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	Encyclopedia: Claudette Colvin
		Colvin was also very dark-skinned, which put her at the bottom of the social pile within the fl community - in the pigmentocracy of the South at the time, and even today, while whites discriminated against fls on grounds of skin colour, the fl community discriminated against each other in terms of skin shade.
		"Claudette Who?" is about Claudette Colvin, a 15-year girl from Montgomery, Alabama who was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on the bus to a white man in March, 1955.
		"Claudette Colvin refused to give up her seat on the bus to a white man and the police came and took her away and her life was ruined," says Jasper Hanson, one of the Hartford filmmakers.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Claudette-Colvin (1186 words)

	Claudette Colvin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Claudette Colvin (born 1940) is a fl woman from Alabama.
		On March 2, 1955, she boarded a public bus and, shortly thereafter, refused to give up her seat to a white man. Colvin was handcuffed, arrested, and forcibly removed from the bus.
		A number of fl leaders, including Parks, raised money for Colvin's defense, which at the time was felt would be a good case to take to the Supreme Court as part of a broader effort to overturn segregation laws.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Claudette_Colvin (411 words)

	Civil rights asterisk gets star treatment \| ajc.com
		MONTGOMERY — Claudette Colvin, her fingers draped over the handle of a cane, watched intently as an actress captured the deepest irony of her life in one simple statement.
		Colvin was handcuffed and taken to the city jail, where she was charged with disorderly conduct, violating the segregation ordinance and assault and battery, presumably because she clawed the officers with her long fingernails.
		Colvin used to spend the night at her house and once served as a mannequin for a wedding dress the seamstress was making.
	www.ajc.com /news/content/news/stories/0205/06colvin.html (1498 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Columnists \| She would not be moved
		Colvin was also very dark-skinned, which put her at the bottom of the social pile within the fl community - in the pigmentocracy of the South at the time, and even today, while whites discriminated against fls on grounds of skin colour, the fl community discriminated against each other in terms of skin shade.
		Everyone, including Colvin, agreed that it was news of her pregnancy that ultimately persuaded the local fl hierarchy to abandon her as a cause célèbre.
		For Colvin, the entire episode was traumatic: "Nowadays, you'd call it statutory rape, but back then it was just the kind of thing that happened," she says, describing the conditions under which she conceived.
	www.guardian.co.uk /Columnists/Column/0,5673,411950,00.html (4118 words)

	Not Too Late To Change The Name
		Claudette had been seated in the filled fl section of the bus, but when the seats in the front were occupied, the driver asked the first row of fls to give up their seats and stand.
		Claudette stayed where she was, and no white took the vacant seat next to her.
		This page says Claudette Colvin was also not as good a rallying point because she was dark-skinned.
	www.englishmajor.com /archives/2004_02_01_archive.html (939 words)

	montgomeryadvertiser.com :: Claudette Colvin: Living link to boycott honors Parks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Colvin, 15 years old at the time, had just gotten out of school and she and friends were going to catch the bus.
		Colvin also sought to dispel a myth that she was pregnant at the time of her arrest.
		Colvin also reflected on good times with Parks, once helping her with her sewing by being a model for a wedding dress Parks was making.
	www.montgomeryadvertiser.com /apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20051103/NEWS/511030356/1001 (826 words)

	.: Print Version :.
		Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Claudette Colvin and Mary Louise Smith, eventually became plaintiffs in a legal action challenging Montgomery's segregated public transportation system, in a case is known as Browder V. Gayle.
		Colvin was active in the National Association for the Advancmemt of Colored People's Youth Council, and received advice from another NAACP member - none other than Rosa Parks.
		Claudette Colvin later reemerged when, two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, attorneys Gray, Nixon and Clifford Durr searched for the ideal case to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of city and state bus segregation laws.
	www.ridgecrestca.com /articles/2004/02/18/news/local_news/news02.prt (856 words)

	UWM News Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Six months after Colvin's arrest, Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man, launching the Civil Rights movement and becoming famous.
		Classmates Eddy Burch, Alonzo Dorsey, Romone McKnuckles and Earnest Bolden, Jr.
		Colvin's courage inspired the Hartford students who made the film.
	www.uwm.edu /News/PR/02.03/filmfest.html (563 words)

	WTVI42 - Features - Before Rosa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Colvin was jailed nine months prior to Parks' arrest, but her role remained largely unrecognized.
		Colvin's teachers asked her to "really think of who you were every day," Makeba said.
		When Colvin was told to give her seat up to a white person, the questions she had asked herself about who she was, and what it meant to be an American citizen came full circle in that moment.
	www.wtvi.org /homedetail.asp?ID=1647 (808 words)

	Browder v. Gayle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		About two months after the bus boycott began, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old's case was re-considered by fl legal leaders.
		Attorneys Fred Gray, E.D. Nixon and Clifford Durr (a white lawyer and his wife, Virginia, who were activists in the civil rights movement) searched for the ideal case law to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of Montgomery and Alabama bus segregation laws.
		Gray approached Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald, Claudette Colvin and Mary Louise Smith, all women who had been mistreated by the Montgomery bus system.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Browder_v._Gayle (373 words)

	Montgomery Bus Boycott (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		However, her case was not pursued by the NAACP as one of the charges against Colvin was assault.
		It was Colvin’s case in Browder v Gayle that was to end up in a federal court in February 1956 and it was around this case that the Supreme Court declared bus segregation unconstitutional in December 1956.
		Rosa Parks had been a life-long worker for the NAACP and she had taken a special interest in the Claudette Colvin case.
	www.historylearningsite.co.uk /montgomery_bus_boycott.htm (1445 words)

	WTVI42 - Features - Before Rosa (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		After refusing to give up her seat to a White man, Colvin was handcuffed, arrested and forcibly removed from the bus, as she screamed that her Constitutional rights were being violated.
		Colvin was active in the NAACP's Youth Council and was advised by none other than Rosa Parks.
		Claudette Colvin reemerged when, two months after the Montgomery Bus Boycott began, attorneys Gray, Nixon and Clifford Durr searched for the ideal case to challenge the constitutional legitimacy of city and state bus segregation laws.
	www.wtvi.org /homedetail.asp?ID=1651 (656 words)

	Unsung bus boycott heroine cited 50 years later (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Gray said Colvin was coming home from school on March 2, 1955, when she got on a Capital Heights bus downtown at the same place Parks boarded another bus months later.
		Colvin was sitting about two seats from the emergency exit when four whites boarded and the driver ordered her, along with three other fls, to get up.
		Nearly a year later, on Feb. 1, 1956, Colvin was one of four fl women who served as plaintiffs in a federal court suit, known as Browder vs. Gail, that became the legal vehicle when the U.S. Supreme Court declared bus segregation unconstitutional in December 1956.
	www.decaturdaily.com /decaturdaily/news/050206/bus.shtml (1037 words)

	Cannuckistan Chronicles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		What Colvin has admitted is screaming again and again, “It’s my constitutional right.” She had paid her bus fare.
		Colvin was charged with misconduct, resisting arrest and violating city and state segregation laws.
		The police, who took her to the city hall and then jail, also accused the teenager of spewing curse words, which Colvin denied, saying that in fact the obscenities were leveled at her (“The intimidation, the ridicule,” she often says now).
	nomoresocialism.blogspot.com /2005/10/rosa-parks-was-pawn.html (880 words)

	Claudette Colvin: bio and encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Claudette Colvin (born 1940) is a fl woman (An adult female person (as opposed to a man)) from Alabama (A state in the southeastern United States on the Gulf of Mexico; one of the Confederate states during the American Civil War).
		On March 2, 1955, she refused to give up her seat on a Montgomery bus (A vehicle carrying many passengers; used for public transport) to a white person (A member of the Caucasoid race), in violation of local law (The collection of rules imposed by authority).
		On May 11, 1956, Colvin testified (additional info and facts about testified) in a Montgomery federal court hearing ((law) a proceeding (usually by a court) where evidence is taken for the purpose of determining an issue of fact and reaching a decision based on that evidence) about her actions on the bus (Browder v.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/C/Cl/Claudette_Colvin.htm (163 words)

	The Cardinal Inquirer - In The Shadow Of Rosa Parks: ‘Unsung Hero’ Of Civil Rights Movement Speaks Out (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Claudette Colvin is chatting with two admirers when a record producer tells her to look at the television.
		Colvin remembers her first job as a sleep-in domestic in New York, how she felt part of the household.
		Colvin says she is not angry with the NAACP for not taking her case.
	inquirer.stanford.edu /Fall2004/vdlt/Unsung.html (1623 words)

	Pro-Youth Pages: Black History Month blind spot
		One day in 1955, Colvin and three other fl women sitting in the middle of a bus were asked to give up their seats to white passengers.
		Colvin was pregnant and unmarried, and they feared that putting her in the spotlight would give fls a bad image.
		Young Claudette Colvin, who displayed the same heroism, the same dignity and courage, is ignored and forgotten.
	www.geocities.com /hatredsucks/blackhistory.html (744 words)

	Claudette Colvin
		Claudette Colvin (born 1940) is an African American from Alabama, who was forced to give up her seat in the bus in 1955 for a white person, which she refused.
		Her arrest and subsequent protests inspired civil rights activist Rosa Parks.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/cl/Claudette_Colvin.html (61 words)

	USATODAY.com - Parks not seated alone in history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The women — Colvin, Aurelia Browder, Susie McDonald and Mary Louise Smith — and Gray will be feted Thursday along with Johnnie Carr, president since 1967 of the Montgomery Improvement Association, which led the boycott.
		When Colvin got on a bus with three friends, she didn't intend to challenge the segregation law, which said fl riders in certain seats had to give those seats to white riders who wanted them.
		Colvin "struggled when they dragged her off the bus and screamed when they put on the handcuffs," according to Parting the Waters, a 1988 account of the civil rights movement by Taylor Branch.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2005-11-28-montgomery-bus-boycott_x.htm (1126 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Colvin, Sir Sidney Colvin, Sir Sidneykōl´vĬn, 1845-1927, English man of letters.
		Colvin wrote several studies on literature and art, including Early Engraving and Engravers i...
		Colbert, Claudette Colbert, Claudetteklōdĕt´ kôlbĕr´, 1903-96, American movie actress, b.
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=Claudette+Colvin (434 words)

	In Focus: Teens: The Forgotten Face of Black History — teenwire.com
		Some activists believed this incident would spark a larger attack on segregated seating, but Colvin's actions were largely lost to history — possibly because the 15-year-old was pregnant and unmarried at the time of her protest.
		Claudette Colvin isn't the only activist teen who's been left out of the early civil rights section of history books.
		While you may not learn about Claudette Colvin or Barbara Johns or the four Greensboro freshmen in history class, it's important to remember these teens and the impact their actions have had on your life.
	www.teenwire.com /infocus/2005/if-20050201p092-rights.php (963 words)

	Claudette Colvin - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		Claudette Colvin - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography
		This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Claudette Colvin contains research on
		Claudette Colvin, See also, External links and 1940 births.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Claudette_Colvin (415 words)

	[No title]
		One man complied, but no one would move for the last holdout, a feisty high school student named Claudette Colvin, who de- fended her right to the seat in language that brought words of disapproval from passengers of both races.
		After the Colvin arrest in Montgomery, Nixon and Durr conferred with Colvin, Colvin's relatives, witnesses from the bus, and Fred Gray, a young Negro lawyer only one year out of school, who moonlighted on weekends as a preacher.
		Colvin herself would not recant, they reported, but she was immature-prone to breakdowns and outbursts of profanity.
	spot.colorado.edu /~wehr/5025B.TXT (22286 words)

	Social Studies School Service Article
		She knows all about Claudette Colvin and the other women who have been arrested for refusing to give up their seats.
		Gray was the same lawyer who had previously agreed to handle Claudette Colvin's case if Nixon had chosen to carry that case forward.
		Nixon and Gray agreed that in Rosa Parks they had a solid citizen around whom the community could rally, and her long activism in the NAACP convinced them that she knew the importance of her case and possessed the courage and commitment the situation would require.
	www.socialstudies.com /c/@10ybJGBs6We9k/Pages/article.html?article@rosaparks (1906 words)

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