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Topic: Classical unities

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Three Unities

History of theatre

The Comedy of Errors

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William Shakespeare

Elizabethan theatre

Eighteenth century

History of theater

Elizabethan

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	French literature of the 17th century information - Search.com
		French literature of the 17th century spans the reigns of Henry IV of France, the Regency of Marie de Medici, Louis XIII of France, the Regency of Anne of Austria (and the civil war called the Fronde) and the reign of Louis XIV of France.
		The expression "classicism" is also linked to the visual arts and architecture of the period, and most specifically to the construction of the château of Versailles, the crowning achievement of an official program of propaganda and royal glory.
		Finally, Nicolas Boileau-Despréaux became the theorizer of poetic classicism: his "Art poétique" (1674) praised reason and logic (Boileau elevated Malherbe as the first of the rational poets), believability, moral usefulness and moral correctness; it elevated tragedy and the poetic epic as the great genres and recommended imitation of the poets of antiquity.
	www.search.com /reference/French_literature_of_the_17th_century (6459 words)

	Classical antiquity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		For the classical period in music (second half of the 18th century), see classical music era.
		In the 18th and 19th centuries reverence for classical antiquity was much greater in Western Europe and the United States than it is today.
		In philosophy, the efforts of St Thomas Aquinas were derived largely from the thought of Aristotle, despite the intervening change in religion from paganism to Christianity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Classical_antiquity (530 words)

	CLASSICISM FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Classicism is usually contrasted with romanticism; the art of classicism typically seeks to be formal, restrained, and Apollonian (nothing in excess) rather than Dionysiac (excess), in Friedrich_Nietzsche's opposition.
		Classicism in the theatre was developed by 17th_century French playwrights from what they judged to be the rules of Greek classical theatre, including the Classical_unities of time, place and action.
		Unity of action meant that the play should be constructed around a single 'plot-line', such as a tragic love affair or a conflict between honour and duty.
	www.witwib.com /classicism (201 words)

	Classical unities - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The three unities or classical unities are rules for drama derived from Aristotle's Poetics.
		Whether Shakespeare knew the unities, and rejected them by design, or deviated from them by happy ignorance, it is, I think, impossible to decide, and useless to inquire.
		The classical unities were influential in dramatic criticism until Victor Hugo's Ernani (1844); one of the things that made that play controversial at its debut was its violation of these rule of classicism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Three_Unities (681 words)

	Science Fair Projects - The classical unities
		The Three Unities or dramatic unities are descriptions of how plays should be written, according to Aristotle.
		The Unity of Action: All action within the play was to be directed towards a single overarching idea.
		Maintenance of the three unities was particularly important to the classical French dramas of Molière, Racine, and Corneille.
	www.all-science-fair-projects.com /science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/The_classical_unities (670 words)

	Classical music - Uncyclopedia, the content-free encyclopedia
		Classical music is music that conforms to the classical unities of action, place and time.
		There are a few pieces of modern music that break this unity (for example Stockhausen's helicopter quartet), but the only legitimate reason for placing an orchestra on a train has been to demonstrate the Doppler effect, or to locate them in the conductor's natural environment.
		Pieces of music which are long enough to require intervals in their performance (for example, opera) are not deemed classical, but form part of the wider genre of soap opera.
	uncyclopedia.org /wiki/Classical_music (268 words)

	Classical
		Classical education refers to the educational tradition based upon the trivium and quadrivium.
		The word classical is applied to any mode of scientific thought prevalent up to the time of some radical new innovation, or any scientific area of study that has well established roots, typically pre-nineteenth century.
		Classical economics is the school of the first economists starting with Adam Smith.
	articles.gourt.com /en/classical (414 words)

	Classical antiquity
		For the classical period in music (second half of the 18th century), see classical music era.
		In the 18th and 19th centuries reverence for classical antiquity was much greater in Western Europe and the United States than it is today.
		In the French theatre, tragedians such as Molière and Racine wrote plays on mythological or classical historical subjects and subjected them to the strict rules of the classical unities derived from Aristotle's Poetics.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/c/cl/classical_antiquity.html (599 words)

	Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von - MSN Encarta
		The other friendship, which proved to be the most intellectually stimulating experience of his youth, was with the philosopher and literary critic Johann Gottfried von Herder.
		Through Herder's influence Goethe became sceptical of the influence of the principles of French Classicism that largely prevailed in Germany at the time, including those of the three dramatic unities which the French Classical school had adopted from ancient Greek drama.
		Herder also taught Goethe to appreciate the plays of Shakespeare, in which the Classical unities are largely discarded for the sake of direct emotional expression; and to realize the value of German folk poetry and German Gothic architecture as sources of inspiration for German literature.
	uk.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555180/Goethe_Johann_Wolfgang_von.html (1276 words)

	Encyclopedia: Dramatic unities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Drama is a term generally used to refer to a literary form involving parts written for actors to perform.
		Alternative meaning: Nineteenth Century (periodical) (18th century — 19th century — 20th century — more centuries) As a means of recording the passage of time, the 19th century was that century which lasted from 1801-1900 in the sense of the Gregorian calendar.
		Classicism, in the arts, refers generally to a high regard for classical antiquity as setting standards for taste which the classicist seeks to emulate.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Dramatic-unities (1271 words)

	Pierre Corneille
		For the best French drama of the "classical" period in the 17th century is properly characterized, not so much by rules--which are no more than a structural convention--as by emotional concentration on a moral dilemma and on a supreme moment of truth, when leading characters recognize the depth of their involvement in this dilemma.
		Corneille seems to have taken to heart the criticisms levelled at Le Cid, and he wrote nothing for three years (though this time was also taken up with a lawsuit to prevent the creation of a legal office in Rouen on a par with his own).
		The fame of his "classical tetralogy" has tended to obscure the enormous variety of Corneille's other drama, and his contribution to the development of French comedy has not always received its proper due.
	members.tripod.com /versailles4/id55.htm (2679 words)

	Articles - Neoclassicism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		At first, classicizing decor was grafted onto familiar European forms, as in the interiors for Catherine II's lover Count Orlov, designed by an Italian architect with a team of Italian stuccadori: only the isolated oval medallions like cameos and the bas-relief overdoors hint of neoclassicism; the furnishings are fully Italian Rococo (illustration, left).
		Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum, which had started in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly-controlled distribution of Le AntichitÃ di Ercolano.
		The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicizing interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture, turned outside in: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts, now all looking quite bombastic and absurd.
	www.worldhammock.com /articles/Neoclassicism (1233 words)

	Classical unities Online Research :: Information about Classical unities (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The three unities or classical unities are rules for Drama derived from Aristotle 's Poetics.
		He mentions the unity of time, but only to explain the difference between the Epic poetry and Tragedy forms:
		The classical unities were influential in dramatic criticism until Victor Hugo 's Ernani (1844); one of the things that made that play controversial at its debut was its violation of these rule of Classicism.
	in-northcarolina.com /search/Classical_unities.html (673 words)

	History of theater - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The theatre of ancient Rome was heavily influenced by the Greek tradition, and as with many other literary genres Roman dramatists tended to adapt and translate from the Greek.
		It demanded decorum and rigorous adherence to the classical unities.
		Nineteenth century theatre is dominated by the birth of realism and naturalism, which attempts to portray ordinary life onstage.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/History_of_theater (1959 words)

	GradeSaver: ClassicNote: Volpone Study Guide
		Here he is referring to the Classical Unities, three dramatic conventions which derive from Aristotle’s Poetics.
		They are the unity of time, — the play’s action begins and ends within 24 hours — the unity of place, — the play’s action occurs in a single setting or a reasonably confined area — and the unity of action — the play’s action centers around one main conflict or plotline.
		While Jonson saw Aristotle’s Unities as laws, Shakespeare saw them more as guidelines, to be bent or broken at the playwright's discretion.
	www.gradesaver.com /classicnotes/titles/volpone/section4.html (698 words)

	The Unities
		The only Unity that has any reason in it, and that really is observed at all in all dramatic works, is the "Unity of Action." [1] This means, of course, that the interest of the play shall be one throughout.
		In the Elizabethan Drama, especially in Shakespeare, you have a strong unity in many parts, many tides seeking one strait, making the tragic wave which finds resolution at last upon one shore.
		1 Lessing says--"The unity of action was the chief dramatic law of the ancients; the unity of time and place were, so to speak, the natural consequences of it, which perhaps they would not have observed more than was required, had it not been for the introduction of the Chorus.
	www.theatrehistory.com /misc/watt001.html (723 words)

	Pierre Corneille - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Cardinal Richelieu's Académie Française acknowledged the play's success, but determined that it was defective, in part because it did not respect the classical unities.
		He tended to concentrate on classical themes (and was sometimes "copied" by Racine to the latter's advantage), though he did not always respect the classical unities.
		Between 1653 and 1659, he retired from the theatre altogether, to work on translation.
	www.lexington-fayette.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pierre_Corneille (344 words)

	Canadian Conservative Forum - Requested Essay
		The glory of the Classical period was its rediscovery of ancient thinkers and authorities long considered suppressed by medieval Christian Europe, who partly due to the invention of printing had become suddenly available to a broader public.
		This combination of Classical and Christian models (sometime called Christian Platonism by scholars) meant that all should be governed by the good, the beautiful, and the true.
		Rousseau sorrows that ordinary Christianity has destroyed the unity of the state by commanding man to render unto Caesar the things which are Caesar’s and unto God the things which are God’s, thus causing a perpetual rift or split-loyalty between God and society.
	www.conservativeforum.org /EssaysForm.asp?ID=6186 (4342 words)

	Thomson Nelson - English Resource Centre
		Classical unities: The belief of Renaissance critics reading Aristotle's poetics that a well-made plot observes three unities: the action must take place in one day, the action must be limited to a single scene, and the action must stick to one main plot.
		Classicism emerged on the Continent and in England among the humanists of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
		Elegy: In classical Greece, a poem on any serious theme that was written in a couplet form known as elegiac metre; since the Renaissance, used to refer to a lyric that laments a death.
	englishresources.nelson.com /literature/glossary.html (10306 words)

	Read about Three Unities at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Three Unities and learn about Three Unities here! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		neo-classical drama in the 17th century that all Three Unities were actually maintained.
		Maintenance of the three unities was particularly important to the classical French dramas of Molière,
		Samuel Johnson was not free of applying the unities to drama when judging it in his Prefaces to Shakespeare.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Dramatic_unities (496 words)

	FCS 195 - French Culture, From Napoleon to Asterix (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		However, here is an aspect of Classicism which, perhaps, hasn't been emphasized enough: with the rule of the three unities, French Classical tragedy attempted to create a stylized drama that captured a spirit of balance, restraint, and clarity.
		I believe that Classicism should also exsit to avoid chaos in society, because, ironically, it is also in human nautre that people are prone to their own destructibility.
		The Classical perspective filters out all the imperfect things that could ruin their image of perfect, "classical" life; but life isn't perfect, and thus it's not real.
	french.chass.utoronto.ca /cgi-bin/netforum/fcs195/a/15--2.1 (1259 words)

	CORNEILLE, Pierre
		Corneille was born on June 8, 1606, in Rouen, Normandy, the son of a government official.
		Although critics bitterly condemned the play because it did not adhere strictly to the classical rules of construction that require unity of time, place, and action, it was a triumph.
		In them, however, he observed the classical unities.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=206519 (676 words)

	The Sunday Tribune - Spectrum - Literature
		If this, indeed, is the conscious design of the work, the third unity, i.e., the unity of purpose acquires paramount significance and certainly its sustenance poses the greatest challenge for the creative abilities of the novelist.
		It could have very well become a bland academic exercise, but it is salvaged from that horrendous blandness by the fact that the companion-travellers contribute their reflections over the central concern (or even a morbid obsession) of the protagonist without becoming aware that they are performing an act of participation.
		Achieved thus, the unity of purpose is a sure invitation to the doom of the art in repetitive smudge unless the art lies in a dexterous hand.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2002/20021124/spectrum/book6.htm (727 words)

	Three Unities -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The three unities or classical unities are rules for (The literary genre of works intended for the theater) drama derived from (One of the greatest of the ancient Athenian philosophers; pupil of Plato; teacher of Alexander the Great (384-322 BC)) Aristotle's (Study of poetic works) Poetics.
		He mentions the unity of time, but only to explain the difference between the (A long narrative poem telling of a hero's deeds) epic and (Click link for more info and facts about tragic) tragic forms:
		Even (English writer and lexicographer (1709-1784)) Samuel Johnson was not free of applying the unities to drama when judging it in his Prefaces to Shakespeare.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/t/th/three_unities.htm (491 words)

	classical dance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Within ballet, "classical ballet" either refers to the whole art form, i.e., that kind of dancing which is based on the vocabularly of the danse d'ecole which has evolved over the past 200 years, dances which move through the five postions of the feet (and with the appropriate positions of the arms!).
		The classical ballerina's arabesque implies a circle; the romantic ballerina's an oval.
		: Within ballet, "classical ballet" either refers to the whole art form, i.e., that kind of dancing which is based on the vocabularly of the danse d'ecole which has evolved over the past 200 years, dances which move through the five postions of the feet (and with the appropriate positions of the arms!).
	susanwisebauer.com /K8gen14/messages/2250.html (1780 words)

	Classicism and anachronism
		Although it was slow to catch on in England, the influence of classical Greece and Rome continued until the Romantic movement of the early nineteenth century.
		In English Renaissance drama, the great classicist was Ben Jonson, whose work was closely modeled on classical works and precepts; other writers, including Shakespeare*, followed the older, native traditions in art, much as the architects clung to the Gothic style in their buildings.
		The painting here is also interesting in that Cleopatra is pictured in full contemporary dress, rather than the dress of her period, much as the dress on the Elizabethan stage tended to be Elizabethan*.
	ise.uvic.ca /Library/SLT/literature/classicism.html (295 words)

	Tragedy
		Many critics and playwrights, such as Ben Jonson, insisted on observing the classical unities of action, time and place (the action should be one whole and take place in one day and in one place).
		Romantic tragedy disregarded the unities (as in the use of subplots), mixed tragedy and comedy, and emphasized action, spectacle, and--increasingly--sensation.
		Shakespeare violated the the unities in these ways and also in mixing poetry and prose and using the device of a play-within-a-play, as in Hamlet.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /english/melani/cs6/tragedy.html (722 words)

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