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Topic: Classical Mongolian

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	Mongolian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mongolian is the best-known member of the Mongolic language family, and the primary language of most of the residents of Mongolia.
		The Mongolian alphabet was used in Mongolia until 1931, when it was replaced by the Latin alphabet, and again by Cyrillic in 1937.
		Svantesson, Jan-Olof, Anna Tsendia, Anastasia Karlsson, Vivan Franzén (2005): The Phonology of Mongolian.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mongolian_language (2309 words)

	[No title]
		Mongolian is the language of most of the population of Mongolia and also of Inner Mongolia and of separate groups living in several other provinces and regions of China and the Russian Federation.
		The middle period of the development of Mongolian extended from the seventh and eighth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
		In official documents it is stated that the reason for the change from the Mongolian script to the new form of writing was twohold: (1) there was a great gap between the written and spoken languages, and (2) the Mongolian script was not suitable for the assimilation of foreign words.
	www.indiana.edu /~mongsoc/mong/language.htm (1204 words)

	Learn Mongolian, informations about mongolian language, Mongolia communication
		Mongolian languages belongs to the Altaic family of languages showing structural (and partially lexical) similarities with languages of the Tungusic group of this family (e.g.
		Mongolian has strong vowel harmony: all vowels within one word and even all grammatical particles must be chosen from one of two vowel sets which are known as male and female or back and front vowels.
		In 1992, A law was passed to the effect that from 1994 on Mongolian Classical script be the official writing of Mongolia again.
	www.voyagemongolie.com /Index_fichiers/Learn_mongolian_language.htm (978 words)

	Writing Mongolian
		Classical Mongolian is still the official writing system used in China's Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region and finds limited use in the Buryat region of Russia.
		Mongolians used a modified set of some 500 characters from Early Mandarin Chinese to render the proper pronunciation of words.
		Mongolian can be transliterated using the Roman alphabet, but Cyrillic gives a much better representation of Mongolian sounds than the paltry 26 of the Roman alphabet.
	www.koreanhistoryproject.org /Jta/Mo/MoLAN1.htm (869 words)

	Edge Translation
		In china, there are two different types of written Mongolian, the classical script and the todo script.
		Mongolian is a member of the Mongolic language family.
		The Mongolian alphabet was used until 1931 when it was replaced by the Latin alphabet.
	www.edgetranslation.net /mongolian1.htm (179 words)

	Mongolian Collection (Asian Reading Room: Library of Congress)
		All three are Mongolian translations of famous Buddhist sutras (sudur), which Rockhill acquired during his travels in Mongolia at the turn of the century.
		The Mongolian rare collection also includes complete reprint editions of both the Mongolian Kanjur and Tanjur, the Buddhist canonical texts and their commentaries.
		The Mongolian Kanjur, in 108 volumes, was published in New Delhi, 1973-1974 by Dr. Lokesh Chandra.
	www.loc.gov /rr/asian/MongolianCollection.html (506 words)

	Center for East Asian Studies Location
		Mongolian and Mongolian scripts are taught only by special arrangement.
		Mongolian 217s is a continuation of Mongolian 217r and is designed to introduce beginning Mongolian language students to basic features of the Mongolian language.
		In 1989, a survey was conducted of Mongolian holdings at libraries in the United States and Canada.
	www.ac.wwu.edu /~eas/mongolian.html (1004 words)

	Lingua Mongolia - Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The term 'classical Mongolian' technically refers only to the language of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, when the written Mongolian language was standardised in order to facilitate the translation of Buddhist literature.
		The focus of Lingua Mongolia is not strictly the classical language but rather the literary language of the Mongols over the last eight hundred years; from the pre-classical Mongolian of the Secret History right up to modern literary Mongolian, as it still exists in Inner Mongolia.
		It is worth noting however that the term classical Mongolian is sometimes used to distinguish Uighur-script Mongolian from the Cyrillic Mongolian used in independent Mongolia north of the Gobi.
	www.linguamongolia.co.uk (383 words)

	[No title]
		Mongolian Writing: Phagsba The Phagsba or Square Writing was developed in the 13th century by a famous Tibetan monk and scholar, Phagsba.
		Mongolian Writing: Tibetan In the last centuries, monks at the Gandan monastery in Ulaanbaatar used Tibetan letters to write Mongolian texts, thus continuing Phagsba's and Zanabazar's tradition with simplified means: they did not create an extra alphabet which was based on Tibetan principles, they directly used the Tibetan letters to spell out Mongolian words.
		Mongolian Embassy in Japan Pine Crest Mansion 21-4, Kamiyamacho Shibuya-ku, Tokyo 150 Tel.: 03-3469-2088 Mongolian Embassy in New Zealand New Zealand Embassy and Ambassador in Beijing are credited for NZ foreign affairs to Mongolia, while Mongolian embassies in Tokyo or Beijing handle matters between Mongolia and NZ.
	www.anomalies.net /archive/general_faq_archive/mongolia-faq (8258 words)

	Mongolia Frequently Asked Questions Version 5.10 (June 14, 1997) FAQ
		Mongolian television is a complex story: the state-run television can mainly be received in Ulaanbaatar, but in recent years many satellite channels mushroomed.
		Marking the onset of Mongolian literature, the Secret History of the Mongols of which no truly original text is preserved (only a transcription of the Mongolian language with Chinese characters survived) is at the same time Mongolia's first history, her first genealogy and her first epos.
		Mongolian Embassy in the United Kingdom 7 Kensington Court LONDON W8 5DL Tel: (0171) 937 5238 Tel: (0171) 937 0150 Mongolian Embassy in the USA 2833 M Street, NW Washington, DC Tel: 202-333-7117 Honorary Consul in Switzerland Stephan Bischofberger P.O.Box 173 Limmatstr.
	www.non.com /news.answers/mongolia-faq.html (11531 words)

	Mongolian OpenType specification
		The Mongolian script is used to write classical Mongolian, with additional letters for Todo, Sibe and Manchu, and extensions for Sanskrit and Tibetan.
		Mongolian was historically derived from Aramaic, a right to left script but was later transformed to be written vertically from top to bottom, in columns from left to right.
		Similar to Arabic, Mongolian is a contextual script where letters are cursively joined and have initial, medial and final presentation forms for the same letter.
	www.microsoft.com /typography/otfntdev/mongolot/default.htm (346 words)

	Mongolia Frequently Asked Questions Version 3.02 (Dec 27, 1996) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It was an achievement of the late 19th and the early 20th century to decypher the text and restore its original Mongolian shape.
		Southern Mongolia keeps using the Classical Mongolian writing (which is very conservative, also for the grammatical endings of verbs etc.) while in Mongolia in the 1940s an extended Cyrillic alphabet was introduced.
		If both Cyrillic and Classical writing are to be enclosed in one common code space, it is only possible at the cost of sharing common letter shapes between Latin and Cyrillic characters.
	omicron.felk.cvut.cz /FAQ/articles/a53.html (4389 words)

	Mongolian Collections - Harvard-Yenching Library - Harvard College Library (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The collection includes the "red copy" of the Mongolian Kanjur printed in Peking in 1724 and a great variety of dictionaries and language manuals for Chinese and Manchu.
		Modern scholarship from Inner Mongolia, as well as Mongolian translations of the Chinese classics, is represented.
		Mongolian language and history are among the course offerings in the Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations.
	hcl.harvard.edu /libraries/harvard-yenching/collections/mongolian.html (186 words)

	Mongolian Unicode Fonts
		The Mongolian encoding, and the processing required to properly render it, are "works in progress".
		In the 1940s the Mongolian script was replaced by Cyrillic in the Soviet Union.
		The Unicode implementation of Mongolian is described in chapter 12 (Additional Modern Scripts) of The Unicode Standard, Version 4.0.
	www.wazu.jp /gallery/Fonts_Mongolian.html (457 words)

	mongolia.neweurasia.net » Mongol Bichig: Could Mongolia Ever Bring Back its Traditional Script?
		Mongolian script actually uses the Uighur script, which at the time fit the sounds of Mongolian very well.
		Now in modern Mongolian those suffixes are written directly on the back of the word, but in Mongol bichig they are seperate, thus complicating it a little bit.
		I’ve fooled around a little with modern and classical Mongolian, and I really like Mongol bichig (which is no harder than the Arabic alphabet and easier in certain respects), but I’m in agreement that if you revived it with classical spellings, it’d be almost impossible to for it to succeed.
	mongolia.neweurasia.net /?p=22 (1669 words)

	Mongolian Grammar - Mongolian Language - Shop Mongolia
		In 1989 she took part-time lessons with a Mongolian teacher in Cambridge's Faculty of Oriental Studies.
		The Mongolian Grammar was completed 1996 under the auspices of the Academy of Sciences with the help of Mr.
		He did research on the structure and system of modern Mongolian at the Institute of Language and Literature of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences.
	www.shopmongolia.com /product_info.php?products_id=45 (417 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The Mongol script (the classical Mongolian script) was adopted about 800 years ago by Genghis Khan's decision.
		The Mongol language belongs to the Mongolian branch of Altaic Family, and it is a alphabetic language.
		However, in 1940’s, Under the Soviet Union’s influence, Mongolia changed their official script to the Cyrillic script.But the classical Mongol script is still used in the Inner Mongolia.
	members.aol.com /yikhmongol/monls.htm (228 words)

	Mongolia Frequently Asked Questions Version 7 (July 7th, 2000)
		W was chosen over v because v serves a slightly different purpose in the transliteration of Classical Mongolian.
		The genealogy of the founders of the Mongolian empires is given here; complete biographies exceed the scope of the FAQ and will be found in the Who is Who part of Infosystem Mongolei.
		The assistance of a Mongolian friend or colleague is invaluable in case language capabilities are overstretched when filling in the Mongolian form, which features, by the way, a question concerning the applicant's Mongolian language skills.
	www.cs.uu.nl /wais/html/na-dir/mongolia-faq.html (13645 words)

	Zhangjiakou - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Zhangjiakou (Traditional Chinese: 張家口; Simplified Chinese: 张家口; pinyin: Zhāngjiākǒu; Mongolian: Чуулалт Хаалга [Čuulalt Haalga]; Classical Mongolian: Qaɣalɣan; Manchu: Imiyangga jase) is a city in Hebei Province, China.
		The city was formerly known as Kalgan; this name is derived from "хаалга" in the Mongolian name, which means "gate" in the Great Wall.
		Zhangjiakou has a population of 4.3 million, and covers 36,947 square kilometers.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Zhangjiakou (298 words)

	Mongolian Language \| Mongoluls.Net
		To be able to read the Mongolian Cyrillic script you will have to download the Mongolian font
		Modern Mongolian as we know it was officially established in 1924 on basis of the Khalkha dialect, when it became the National language.
		In the country Mongolia, there is again a reform planned including the possible ommiting of a few letters to better adapt to the Latin script that dominates modern technology and international communication.
	mongoluls.net /mongolianlanguage (457 words)

	Writing Mongol in Uighur Script
		Uighur Script, also known as Old Script, Mongol Script, Script Mongolian, or Classical Mongolian, is an alphabetic script written vertically from top to bottom with lines progressing from left to right.
		Spellings used in Uighur Script largely reflect the "Middle Mongolian" language spoken in the days of Chinggis Khaan but also contains elements of the "Ancient Mongolian" language spoken before that era.
		These differences are enough that linguists consider Script Mongolian to have a different grammar and thus be a distinct dialect from any form of spoken Mongolian.
	www.viahistoria.com /SilverHorde/research/UighurScript.html (3677 words)

	Mongolian fonts
		At the University of Sofia (Bulgaria), several font zip files containing the Mongolian fonts CMsHuree, CMsUlaanbaatar and CMsUrga, and the Mongolian font family TimesNewRomanMon.
		Great intro page to the 'Phags-pa script, a Brahmic script based on Tibetan that was used for writing Mongolian, Chinese and other languages during the Mongolian Yuan dynasty (1271-1368).
		Although it is no longer used for Mongolian and Chinese, it is still used to a limited extent as a decorative script for writing Tibetan.
	cg.scs.carleton.ca /~luc/mongolian.html (697 words)

	Yamada Language Center: Mongolian WWW Guide
		LinguaMongolia - Classical Mongolian - A website that aims to help people to learn Classical Mongolian.
		Infosystem Mongolei - Mongolian film, texts, language, software, discussions of language representation standards.
		This page is maintained by the Yamada Language Center at the University of Oregon.
	babel.uoregon.edu /yamada/guides/mongolian.html (111 words)

	Mongolian Travel Phrases
		Khalkha Mongolian is used in Mongolia and parts of China, Kyrgyzstan, and Russia.
		Cyrillic fonts for Non-Slavic languages and classical Mongolian fonts in the Gallery of Unicode Fonts
		Classical Mongolian script version complements of A-A Language Services (AALS), an Asian American Media Group, Inc. company, Duluth, Georgia.
	www.travelphrases.info /languages/Mongolian-Khalkha.htm (85 words)

	CEUS U520 0699 INTRODUCTORY CLASSICAL MONGOLIAN I (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Instructor: Gy=94rgy Kara Credits: 3 Description: Introduction to Mongolian written in the vertical alphabet, a written language born eight centuries ago, official in the medieval Mongol Empire, used in historical, literary, and religious works, Buddhist scriptu= res and shamans lore, also applied for modern dialects.
		N. Poppe's Grammar of Written Mongolian and K. Groenbeck's and J. Krueger's Introduction to Classical Mongolian as well as= F.
		Modern Mongol reading of classical texts and vertical script transcription of modern texts also involved.
	www.indiana.edu /~deanfac/blspr97/ceus/ceus_u520_0699.html (114 words)

	Mongolia FAQ: Mongolia - Computing Issues
		Maybe this is the most complete package one can dream of since it supports everything from different writing styles (Ulaanbaatar vs. Inner Mongol typeface) to different alphabets (including Oirat, Phags-ba etc.) Availability: Yes, but with a high price tag in the four-digit USD range.
		One apparently free Cyrillic font package for Mongolian is available from www.magicnet.mn, it is intended for Windows3xx users.
		Daniel Kai's XenoType Technologies' Inner and Outer Mongolian TrueType (and Postscript) fonts for the Mac (as well as Soyombo, Phagspa) in the computer systems for Classical Mongolian.
	userpage.fu-berlin.de /~corff/mfaq-7.html (1468 words)

	[XeTeX] XeTeX and Classical Mongolian (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		There's just one slight problem -- apart from the tedium of tracking the glyphs, as you said.
		In an isolated example like this, the output is the same.
		You will see the difference when mixing snippets of Mongolian with text in other (e.g.
	www.tug.org /mail-archives/xetex/2004-October/001000.html (213 words)

	The Monitor Database - file 2005-186 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Dec 2004] is to assist in the task of learning Classical Mongolian, the literary language of the Mongols, which underwent very few changes from the time of the Mongol Empire to the early part of the twentieth century.
		If you have not studied Mongolian before, then the script tutorials will be the first place to start - here you can learn how to write Mongolian in the Uighur script.
		There are also plans to include a searchable Mongolian dictionary of the classical language.
	coombs.anu.edu.au /WWWVLAsian/database/2005/Monitor2005-186.html (330 words)

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