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Topic: Claude Nicholas Ledoux

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		Ledoux’s Ideal City of Chaux was so designed that it provided for the constant surveillance of the worker, a constant evaluation of productivity, and consequently an oppressive, almost paranoid, environment for the worker whose every move was watched.
		Ledoux’s barrier’s were also targets of the Revolution, and on the left you see Lady Liberty Striking through the barrier, leading her cherubs on a cloud of righteousness past the toll gates.
		Ledoux was sympathetic to the Revolution, but his architecture was all done in the name of an oppressive regime and he was arrested in 1794 as an enemy of the Revolution.
	www.arch.ttu.edu /Architecture/Faculty/ellis_c/REVIEW1a.htm (3071 words)

	Claude Nicholas Ledoux - Great Buildings Online
		Claude Ledoux was born in Dormans, France in 1736.
		Ledoux' dramatic style owes much to the fact that he never visited Rome.
		Although much of Ledoux's architecture is quite practical and functional, the "visionary" aspects of his work are better known.
	www.greatbuildings.com /architects/Claude_Nicholas_Ledoux.html (223 words)

	Neoclassical architecture and the influence of antiquity
		Claude Nicholas Ledoux was a revolutionary architect, especially in his approach to the architectural ideal made through geometry.
		Ledoux was no mere copyist even when he applied conventional details.
		In James Stuart and Nicholas Revett's first volume of Antiquity of Athens (1762), they included illustrations of both the major buildings of the Acropolis and the smaller, minor buildings in the city of Athens.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Arts/Architec/TheAgeofRevivals/Neoclassicalarchitecture/Neoclassicalarchitecture.htm (2336 words)

	Page Title
		Claude Nicholas Ledoux was engaged in the work of providing Paris with a perimeter wall and series of customs posts which gave him the chance to explore his ideas of extremely simplified Classicism.
		We have no record of further visits to Paris by James Playfair but it is has been suggested he revisited the city on his way to or from Rome in 1792 or on his further visit in 1793.
		Ledoux in spite of his connections with the aristocracy and hated tax gathers survived.
	members.aol.com /archdoric/page14.html (276 words)

	Untitled Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		In 1764 Ledoux began working for the Department of Water and Forests preparing plans, deciding on repairs, and designing everything from cemeteries and schools to roads and drinking fountains.
		His position as one of the most fashionable architects of the time was confirmed when he was chosen to design a theater and a pavilion for two of Paris's most celebrated courtesans, the dancer Mademoiselle Guimard and Madame du Barry, the favorite of the aging French king Louis XV.
		In the mid-1780s, Ledoux designed a new wall around the city of Paris with over fifty customs posts, most of which were destroyed during the French Revolution.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /sbe/History2/ledoux.html (214 words)

	Tanya Bonakdar Gallery: Past and future exhibitions
		The amorphous indentations of a soccer ball bladder, or an irregular sheet of polystyrene foam take on the poetic structural randomness of the universe, a universe whose immensity is described by the diminutive scale and ultra-delicate nature of the work set with the much larger architectural spaces.
		Both architects contributed extensively to the thinking of theater buildings at a time when theater as a whole was seen to influence society in a particularly new and revolutionary way.
		Ledoux sought to desolve certain conventional barriers in theater design, bringing the stage forward and curving the seating into an almost semi-circle.
	www.artnet.com /galleries/exhibitions.asp?gid=173885&cid=57783 (588 words)

	Great Buildings Online - Master Buildings List 990905
		Easton Neston, by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at Northamptonshire, England, 1695 to 1710.
		George-in-the-East, by Nicholas Hawksmoor, at Wapping, Stepney, England, 1714 to 1729.
		Nicholas Cole Abbey, by Sir Christopher Wren, at London, England, 1671 to 1681.
	www.designlaboratory.com /research/dil/gbc/gbclist.html (10336 words)

	Architecture - Printer-friendly - ninemsn Encarta
		In France, the imperial cult of Napoleon steered architecture in a more Roman direction, as seen in the church of La Madeleine (1807-1842), a huge Roman temple in Paris.
		French architectural thought had been jolted at the turn of the century by the highly imaginative published projects of Étienne-Louis Boullée and Claude Nicholas Ledoux.
		These men were inspired by the massive aspects of Egyptian and Roman work, but their monumental (and often impractical) compositions were innovative, and they are admired today as visionary architects.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761578082___43/Architecture.html (1972 words)

	Encyclopedia
		Extolling the “noble simplicity and calm grandeur” of Greco-Roman art, the German art historian Johann Winckelmann urged artists to study and “imitate” its timeless, ideal forms.
		After Napoleon became emperor in 1804, his official architects Charles Percier (1764–1838) and Pierre François Léonard Fontaine (1762–1853) worked to realize his wish to remake Paris into the foremost capital of Europe by adopting the intimidating opulence of Roman imperial architecture.
		The Empire style in architecture is epitomized by such mammoth public works as the triumphal arches at the Carrousel du Louvre and the Champs Elysées (both 1860)—far different in spirit from the visionary work of Ledoux.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ne025100.a#FWNE.fw..ne025100.a (1564 words)

	THESE BUILDINGS ARE RATED X - New York Times
		Some works were actually executed by the so-called revolutionary architects (who were active well before the upheaval and would be little patronized by the new regime), but far more memorable have been their unbuilt, and perhaps unbuildable, visionary projects.
		Whereas Boullee and Ledoux moved toward a cosmic perspective, Lequeu became ever more inward-turning, giving his works an obsessive quality far different from the impersonal detachment attained by his older arch-rivals.
		Lequeu was one of the oddest men in the history of architecture, a profession that has attracted more than its share of egotists, poseurs and eccentrics.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEFDD1E3EF931A25757C0A961948260 (542 words)

	Architecture of France - Great Buildings Online
		Hotel de Montmorency, by Claude Nicholas Ledoux, at Paris, France, 1769.
		House near Besancon, by Claude Nicholas Ledoux, at Besancon, France, 1775 to 1779.
		Theater at Besancon, by Claude Nicholas Ledoux, at Besancon, France, 1775.
	www.architecturefrance.com (819 words)

	Interfrance - City of Dole
		Along the bank of the canal the birth place of Pasteur has been turned into a museum containing three sections: an intimate interior, a reconstitution of a tannery workshop (his father was a tanner), and a scientific exhibition illustrating the relevance of Pasteur's work to current research.
		The Royal Saltworks of the 18th Century is an example of Claude Nicholas Ledoux's neoclassical and unique industrial architecture.
		Part of the buildings now houses a cultural center, the Foundation Claude Nicolas Ledoux, which organizes a number of events.
	www.interfrance.com /en/fc/ju_dole.html (522 words)

	ARTKids - ARTAges Pre-Modern Age
		In France from about 1771 to about 1790, Claude-Nicholas Ledoux designed structures that are exemplars of the early phase of neoclassical architecture.
		The most conspicuous characteristic of Impressionism was an attempt to accurately and objectively record visual reality in terms of transient effects of light and color.
		The principal Impressionist painters were Claude Monet, Pierre Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, Alfred Sisley, Berthe Morisot, Armand Guillaumin, and Frederic Bazille, who worked together, influenced each other, and exhibited together and independently.
	www.artfaces.com /artkids/premodern.htm (1157 words)

	Architects To Admire - Wired New York Forum
		Ledoux lived at the time of the French Revolution.
		Most were destroyed by popular action, while Ledoux narrowly escaped the guillotine.
		Nicholas Hawksmoor and John Vanbrugh: together and individually raised classicism to dizzying expressionistic heights at Castle Howard, Blenheim Palace, Seaton Delaval, various churches and even the façade of Westminster Abbey (that we all think of as medieval).
	www.wirednewyork.com /forum/showthread.php?p=35645 (1868 words)

	Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		The Palace of Versailles became the center of government and was continuously enlarged between 1667 and 1710.
		French architectural thought had been jolted at the turn of the century by the highly imaginative published projects of Étienne Louis Boullée (1728–99) and Claude Nicholas Ledoux (1736–1806).
		They were inspired by the massive aspects of Egyptian and Roman work, but their monumental (and often impractical) compositions were innovative, and they are admired today as visionary architects.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..ar134300.a#FWNE.fw..ar134300.a (11210 words)

	Scholars debate architecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		He is co-editor of the new series CHORA: Intervals in the Philosophy of Architecture, which explores the fundamental questions concerning the practice of architecture and examines its potential.
		Vidler, who is also the Michael A. McCarthy Professor of Architectural Theory, is a specialist in the architecture of Enlightenment, an authority on the work of Claude Nicholas Ledoux and a critic of 20th century architecture and theory.
		He is an award-winning author and a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
	www.news.cornell.edu /chronicle/98/3.26.98/arch_lect.html (499 words)

	Religious Architecture
		In that feature, St. Michael's recalls churches of Sir Nicholas Hawksmoor, such as St. Alfege's, Greenwich (1713-18), rather than St. Martin's, which has arches on columns supporting the ceiling (and which provided the model for the interior of the third St. Philip's, as noted above).
		There had been little interest in Greek architecture, since the Italian Renaissance chauvinistically based its architecture on Roman models which were considered superior to their Greek prototypes.
		The architects of the academic Greek Revival movement sought to design modern buildings using authentic Greek elements of design, gleaned from the study of prototypes in Greece and the eastern Mediterranean.
	www.cr.nps.gov /nr/travel/Charleston/architecture.htm (3424 words)

	The Phantasmagorical Grid - Museums - The University of Sydney
		Since graduating from SCA in the mid 1980's, he has produced a body of work that explores the themes of cultural identity and the urban landscape.
		In this exhibition Trendall's new works are inspired by the theories and prints of Piranesi (1720 - 1778) and those of French architect Claude Nicholas Ledoux (1736 - 1806).
		The designs of Piranesi and Ledoux are a defining influence on Trendall's research into cultural theory and architectural modernism.
	www.usyd.edu.au /museums/whatson/exhibitions/phantasmagorical.shtml (557 words)

	Cornell News: Daniel Libeskind lecture
		His latest book, Architectural Representation and the Perspective Hinge (MIT Press, 1997), is on the history and theory of modern European architectural representation, with special reference to the role of projection in architectural design.
		Dean Anthony Vidler, the Michael A. McCarthy Professor of Architectural Theory at Cornell, is a specialist in the architecture of Enlightenment, an authority on the work of Claude Nicholas Ledoux and an astute critic of 20th century architecture and theory.
		He is also the author of The Writing of the Walls: Architectural Theory in the Late Enlightenment (PAP Press, 1987) and The Architectural Uncanny: Essays in the Modern Unhomely (MIT Press, 1992).
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/March98/Preston_Thomas.dg.html (628 words)

	National Register Listings in Maryland (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Between the second and third buttresses along the west side is an arched passageway 16' wide through the viaduct to provide for a wagon road.
		Between the buttresses and in the spandrels on either side of the arch are shallow recessed stone panels which give the bridge a restrained severity reminiscent of the designs of Sir John Soane of Claude Nicholas Ledoux.
		Significance: Originally built to carry the tracks of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, the bridge has survived changes effected by modern technology.
	www.marylandhistoricaltrust.net /NR/NRDetail.asp?HDID=78 (246 words)

	Ian Kiaer - Articles - The Saatchi Gallery
		On paper, British sculptor Ian Kiaer threatens to fall into this category, so it is a pleasant surprise when he emerges from the library with his own sensibilities not just intact but strengthened.
		"Endless Theatre Project," Kiaer's US solo debut, is inspired by the architectural theories of Claude-Nicholas Ledoux and Frederick Kiesler, specifically their radical ideas about theater design.
		Both men wanted to bring the audience closer to the stage and make every aspect of a production visible to all.
	www.saatchi-gallery.co.uk /artists/ian_kiaer_articles.htm (284 words)

	Kevin Roche Biography
		His design for the College Life Insurance Company (1967-1971) is a complex of identically designed blue-glassed pyramidal forms located on a rural site in Indiana at the intersection of two highways.
		These three 11-story tapered towers are composed on a monumental scale reminiscent of the visionary designs of the 18th-century French architect Claude Nicholas Ledoux.
		The simplicity and monumental scale of the pyramids make them visually effective for a person driving by in an automobile at 55 miles per hour.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/kevin-roche (1000 words)

	template
		For numerous instances of the relationship in myth between the sun and the eye see Huxley, 14-16, 21, 38.
		One recalls Claude-Nicholas Ledoux's illustration Coup d'Oeil due Théâtre de Besançon, interior of the theater of Besançon depicted within an eye, from Architecture (1804).
		Interestingly, this egg recalls the Philosophic Egg described by Caesarius as: "like to the sphere of the moon, but furnished on all sides with eyes," while the mystic Jacob Boehme called it "the fiery Eye and form of the soul in the likeness of the First Principle" (cited in Huxley's The Eye, 68).
	www.uturn.org /Easteregg (4422 words)

	MIT Architecture: 4.640 Spring 2006
		Did Adam Smith’s theories of political economy have any relationship to the theories of aesthetics and the sublime of his day?
		Can the toll-gates that Claude Nicholas Ledoux designed for the Fermier Généraux be seen as an intrinsic part and parcel of the theories of physiocracy then current in the French monarchy?
		Can John Ruskin’s theories of the subject be placed alongside the concurrent nascence of “marginalist”, neoclassical theories of William Stanley Jevons and Alfred Marshall?
	architecture.mit.edu /subjects/sp06/4640.html (342 words)

	Modern Architectural Theory - Cambridge University Press
		James Stuart and Nicholas Revett, view of the Parthenon • 26
		In 1656, Blaise Pascal, in his seventh Provincial Letter, used théorie entirely in the modern sense, that is, to refer to the opposite of practice.
		More importantly, Claude Perrault, in his 1673 translation of Vitruvius, chose théorie for the Latin ratiocinatio.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521793068&ss=fro (2898 words)

	HNRS 222: BUILDING A BETTER WORLD: ARCHITECTURE AS SOCIAL REFORM IN THE MODERN AGE
		Others advocated complete retreat from the city, constructing utopian settlements as a means of building a better world.
		Architects and planners, including Claude-Nicholas Ledoux, Andrew Jackson Downing, Frederick Law Olmstead, Ernest Flagg, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Le Corbusier, embraced the idea that their work, the design of the built environment, had important consequences for society at large.
		This environmentalist thinking has had an enormous effect, both on the shaping of our landscape and the modern perception of social relations.
	www.denison.edu /honors/seminars/hnrs222a.html (352 words)

	Louveciennes Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Jean Cayeux, "Le Pavillion Du Barry à Louveciennes et son architecte C.N. Ledoux, La Revue de l'art, June 1935
		Claude Nicholas Ledoux, Architecture de C.N. Ledoux, Princeton Architectural Press, 1983
		Ledoux et Paris, Guide de l'Exposition, Ville de Paris, 1979
	world.std.com /~hmfh/dbsourc.htm (166 words)

	seminar 1
		Ordonnance for the five kinds of columns after the method of the ancients / Claude Perrault
		Athenian Stuart : pioneer of the Greek revival
		Oversize NA1116.W4 Visionary architects : Boullée, Ledoux, Lequeu
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /sbe/History2/seminar910.html (400 words)

	Château Du Barry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		Enlarged by the architect Gabriel 1769-1771, who added the western wings
		The Pavillon de Musique built on the adjacent property in 1771 by the architect Claude-Nicholas Ledoux to serve as entertainment annex
		Madame Du Barry arrested here in 1793 on orders of the Revolutionary court
	world.std.com /~hmfh/chdub1e.htm (116 words)

	Chapter Excerpt: The Architecture of Philip Johnson by Hilary Lewis, Philip Johnson and Richard Payne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-02)
		What a thrill to drive through the streets of New York and find this relief from the square plan of the normal office tower.
		The Gerald D. Hines College of Architecture at the University of Houston was the only building in my career that I unashamedly copied from another architect, Claude-Nicholas Ledoux, an eighteenth-century French genius.
		I changed a few little things along the way.
	www.twbookmark.com /books/11/0821227882/chapter_excerpt15844.html (534 words)

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