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Topic: Classical tests of general relativity

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	Relativity - MSN Encarta
		General relativity theory has been confirmed in a number of ways since it was introduced.
		Yet another phenomenon predicted by general relativity is the time-delay effect, in which signals sent past the sun to a planet or spacecraft on the far side of the sun experience a small delay, when relayed back, compared to the time of return as indicated by classical theory.
		The theory of relativity leads to the possibility that the universe is expanding; this is the most likely theoretical explanation of the experimentally observed fact that the spectral lines of all distant nebulae are shifted to the red; on the other hand the expanding-universe theory also supplies other possible explanations.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558302_2/Relativity.html (1126 words)

	Encyclopedia: General relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In general relativity, phenomena that in classical mechanics are ascribed to the action of the force of gravity (such as freefall, orbital motion, and spacecraft trajectories) are taken in general relativity to represent inertial motion in a curved spacetime.
		General relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics; it is generally held that one of the most important unsolved problems in modern physics is the problem of obtaining a true quantum theory of gravitation.
		General relativity was developed by Einstein in a process that began in 1907 with the publication of an article on the influence of gravity and acceleration on the behavior of light in special relativity.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/General-relativity (9412 words)

	Tests of general relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The modern era of testing general relativity was ushered in largely at the impetus of Dicke (1959, 1962) and Schiff (1960) who laid out a framework for testing general relativity.
		Early tests of general relativity were hampered by the lack of viable competitors to the theory: it was not clear what sorts of tests would distinguish it from its competitors.
		Some physicists think dark energy is an indication of a failure of general relativity on the largest scales, perhaps due to the effect of living on a brane (Dvali, 2000), or due to other corrections to the Einstein field equations.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classical_tests_of_general_relativity (3847 words)

	General relativity - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		General relativity (GR) or general relativity theory (GRT) is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915.
		General relativity's mathematical foundations go back to the axioms of Euclidean geometry and the many attempts over the centuries to prove Euclid's fifth postulate, that parallel lines remain always equidistant, culminating with the realisation by Lobachevsky, Bolyai and Gauss that this axiom need not be true.
		General relativity is distinguished from other theories of gravity by the simplicity of the coupling between matter and curvature, although we still await the unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics and the replacement of the field equation with a deeper quantum law.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /general_relativity.htm (3093 words)

	T
		The first two tests of general relativity were the comparison between prediction and observation for the perihelion advance of the planet Mercury and for the deflection of light near the Sun.
		In general relativity, there is the phenomenon of gravitational time dilation: Roughly speaking, clocks in the vicinity of a mass or other source of gravity run more slowly than clocks which are farther away.
		In the context of general relativity, tritium is of interest as one of the species of light atomic nuclei that formed in the early universe during Big Bang Nucleosynthesis.
	www.einstein-online.info /en/navMeta/dictionary/t/index.html (1635 words)

	Schwarzschild metric - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Einstein's theory of general relativity, the Schwarzschild solution (or the Schwarzschild vacuum) describes the gravitational field outside a spherical, non-rotating mass such as a (non-rotating) star, planet, or fl hole.
		The classical tests are the gravitational redshift, the gravitational deflection of light and the perihelion shift of the planet Mercury.
		However, a greater understanding of general relativity led to the realization that such singularities were a generic feature of the theory and not just an exotic special case.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Schwarzschild_metric (1433 words)

	Classical tests of general relativity - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The classical tests of general relativity are the direct consequences for experimental verification of the theory of general relativity about gravitational interaction.
		relative positions have been determined, each to an accuracy of typically 3 mas (1 mas= 0.001 arcsec; this accuracy is for a 8-9 magnitude star).
		The curvature itself of the path of a photon passing near the Sun, is too small to have an observable delaying effect, but General Relativity predicts a time delay which becomes progessively larger when the photon passes nearer to the Sun.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Classical_tests_of_general_relativity (1103 words)

	[No title]
		In general relativity, the elegance of a flat spacetime and the ability to use a preferred coordinate system are lost (due to stress-energy curving spacetime and the principle of general covariance).
		Early tests of general relativity were hampered by the lack of viable competitors to the theory: it was not clear what sorts of tests would distinguish it from its competitors.
		General relativity was developed by Einstein in a process that began in 1907 with the publication of an article on the influence of gravity and acceleration on the behavior of light in special relativity.
	www.lycos.com /info/general-relativity.html (738 words)

	file_nav_name Encyclopedia Index
		In theoretical physics, a supergravity theory is a field theory combining supersymmetry and general relativity.
		General relativity (GR) is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915.
		Classical test theory is a body of related psychometric theory that predict outcomes of psychological testing such as...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/theory.html (8135 words)

	physics - Classical tests of general relativity
		The classical tests of general relativity are the direct consequences for experimental verification of the theory of general relativity about gravitational interaction.
		relative positions have been determined, each to an accuracy of typically 3 mas (1 mas= 0.001 arcsec; this accuracy is for a 8-9 magnitude star).
		The curvature of the path of a photon passing near the Sun is too small to have an observable delaying effect, but General Relativity predicts a time delay which becomes progessively larger when the photon passes nearer to the Sun.
	www.physicsdaily.com /physics/Classical_tests_of_general_relativity (1095 words)

	General Theory of Relativity
		While the special theory of relativity stated that any object could consider itself to be at rest relative to other objects, the general theory considered objects to be accelerated with respect to each other.
		However, according to the general theory of relativity, neither one of them could tell whether those forces were caused by gravitation or whether they were acceleration forces brought about by applying pressure on the accelerator or brake, or by turning the car sharply to the left or right.
		The general theory of relativity predicts that the world line of a ray of light will be curved in the immediate vicinity of a massive object such as the sun.
	members.tripod.com /david_pennypacker/PhysicsProject/general.html (1250 words)

	Relativity at the centenary (January 2005) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		A central prediction of general relativity is that moving matter generates a gravitational field that is analogous to the magnetic field generated by a moving charge.
		In the past it was customary to speak of the three classical tests proposed by Einstein: the deflection of light by a massive body; the advance of the perihelion of Mercury; and the gravitational redshift of light (although this is actually a test of the Einstein equivalence principle rather than general relativity itself).
		General relativity is one of several "metric" theories in which gravity arises from the geometry of space-time and nothing else.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/18/1/5 (4337 words)

	Relativity
		The general theory of relativity derives its origin from the need to extend the new space and time concepts of the special theory of relativity from the domain of electric and magnetic phenomena to all of physics and, particularly, to the theory of gravitation.
		There were two classical test of general relativity, the first was that light should be deflected by passing close to a massive body.
		The general theory of relativity is constructed so that its results are approximately the same as those of Newton's theories as long as the velocities of all bodies interacting with each other gravitationally are small compared with the speed of light--i.e., as long as the gravitational fields involved are weak.
	zebu.uoregon.edu /~js/21st_century_science/lectures/lec07.html (1833 words)

	Yilmaz Theory of Gravitation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Test particle solutions can be useful approximations but test particle theory cannot be regarded as fundamental because it violates universal N-body symmetries which are required of any sensible theory of gravity.
		Unlike General Relativity, one of the striking features of the new theory is that gravitation is the result of space-time curving in response to a localizable field and it has been shown that this field is the source of the interaction.
		Hook's theory is a test particle theory and assumes that particles moving in the vicinity of a gravitating mass experience an acceleration proportional to the mass of the gravitating body and inversely proportional to the square of the distances between the gravitating body and the test particle.
	members.tripod.com /jdbrown371/newtheory.html (4611 words)

	PHY423B CORE LESSONS & OUTPUT SKILLS, Summer '99 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Establish: (a) the relative orientation of the coordinate axes representing the two frames, (b) the relationship between the scales along the coordinate axes representing the two frames.
		Derive the formulae for the three classical tests of general relativity using the Schwarzschild metric and summarize the observational evidence pertinent to each: (a) gravitational Doppler (or red) shift; (b) anomalous planetary perihelion advance; (c) gravitational deflection of light.
		Summarize the fundamental ideas of general relativity in terms of the field equations, the geodesic equations and the equivalence principle.
	physnet2.pa.msu.edu /home/courses/423B/423Bcorelessons.html (1326 words)

	General Theory of Relativity
		In 1915 Einstein developed the theory of general relativity in which he considered objects accelerated with respect to one another.
		In the theory of special relativity, Einstein had stated that a person in a closed car rolling on an absolutely smooth railroad track could not determine by any conceivable experiment whether he was at rest or in uniform motion.
		Although the time intervals involved are very small, various tests made by means of planetary probes have provided values quite close to those predicted by general relativity.
	www.levity.com /mavericks/general.htm (1301 words)

	The Astrophysics Spectator: The Origin of General Relativity
		General relativity is a modern theory of gravity that is consistent with special relativity.
		Generally this means that we must not only solve how objects move in general relativity, but how the light from those objects reach us.
		encountered in special relativity, where the light moves in a straight line with a fixed frequency; in general relativity, the light from an object moves on a curved path, with both it's frequency and brightness changing.
	www.astrophysicsspectator.com /topics/generalrelativity (1278 words)

	TESTS OF GENERAL RELATIVITY FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The curvature of the path of a photon passing near the Sun is too small to have an observable delaying effect, but general relativity predicts a time delay which becomes progressively larger when the photon passes nearer to the Sun due to the time_dilation in the gravitational_potential of the sun.
		P. Peebles, "Testing general relativity on the scales of cosmology", 2004 arXiv:astro-ph/0410285.
		I. Shapiro, "Fourth test of general relativity", ''Phys.
	www.amysflowershop.com /Tests_of_general_relativity (3794 words)

	General relativity
		General relativity is a theory of gravitation and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed.
		In 1907, two years after proposing the special theory of relativity, Einstein was preparing a review of special relativity when he suddenly wondered how Newtonian gravitation would have to be modified to fit in with special relativity.
		The final steps to the theory of general relativity were taken by Einstein and Hilbert at almost the same time.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/General_relativity.html (1995 words)

	riding4
		It was observed for many years before the advent of general relativity that Mercury's orbit does not form a closed ellipse in a way that could not be explained by the gravitational influence of the other planets (according to Newtonian gravity).
		According to general relativity light (like everything else) simply moves along straight lines in a curved space and so will be effected by gravity in a way that disagrees with Newtonian gravity.
		It is generally assumed, but by no means known, that when the fl hole becomes small enough general relativity breaks down and is no longer true due to quantum mechanical effects.
	home.pacbell.net /stevepur/physics/riding/riding.4.html (2664 words)

	Space Studies Board
		General relativity relates the geometry of space and time to the distribution of matter in the universe.
		However, a qualitatively different test of general relativity theory could be performed by carrying an improved hydrogen maser close to the Sun, where the red shift will be more pronounced since the clock will be deeper in the gravity well.
		General relativity is based on a fundamental principle called the principle of equivalence.
	www7.nationalacademies.org /ssb/21och6.html (2387 words)

	[No title]
		The status of general relativity is decidedly mixed.
		The two-body problem in general relativity can only be handled by means of numerical supercomputer simulations, such as those developed and performed by the cooperation partner AEI (Max-Planck Institute for Gravitational physics in Golm...
		Observations of these objects are difficult, and the interpretation of these observations is heavily dependent upon astrophysics other than general relativity or competing fundamental theories of gravitation, but they are qualitatively consistent with the fl hole concept as modeled in general relativity.
	www.lycos.com /info/general-relativity--gravitation.html (392 words)

	Modern Physics Special Relativity
		Since velocity is relative to what it is comparing, inertial reference frames are points from which momentum (hence, velocity) is measured.
		formulated the very first rule of classical relativity are all probably familiar with it: when two particles are moving in the same direction, the speed of one relative to the other is the difference between their velocities.
		Central to classical theory, is the idea of a medium in which objects or particles can travel in and be exchanged with each other.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004707/sr.php3?Java=No (588 words)

	PROGRAM IN GENERAL RELATIVITY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The sequence normally begins in a Spring term, and currently the first course on general relativity is offered in the Fall term of an odd number year, with the other two courses being offered in successive terms.
		The three relativity courses are intended for doctoral level students in physics interested in doing research in general relativity, but are also of interest to advanced students in theoretical physics and astronomy.
		Basic foundations and principles of general relativity, derivation of the Einstein field equations and their consequences, the linearized theory, the Bel-Petrov classification of the curvature tensors, derivation of the Schwarzschild solution: and the four basic tests of general relativity.
	www.math.nmsu.edu /jdz/generalrelativity.html (399 words)

	Unit 57
		Among the tests are details of the motion of the Moon as the Earth-Moon orbits the Sun, the time delay in light signals passing near the Sun; the motion of binary stars as they produce gravitational radiation, and the apparent existence of fl holes in stellar and galactic systems.
		Among the proposed tests are the actual detection of gravitational radiation from supernovae and the predicted precession of gyroscopes in Earth orbit.
		The General Theory not only predicts a deflection of light as the light passes near a gravitating body, it also predicts that it should take the light longer to pass through the region near the star.
	astro.physics.sc.edu /selfpacedunits/Unit57.html (6116 words)

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