Barnes Place, a 10-minute walk from the gardenia trees and machine-gun nests surrounding Prime Minister Bandaranaike's residence.
		Clarke has almost completely lost interest in space travel, at least by rocket-powered means.
	archive.salon.com /feb97/21st/startrek970213.html (1338 words)

	Arthur C. Clarke. Biography and works
		Today, the geostationary orbit at 42,000 kilometers is named The Clarke Orbit by the International Astronomical Union.
		In the 1960s Clarke collaborated with motion-picture director Stanley Kubrick in making the innovative and highly praised science-fiction film 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), based on Clarke's short story The Sentinel (1951) and subsequently developed into a novel (1968).
		Among Clarke's central themes in his fiction is the spiritual rebirth and the search for man's place in the universe.
	www.booksfactory.com /writers/clarke.htm (692 words)

	Moon Miners' Manifesto: Description of Clarke orbits
		The more massive the body in question, the farther out will be any surface-synchronous orbit, all else being equal and the periods of the compared bodies being closely similar.
		If the theoretical surface-synchronous orbit lies beyond the closest Lagrange point of a more massive body, a synchronous orbit will not exist as any object following such an orbit would fall into the dominant gravity well of the larger object.
		Most natural planetary satellites or moons have had their original rotations slowed, or speeded up, by overwhelming tidal forces until their rotation is locked to their orbital period, so that they always keep the same face turned toward their planet.
	www.asi.org /public/asi/09/03/02/092/clarke-orbits.html (589 words)

	Spaceflight :Commercial Communications Satellites
		The possibility of using satellites in orbit to communicate messages to the ground was probably first proposed in an 1869 short story published in the Atlantic Monthly by Edward Everett Hale.
		Clarke noted that three satellites spaced evenly around the globe in geosynchronous orbit could view the Earth's entire surface and therefore be able to relay communications for the entire planet.
		Clarke initially envisioned an inhabited space station at this altitude because only humans could replace the worn-out vacuum tubes on board the satellite.
	www.centennialofflight.gov /essay/SPACEFLIGHT/comsats/SP43.htm (1777 words)

	The 1945 Proposal by Arthur C. Clarke for Geostationary Satellite Communications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		A satellite in an equatorial circular orbit at a distance of approximately 42,164 km from the center of the Earth, i.e., approximately 35,787 km (22,237 miles) above mean sea level has a period equal to the Earth's rotation on its axis (Sidereal Day=23h56m) and would remain geostationary over the same point on the Earth's equator.
		Arthur Clarke in his Scientific Autobiography Ascent to Orbit published 1984 say that he had forgotten about this letter till he was reminded of it in 1968 by the engineering staff of the Sri Lanka Broadcasting Corporation.
		In Ascent to Orbit Clarke says the paper with original title The Future of World Communications was written in late June and submitted to the RAF censor on July 7th.
	lakdiva.org /clarke/1945ww (414 words)

	Arthur C. Clarke Quotes Part 1
		Sir Arthur Charles Clarke is among the giants of contemporary science fiction authors, and also a leading science writer.
		As a child Clarke was a precocious tinkerer with gadgets, once constructing a light-beam sound transmitter.
		From 1948-50 Clarke was Assistant Physics Editor at the Institution of Electrical Engineers and chaired the British Interplanetary Society 1946-47 and 1950-53.
	www.testermanscifi.org /ClarkeQuotesPart1.html (938 words)

	Arthur C. Clarke, Author of the Month, MyShelf.com
		Clarke is living proof that an author can write better science fiction if he, or she, does know science.
		Clarke writes his superb fiction without all the foul language, sex and violence lesser authors must depend on to sell their work.
		Satellites in the geostationary orbit, or the Clarke Orbit, as it is now known, are the backbone of global communications.
	www.myshelf.com /aom/02/clarke.htm (2266 words)

	Arthur C. Clarke Biography
		Arthur C. Clarke was born in the seaside town of Minehead, Somerset, England on December 16, 1917.
		The first story Clarke sold professionally was "Rescue Party", written in March 1945 and appearing in Astounding Science in May 1946.
		Of these communications, a new branch of meteorology was born, and Dr. Wexler became the driving force in using rockets and satellites for meteorological research and operations.
	www.lsi.usp.br /~rbianchi/clarke/ACC.Biography.html (692 words)

	The Arthur c. Clarke Foundation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		Sir Arthur Clarke has been asked many, many times if he’s miffed that his invention of the communications satellite concept in late 1945 never really paid him a penny.
		Back in 1945, Clarke combined the technologies of rocketry, wireless communications, and radar to envision an extra-terrestrial system that relied on orbiting space stations to relay radio signals around the world.
		The achievements of Arthur C. Clarke, unique among his peers, bridge the arts and sciences.
	www.hyesuns.com (146 words)

	Lagrange Points (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-07-20)
		The Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) is in a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L1 position, about a million miles Sunward from Earth, and the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), is in a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth L2 Position, about a million miles in the opposite direction.
		Geostationary orbit, marked out in a dotted circle in the above map, is that particular orbit where it takes exactly 24 hours to orbit the Earth.
		This orbit is also called geosynchronous orbit or Clarke's orbit, for the science fiction author who realized its utility for comsats in 1945.
	www.freemars.org /l5/aboutl5.html (447 words)

	Today in Technology History - Jul 26
		Since these satellites orbited the Earth at a relatively low altitude, they wandered across the sky like vagrants -- making them less than ideal for communication.
		Arthur C. Clarke, the science and science fiction writer who first suggested the idea of satellite communications, had envisioned satellites in much higher orbit.
		Clarke had described satellites so far above the Earth's surface that they took about 24 hours to orbit the planet once -- the same amount of time it takes the planet to rotate once.
	www.tecsoc.org /pubs/history/2002/jul26.htm (328 words)

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