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Topic: Classical Arabic

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	Arabic
		Arabic is used as the principle language in most countries covered by the Encyclopaedia of the Orient: Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel (as one of the official languages), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
		Classical written Arabic is principally defined as the Arabic used in the Koran and in the earliest literature from the Arabian peninsula, but also forms the core of much literature up until our time.
		Arabic is based upon a very strict grammar, in which nearly all nouns and verbs are built from a stem of 3 consonants.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/arabic.htm (744 words)

	Classical Arabic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Classical Arabic is the form of the Arabic language used in the Qur'an as well as in numerous literary texts from the same period.
		Classical Arabic is often believed to be the parent language of all the spoken varieties of Arabic, but recent scholarship as Clive Holes (2004) questions this view, showing that other dialects were extant at the time and may be the origin of current spoken varieties.
		Classical Arabic spread with the spread of Islam, becoming a language of scholarship and religious devotion as the language of the Qur'an.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classical_Arabic (682 words)

	MUSIC
		Classical Arabic – the language of the Qur'an – was originally the dialect of Mecca in what is now Saudi Arabia.
		The structure of the Arabic language is well-suited to harmonious word-patterns, with elaborate rhymes and rhythms.
		The birth of Arabic prose as a literary form is attributed to the Persian secretarial class who served under the Abbasid caliphs (750-1256) in Baghdad.
	www.cacac.org /Arabic_LITERATURE.htm (865 words)

	Arabic language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Arabic (اللغة العربية; al-luġatu-l-ʻarabiyyatu, less formally, عربي ʻarabī) is the largest member of the Semitic branch of the Afro-Asiatic language family (classification: South Central Semitic) and is closely related to Hebrew and Aramaic.
		Arabic has been a literary language since at least the 6th century and is the liturgical language of Islam.
		Since the written Arabic of today differs from the written Arabic of the Qur'anic era, it has become customary in western scholarship and among non-Arab scholars of Arabic to refer to the language of the Qur'an as Classical Arabic and the modern language of the media and of formal speech as Modern Standard Arabic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_language (2655 words)

	Arabic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Arabic is used as the principle language in most countries covered by the Encyclopaedia of the Orient, Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Israel (as one of the official languages), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
		Classical written Arabic is principally defined as the Arabic used in the Holy Koran and in the earliest literature from the Arabian peninsula, but is the core of much literature up until our time.
		Arabic has also got a dimension of being a sacred language, as it is the only language from which the Koran is believed to be fully understood — all translations will reduce the quality of the revelations of God.
	i-cias.com /e.o/arabic.htm (756 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Culture \| Living in Arabic
		But all their work is based on classical written, not demotic spoken Arabic: in the case of the former, that is dominated by the presence of the Quran, which is both origin and model for everything linguistic that comes after it (as of course a great deal did).
		Classical Arabic was taught in my schools, of course, but it remained of the order of a local equivalent of Latin, ie a dead and forbidding language (and hence, the sense that Leila Ahmed had of it).
		Arabic grammar is so sophisticated and logically appealing, I think, that it is perhaps best studied by an older pupil who can appreciate the niceties of its reasoning; as it is, ironically enough, the best Arabic teaching is done for non- Arabs at language institutes in Egypt, Tunisia, Syria, Lebanon and Vermont.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2004/677/cu15.htm (2878 words)

	Arabic
		In addition to the Arab countries, in which Arabic speakers are concentrated, large numbers of Arabic speakers live in Iran and France (about 600,000 speakers each), and a substantial number of speakers live in Israel and parts of Africa (Ethnologue).
		Classical Arabic became the language of scholarship and religion with the spread of Islam.
		Arabic is a Category III language in terms of difficulty for speakers of English.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/august/Arabic.html (2010 words)

	Translations to Arabic - Culture
		The term classical Arabic refers to the standard form of the language used in all writing and heard on television and radio as well as in mosques.
		Arabic has a very regular system of conjugating verbs and altering their stems to indicate variations of the basic meaning.
		Modern Standard Arabic is a descendant of Classical Arabic; frequently, however, the stylistic influence of French and English is evident.
	www.translationtoarabic.com /culture.htm (1019 words)

	xand.net - Arabic Studies
		Arabic has incredible expressive capabilities and has been of critical importance to many of the events in recent and distant history.
		If all variants of Arabic are counted together as a single language, it is one of the top 10 languages in numbers of speakers in the world, and its area of geographic coverage is very large covering large areas of Africa, Asia and of course the Middle East.
		Colloquial Arabic, sometimes referred to in Arabic as the "lahja", or "`amiya" is a collection of languages all of which share some of their features with Classical Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic.
	www.xand.net /arabic/study.html (1081 words)

	Arabic Translation - Translate Arabic Language Translator
		The term Modern Standard Arabic is sometimes used in the West to refer to the language of the media as opposed to the language of "classical" Arabic literature; Arabs make no such distinction, and regard the two as identical.
		Arabic is a Semitic language, fairly closely related to, for instance, the Hebrew language and the Aramaic language.
		The Arabic alphabet derives from the Aramaic script (which variety, Nabataean or Syriac, is a matter of scholarly dispute), to which it bears a loose resemblance like that of Coptic or Cyrillic script to Greek script.
	www.translation-services-usa.com /languages/arabic.shtml (1425 words)

	Arabic Classical Music
		Arabic music is among the most difficult topics to discuss here, primarily due to the large number of countries and musical styles which the term nominally covers.
		Classical Arab music was defined by theorists during the classical age of the Arab Empire, and that definition continues to play a role today.
		Classical Arabic theory and practice can be seen as a great synthesis of both the earlier classical traditions as well as regional melodic forms.
	www.medieval.org /music/world/arabic.html (701 words)

	The Arabic Maqam
		In Arabic music, a maqam (plural maqamat) is a set of notes with traditions that define relationships between them, habitual patterns, and their melodic development.
		Since classical Arabic music is mostly melodic (excludes harmony), the choice of maqam greatly affects the mood of the piece.
		In conclusion, the new generation of Arabic musicians, singers and listeners is losing touch with the traditional intonation of the 1920s and 30s largely because of the introduction of even-tempered instruments and harmony in Arabic music.
	www.maqamworld.com /maqamat.html (1738 words)

	Egyptian Arabic
		Arabic is originally the language of the nomadic tribes of the northern and central regions of the Arabian Peninsula.
		Arabic of the pre-Classical period is found in inscriptions of central and northwestern Arabia, with Classical Arabic itself appearing in inscriptions dating from at least the fourth century.
		Classical Arabic plays a role largely in the religious context; for example, it is used in the daily recitation of the Koran.
	www.touregypt.net /featurestories/arabic.htm (1794 words)

	Arabic Language for Beginners
		Arabic is belongs to the Afro-Asiatic family of languages, and is a member of the Semitic subfamily.
		Arabic is closely related to Hebrew, which is spoken in Israel and Amharic which is spoken in Ethiopia.
		The Arabic alphabet is the second most used writing system in the world (our Latin alphabet is the first) and it is used to write languages unrelated to Arabic such as Farsi (spoken in Iran), Urdu (spoken in Pakistan) and Pashto (spoken in Afghanistan).
	www.plumsite.com /palace/arabic.html (838 words)

	SOAS: SOAS: Near and Middle East: Classical Arabic prose literature
		Arabic prose literature comprises a very extensive body of texts which has had much influence on non-Arabic literatures in both "East" and "West", and been much influenced by them in turn.
		They gain a critical understanding of a number of texts selected from classical Arabic prose genres, such as maqama, hikaya, khabar, risala and drama, and an ability to comment on the literary (language, style and narrative) and social (function and cultural and identity politics) dimensions inherent in these texts.
		The course is an optional unit of the fourth year of the BA programmes in Arabic, Arabic and Islamic Studies (both single honours) and Arabic and another subject (combined honours).
	www.soas.ac.uk /studying/coursedetail.cfm?coursesunitsid=1302 (500 words)

	Modern Standard Arabic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Standard Arabic is not acquired as a mother tongue, but rather it is learned as a second language at school and through exposure to formal broadcast programs (such as the daily news), religious practice, and print media.
		Arabic also has a number of velar and post-velar consonants, including two pharyngeal fricatives (one voiced and one voiceless) and a voiceless uvular stop.
		As the language of Quran, Classical Arabic is used as the language of prayer and recitation throughout the Islamic world.
	fizzylogic.com /users/bulbul/lmp/profiles/modern-standard-arabic.html (1439 words)

	Arabic Classical Music
		Arabic classical music is one of the world's major musical systems.
		Synthesis was one of the main principles of the Arabic classical tradition, and so this recital is especially valuable.
		Some Arabic instrumentalists have suggested that this is the only sufficiently strong and truly improvisatory modern recording of their music, but for many others it is a pointless remark, due to the quality of relatively obscure archival material.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Arts/music/arabmusic/Araclassical/ArClasMus.htm (667 words)

	Arabic language and history by ALS International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Arabic, which is the native tongue of more than 200 million people worldwide, ranks 6th among the major languages of the world.
		Arabic is the official language of Algeria, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Western Sahara, and Yemen as well as one of the six official languages of the United Nations.
		Classical Arabic is the form of Arabic literally found in the Qur’an.
	www.alsintl.com /languages/arabic.htm (891 words)

	Learn to speak Arabic Learning Speak Arabic Learn Arabic language center colloquial arabic lessons Egyptian dictionary ...
		Arabic is thought to have originated in Saudi Arabia in pre-Islamic times, and spread across the Middle East since then.
		MSA is based on classical Arabic and is more or less 'standard' accross Arab countries, yet it does have many differences from it not only in its lexicon but also differences on the syntactic level.
		The distinction between classical Arabic and MSA is quite clear and is not only kept for specialists.
	www.el-shella.com /arabic (331 words)

	H-Net Review: Clarissa C. Burt on Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture And Politics in Egypt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Arabic cultural institutions linked to language and literacy, then, have engineered the longevity and legitimacy of classical Arabic through descriptive and prescriptive rules, and through language and pedagogical policies in service to that projected authority.
		She found that Classical Arabic was present in peoples's lives through religious practice (prayer, reading the Qur'an, religious and scriptural study, and listening to Qur'anic recitation in a variety of circumstances), bureaucratic literacy functions related to the state, schooling, and mass media (p.
		All, however, bore witness to Classical Arabic as a locus of power, be that the punitive power of the teacher in the kutaab or in high school, or the power of rewards and prestige for excelling.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=304101073889032 (2754 words)

	SOAS: SOAS: Near and Middle East: Introduction to Classical Arabic literature
		It has a twofold purpose: to acquaint students with classical Arabic literary writings, and to familiarise them with the history and development of classical Arabic culture and literature and the sources for their study.
		The course is a compulsory second-year unit for BA Arabic and BA Arabic and Islamic Studies.
		Either this course or Introduction to modern Arabic literature is compulsory for the second year of the combined honours BA Arabic and another subject.
	www.soas.ac.uk /studying/coursedetail.cfm?coursesunitsid=421 (309 words)

	Egyptian Arabic ('aammiyya)
		Egyptian Arabic, as distinct from Classical Arabic and the variety spoken by the Arab invaders, is thought to have developed in the first Islamic capital of Egypt, that is now part of Cairo, the capital of present-day Egypt.
		Although Egyptian Arabic is for the most part a spoken dialect, it is also used in vernacular literature, including novels, plays, and poems, as popular media, such as in comics, advertising, some newspapers, and in transcriptions of popular songs.
		Cairene Arabic, the prestige dialect spoken in Cairo, is a Lower Egyptian dialect.
	www.nvtc.gov /lotw/months/august/EgyptianArabic.html (1521 words)

	The Arabic Language
		Classical Arabic, like its modern descendants (Levantine Arabic, Palatine Arabic, Egyptian Arabic, and so on), is a Semitic language—the same language family that includes Hebrew, the languages of Mesopotamia (with the exception of Sumerian), and other partly Semitic languages, such as Ethiopian.
		The reason Arabic didn't change drastically from its most primitive forms is that Arabic society tended to remain centered in small groups.
		This gives Arabic an almost crystal clear aspect to it; there is little ambiguity or confusion in an classical Arabic sentence.
	www.wsu.edu /~dee/ISLAM/ARABIYYA.HTM (919 words)

	Arabic alphabet, pronunciation and language
		The Aramaic language has fewer consonants than Arabic, so during the 7th century new Arabic letters were created by adding dots to existing letters in order to avoid ambiguities.
		Classical Arabic - the language of the Qur'an and classical literature.
		Arabic, Dari, Hausa, Kashmiri, Kazak, Kurdish, Kyrghyz, Malay, Morisco, Pashto, Persian/Farsi, Punjabi, Sindhi, Siraiki, Tatar, Turkish, Uyghur, Urdu
	www.omniglot.com /writing/arabic.htm (834 words)

	Arabic: Language of Holy Koran (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Arabic is divided into three groups: Classical written Arabic, written Modern Arabic and spoken Arabic.
		Classical written Arabic is the Arabic used in the Holy Koran and is the core of much literature up until our time.
		Modern Standard Arabic is a modernization of the structures of classical Arabic, including words defining modern technology and additions from the many dialects all over the Arabic world; spoken Arabic is a mixed form.
	www.deeptrans.com /deeptrans/arlanofholko.html (194 words)

	Learning Resources - Learn Arabic Online Resource Center
		This is the Arabic of the Qur’an, and is used in literature, the news media, diplomacy, and of course, religious dialogue.
		Ultimately, the roots of classical Arabic are inextricably intertwined with the Qur’an, which among other things is seen by Muslims as the quintessential language textbook, and from which all grammatical and structural rules are gleaned.
		Arabic is a very difficult language for Westerners to learn to speak, with the variety of glottals and pharyngeals, which are produced from deep within the throat.
	www.learn-arabic-now.com /resources/arabic.asp (603 words)

	Arabic translation you can trust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Classical Arabic is found in the Qur’an and is never used in conversation, or non-religious writing.
		Classical Arabic is the official language of all Arab countries and is the only form of Arabic taught in schools.
		The first thing to remember is that Arabic is written and reads from right to left, letters are always joined to each other and can't be split across lines.
	www.appliedlanguage.com /languages/arabic_translation.shtml (732 words)

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