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Topic: Classical cryptography

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Tabula recta

Affine cipher

Hill cipher

Running key cipher

ADFGVX cipher

History of cryptography

Straddling checkerboard

	Learn more about Cryptography in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Greeks of Classical times are said to have known of cyphers (eg, the scytale transposition cypher claimed to have been used by the Spartan military).
		Cryptography, cryptanalysis, and secret agent betrayal featured in the Babington plot during the reign of Queen Elizabeth I which led to the execution of Mary, Queen of Scots.
		Cryptography, and its misuse, was involved in the plotting which led to the execution of Mata Hari and even more reprehensibly in the travesty which led to Dreyfus' conviction and imprisonment, both in the early 20th century.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /c/cr/cryptography_1.html (4042 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Tabula recta
		In classical cryptography, a permutation cipher is a transposition cipher in which the key is a permutation.
		In classical cryptography, the runnning key cipher is a type of polyalphabetic substitution cipher in which a text, typically from a book, is used to provide a very long key stream.
		In classical cryptography, the trifid cipher is a cipher invented around 1901 by Felix Delastelle, which extends the concept of the bifid cipher to a third dimension, allowing each symbol to be fractionated into 3 elements instead of two.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Tabula-recta (1067 words)

	Cryptography :: Web Articles ::
		Cryptography is also considered a branch of engineering, but it is considered to be an unusual one as it deals with active, intelligent and malevolent opposition (see cryptographic engineering and security engineering).
		In practice, the term cryptography (from the Greek kryptÃ³s, "hidden", and grÃ¡phein, "to write") is often used to refer to the field as a whole; crypto is an informal abbreviation.
		Asymmetric cryptography also provides mechanisms for digital signatures, which are a way to establish with high confidence (under the assumption that the relevant private key has not been compromised in any way) that the message received was sent by the claimed sender.
	www.webarticles.com /Computers/Computer-Science/Cryptography (2271 words)

	Cryptography
		This is the classical problem in cryptology, where we wish to deny a third party knowledge of a message being sent to a another.
		Classical cryptography is often termed secret-key or symmetric cryptography.
		The classical approach to this problem is to employ either a checksum, cyclic redundancy check (CRC) or Forward Error Control (FEC) message, appended to the main body of the message, to provide the recipient with a reliable integrity check on the body of the message.
	www.ausairpower.net /OSR-0798.html (2966 words)

	More on Cryptography
		Secondly, cryptography has come to be in widespread use by many civilians who do not have extraordinary needs for secrecy, although typically it is transparently built into the infrastructure for computing and telecommunications, and users are not aware of it.
		In cryptography, however, the term has a specialised technical meaning: codes are a method for classical cryptography, substituting larger units of text, typically words or phrases (e.g., "apple pie" replaces "attack at dawn").
		Classical ciphers tend to leak varying amounts of information about the statistics of the plaintext, and because of this they are easily broken, for example by frequency analysis.
	www.artilifes.com /cryptography.htm (2389 words)

	How PGP works
		Cryptography is the science of using mathematics to encrypt and decrypt data.
		Public key cryptography is an asymmetric scheme that uses a pair of keys for encryption: a public key, which encrypts data, and a corresponding private, or secret key for decryption.
		Because conventional cryptography was once the only available means for relaying secret information, the expense of secure channels and key distribution relegated its use only to those who could afford it, such as governments and large banks (or small children with secret decoder rings).
	www.pgpi.org /doc/pgpintro (6772 words)

	Classical cryptography : History of cryptography
		The history of cryptography dates back thousands of years, and for the most part, it has been the history of classical cryptography; that is, methods of encryption which can be performed using pen and paper (or perhaps with simple mechanical aids).
		The Greeks of Classical times are said to have known of ciphers (e.g., the scytale transposition cipher claimed to have been used by the Spartan military).
		Herodotus tells us of secret messages physically concealed beneath wax on wooden tablets or as a tattoo on a slave's head concealed by regrown hair, though these are not properly examples of cryptography per se as the message, once known, is directly readable; this is known as steganography.
	www.gogeeky.net /title/history-of-cryptography/classical-cryptography (341 words)

	Cryptography/History of Cryptography - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		The Greeks of Classical times are said to have known of ciphers (eg, the scytale transposition cypher claimed to have been used by the Spartan military).
		Cryptography became (secretly) important still later as a consequence of political competition and religious analysis.
		Cryptography, and its misuse, was involved in the plotting which led to the execution of Mata Hari and even more reprehensibly, if possible, in the travesty which led to Dreyfus' conviction and imprisonment, both in the early 20th century.
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Cryptography:History_of_Cryptography (2330 words)

	Classical cipher - Definition, explanation
		In cryptography, a classical cipher is a type of cipher used historically but which now have fallen, for the most part, into disuse.
		Classical schemes are often susceptible to ciphertext-only attacks, sometimes even without knowledge of the system itself, using tools such as frequency analysis.
		Classical ciphers are often divided into transposition ciphers and substitution ciphers.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/cl/classical_cipher.php (257 words)

	::CryptoGraphy - University of Rhode Island ::
		Cryptography deals with developing cryptosystems, which can be used to covert the messages from unintended readers.
		Since cryptography is used in a wide variety areas including simple e-mail, highly important and secretive military communication, and in e-commerce, there is a lot of gain for cryptanalysts if they break a cryptosystem.
		Cryptography is not only used to safeguard a message in transit but can also be used to safeguard information residing in a computer system.
	homepage.cs.uri.edu /research/cryptography (453 words)

	Quantum Cryptography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The purpose of cryptography is to transmit information in such a way that access to it is restricted entirely to the intended recipient.
		Originally the security of a cryptotext depended on the secrecy of the entire encrypting and decrypting procedures; however, today we use ciphers for which the algorithm for encrypting and decrypting could be revealed to anybody without compromising the security of a particular cryptogram.
		While classical cryptography employs various mathematical techniques to restrict eavesdroppers from learning the contents of encrypted messages, in quantum mechanics the information is protected by the laws of physics.
	cam.qubit.org /articles/intros/crypt.php (1311 words)

	Quantum Information Processing and Cryptography
		The seminars will be aimed at a cross section of the QIP and Cryptography communities and is the first in a number of inter-displinary activities we aim to pursue in the coming years.
		Classical cryptography has developed a great deal since the end of the 70's.
		That means that some classical reductions do not work if the adversary is modeled by a quantum machine even if the underlying computational assumption is resistant to quantum computers.
	www.cs.bris.ac.uk /Research/CryptographySecurity/seminars/salvail.html (747 words)

	Cryptography Seminar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The fundamental object of cryptography is to enable two people to communicate over an insecure channel in such a way that an opponent cannot understand what is being said.
		The frontier of cryptography is a rapidly changing one- to this end we discussed some of the current active research areas in cryptography; for example Pseudo-random Number Generation and Secret Sharing Schemes.
		Cryptography is a broad subject, and it requires knowledge of several areas of mathematics including number theory, groups, rings, fields, linear algebra, probability and information theory.
	www.math.columbia.edu /~pinkham/teaching/seminars/Cryptography.html (212 words)

	Quantum Cryptography
		More generally, classical physics-the theory of macroscopic bodies and phenomena such as paper documents, magnetic tapes and radio signals-allows aR physical properties of an object to be measured without disturbing those properties.
		This "classical" explanation of the EPR effect is somewhat counterintuitive, and indeed all classical explanations of the EPR effect involve some implausible element, such as instantaneous action at a distance.
		The classic example of such discreet decision making is the "dating problem," in which two singles seek a way of making a date if and only if each likes the other, without disclosing any further information.
	dhushara.tripod.com /book/quantcos/aq/qcrypt.htm (6621 words)

	Classical cryptography system uses giant lasers to boost security
		Classical cryptography system uses giant lasers to boost security
		It's been more than 20 years since quantum cryptography systems have been developed, taking over communication security from classical cryptography systems--the kind that used extremely difficult mathematical equations.
		Now, however, scientists Jacob Scheuer and Amnon Yariv have designed a new kind of classical key distribution system using ultra-long lasers that overcomes the practical challenges faced by quantum systems with its realistic simplicity and symmetry.
	www.physorg.com /news80478394.html (1024 words)

	CRYPTOGRAPHY MINI-TUTORIAL.
		In more complex cryptographic models, methods are used to authenticate the identity of the sender, to prevent the attacker from altering the message unbeknownst to the receiver, and to prevent the sender from later denying that he/she sent a particular message on a particular date and time.
		In classical cryptography, the key is exchanged secretly between sender and receiver over secured communication, or through a trusted intermediary.
		In classical, symmetric encryption, the sender and receiver use essentially the same key, or paired keys which are obvious (symmetric) transformations of one another.
	www.netautopsy.org /whatcryp.htm (3037 words)

	CQC Intros: Quantum Computing
		A classical 3-bit register can store exactly one of eight different numbers i.e the register can be in one of the eight possible configurations 000, 001, 010,..., 111, representing the numbers 0 to 7.
		As we have explained, quantum mechanics, far from placing limits on what classical computations can be performed in nature, permits them all, and in addition provides whole new modes of computation, including algorithms that perform tasks (such as perfectly secure public-key cryptography) that no classical computer can perform at all.
		A stronger result (also conjectured but never proved in the classical case), namely that such simulations can always be performed in a time that is at most a polynomial function of the time taken for the physical evolution, has since been proved in the quantum case.
	www.physics.ohio-state.edu /~wilkins/writing/Assign/topics/qc.html (4214 words)

	Comp 3704, Introduction to Cryptography, Winter 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Cryptography has been used for at least two millenia to keep secret even those messages that were intercepted by enemies.
		The contest between developing ever-more complex means to encrypt messages and finding means to decipher those messages has continued since that time, the stakes including the outcome of wars, the exchange of fortunes, and even life itself.
		We'll cover techniques of encryption, decryption and cryptanalysis in classical cryptography, the idea of perfect secrecy, the advanced encryption standard, public-key cryptography, RSA, generating prime numbers, discrete log cryptosystems, and signature schemes.
	www.cs.du.edu /~ftl/courses/3704w03 (1095 words)

	Quantum Cryptography with Entangled Photons: News
		The appeal of quantum cryptography is that its security is based on the laws of nature.
		In contrast to existing classical schemes of Key Distribution, Quantum Key Distribution does not invoke the transport of the key, since it is created at the sender and receiver site immediately.
		Quantum Cryptography at the OEPG 2006- Conference in Graz (Sept 18 - 21).
	www.quantenkryptographie.at (1165 words)

	MagiQ Technologies
		In particular they prevent two things that are taken for granted in classical computers: it is neither possible to determine the state of an unknown quantum system exactly nor to make a perfect copy of it.
		For classical computers no such algorithm is known: finding the factors of, e.g., a thousand-digit number would take much longer than the age of the universe using today's classical computers, while a quantum computer might find them within seconds.
		For example, quantum cryptography had long been claimed to provide unconditional security for the Age Problem, in which two ladies would like to find out who is younger without revealing their ages to each other.
	www.magiqtech.com /products/whatisqip.php (2954 words)

	SSH - Support - Cryptography A-Z - Introduction to Cryptography
		Indeed, cryptography used to be almost exclusively a tool for the military.
		However, in moving into an information society, the value of cryptography in everyday life in such areas as privacy, trust, electronic payments, and access control has become evident.
		In this way, the field of cryptography has broadened from classical encryption techniques into areas such as authentication, data integrity, and non-repudiation of data transfer.
	www.ssh.com /support/cryptography/introduction (203 words)

	Introduction to Cryptography and Data Security - 67594 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Lecture 04 - 01.11.06 - Classical Cryptography II
		Lecture 07 - 13.11.06 - Symmetric Cryptography II
		Lecture 08 - 15.11.06 - Symmetric Cryptography III
	www.cs.huji.ac.il /~security/material.html (581 words)

	Introduction to Computer and Network Security
		Understanding the goals, issues, technologies, algorithms, protocols, systems, and design criteria used in cryptography and data security.
		Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C, Second Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1996.
		Cryptography and Network Security: Principles and Practice, Third Edition, Prentice Hall, 2003.
	www.cs.huji.ac.il /course/2003/security (820 words)

	Lanaki Lesson 1
		Cryptography is the science of writing messages that no one except the intended receiver can read.
		William F. Friedman defines a Cipher message as one produced by applying a method of cryptography to the individual letters of the plain text taken either singly or in groups of constant length.
		Practically every cipher message is the result of the joint application of a General System (or Algorithm) or method of treatment, which is invariable and a Specific Key which is variable, at the will of the correspondents and controls the exact steps followed under the general system.
	www.fortunecity.com /skyscraper/coding/379/lesson1.htm (5213 words)

	Crypto and Security Courses
		Also, UC Davis, ECS 253: Cryptography and Data Security is the graduate course taught by Karl Levitt and Matt Bishop.
		There are two courses at Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Cryptography and Data Security and Advanced Topics in Cryptography and Data Security, taught by Christof Paar.
		There is a Cryptography course at University of Wroclaw, by Miroslaw Kutylowski (in Polish).
	www.avirubin.com /courses.html (1350 words)

	Cryptography Terminology...Encryptoo.com
		The word "Cryptogram" is sometimes used in cryptography in a more general sense, as a synonym for ciphertext.
		Historically, cryptography was split into a dichotomy of codes and ciphers, and coding had its own terminology, analogous to that for ciphers: "encoding, codetext, decoding" and so on.
		Because of this, codes have fallen into disuse in modern cryptography, and ciphers are the dominant paradigm.
	www.encryptoo.com /cryterm.html (493 words)

	Cryptography Software Code in Visual Basic and C
		Using keys in cryptography a brief introduction to keys and passwords in cryptography.
		Using padding in cryptography a 'how to' article decribing everything you need to know about padding with encryption algorithms.
		The Laws of Cryptography: a series of well-explained and informative pages on cryptography and coding and information theory by Neal Wagner, a professor at University of Texas at San Antonio.
	www.di-mgt.com.au /crypto.html (4091 words)

	Bibliography of Quantum Cryptography
		Quantum Cryptography was born in the early seventies when Stephen Wiesner wrote "Conjugate Coding", which unfortunately took more than ten years to see the light of print [1].
		The classic example of such discreet decision making is the "dating problem", in which two people seek a way of making a date if and only if each likes the other, without disclosing any further information.
		Raw quantum cryptography is useless in practice because limited eavesdropping may be undetectable, yet it may leak some information, and errors are to be expected even in the absence of eavesdropping.
	www.cs.mcgill.ca /~crepeau/CRYPTO/Biblio-QC.html (3183 words)

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