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	Internet Ancient History Sourcebook: Rome
		Claudius Claudian: Panegyricus de Sexto Consulatu Honorii Augusti.
		Letters Written by Roman Soldiers, 2 CE [At CSUN[
		Emperor Claudius (10 BCE-54 CE): Letter to the Alexandrians [BM Pap.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/ancient/asbook09.html (3452 words)

	Epistle - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The posthumous value placed on a great man's letters would naturally lead to the production of epistles, which might be written to set forth the views of a person or a school, either genuinely or as forgeries under some eminent name.
		His letter, in terza rima, to Lucy, Countess of Bristol, is one of the finest examples of this form in English literature.
		It is, however, to be noted that Shelley's "Letter to Maria Gisborne" (1820), Keats's "Epistle to Charles Clarke" (1816), and Landor's "To Julius Hare" (1836), in spite of their romantic colouring, are genuine Horatian epistles and of the pure Augustan type.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Epistle (1517 words)

	The Letters of Sidonius Apollinaris - c. 431-c. 489 - In Two Parts - Part One - Translated by O.M. Dalton (1915) - ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Even when the treasonable letter was produced, Sidonius may have hoped against hope that it was not a genuine document, but had been supplied to the accusers by more unscrupulous enemies xxxii of the fallen prefect.
		Many allusions in the Letters will be more intelligible if a few words are said in the present place on the general conditions obtaining in Gaul when Sidonius wrote, with especial reference to the classes from which his correspondents were drawn.
		Letters and manuscripts were written upon parchment or paper; the words membrana, papyrus, and charta are all employed, the two latter being synonymous.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /sidonius01.htm (21229 words)

	Dahesh Museum of Art: College Art Association 2005 - Waterhouse (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Claudian does not emphasize the withering of vegetation, and the DRP closes, unsatisfyingly, with Demeter unaware of her daughter's precise fate.
		Claudian alludes to the procession of initiates to Demeter's shrine at Eleusis, and to the impression made upon them as they stand in the dark watching light emerge from the torch-lit interior.
		Claudian's preface compares the progress of the world's first mariner to that of the poet—a double for Claudian himself--who gradually advances from less ambitious enterprises to a final culmination, embodied by the DRP.
	www.daheshmuseum.org /about/news/jww_peter_talk.html (1773 words)

	Claudian letters - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Claudian letters were developed by, and named after, the Roman Emperor Claudius (reigned 41–54).
		In time, the letter Y was added to the Latin alphabet, filling the role of the broken "H" which Claudius had promulgated.
		Besides this he [Claudius] invented three new letters and added them to the alphabet, maintaining that they were greatly needed; he published a book on their theory when he was still in private life, and when he became emperor had no difficulty in bringing about their general use.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Claudian_letters (462 words)

	Sidonius Apollinaris, Letters. Tr. O.M. Dalton (1915) pp. xi-clv ; Introduction
		Terence was evidently popular in Gaul; the Letters allude to his characters, and in the passage on the home-education of Apollinaris, Sidonius reads the Hecyra with his son, uncertain which delights him most, the fine style of the author, or the youthful grace and ardour of the boy.
		The enthusiasm for letters which such promotion implies is laudable in itself; but in the time of Roman decadence the reward fell to an artifice which sterilized instead of fertilizing the mind, and drove hearts capable of valiant action into channels of sentimental retrospect.
		The Letters which yield most with least trouble are precisely those in which an eager personal interest in his subject, or the pressure of a busy life, or some unexpected necessity for haste have forced the writer to abandon his preoccupation with style and tell his business in a natural way.
	www.tertullian.org /fathers/sidonius_letters_00_3_intro.htm (20666 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2005.03.01
		She documents how Claudian emphasizes Proserpina's similarity to Orpheus in her first appearance, the mournful reaction to her departure, her mastering of Pluto through words, and the suspension of infernal torments in her presence.
		In "Claudian in der Neuzeit: Geschmackswandel und Übergang von der rhetorischen zur philologischen Betrachtungsweise" (pp.
		Inconsistencies in the abbreviations of Claudian's titles (a typical feature of Claudian scholarship) and a lack of an explanatory table in the volume may confuse the non-expert reader, who is advised to see Cameron 1970: xi-xii.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2005/2005-03-01.html (2952 words)

	The Letters of Sidonius Apollinaris - c. 431-c. 489 - In Two Parts - part Two - Translated by O.M. Dalton (1915) - ...
		By a careful sifting of the Letters and the Poems, 254 modern writers have extracted much material which, classified and co-ordinated, has thrown useful cxxv light on one of the darkest periods of history; on many points, Sidonius is the sole source of information.
		255 The Letters which yield most with least trouble are precisely those in which an eager personal interest in his subject, or the pressure of a busy life, or some unexpected necessity for haste have forced the writer to abandon his preoccupation with style and tell his business in a natural way.
		A large number of the Letters illustrate his anxiety for the health and prosperity of those for whom he felt regard, or his sympathy with them in their misfortunes.
	evans-experientialism.freewebspace.com /sidonius02.htm (18660 words)

	This paper considers the long-neglected verse epistles of Claudius Claudianus in the context of contemporary literary ...
		This paper examines epistolarity in Claudian's carmina minora in the context of late antique Latin epistolography.
		The study of epistolarity is a natural field for scholars of late antiquity, which witnessed a renaissance of secular prose epistolography (Ausonius, Symmachus, Sidonius) and, of course, the maturation of Christian letter writing (Paulinus, Jerome, Ambrose, Augustine).
		The Deprecatio ad Hadrianum, the only of Claudian's epistles written in hexameter, pleads with a powerful figure to relent from his anger; frequent allusions to Ovid's exile poetry, however, suggest that the poem's dire, hyperbolic rhetoric masks a request for a ceasefire in a literary battle between friends.
	www.apaclassics.org /AnnualMeeting/05mtg/abstracts/mulligan.html (368 words)

	epidoc tei (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Letters that can be plainly read, but that cannot with certainty be identified as part of a known word or word fragment
		Letters so damaged that the reading cannot be certain outside the context of the inscription (i.e., a reader would not recognize the characters as such without the context of surrounding characters)
		Letters erased in antiquity that cannot be read or supplied, the number of which is either certain, less certain, or wholly uncertain
	asgle.classics.unc.edu /review/epidoc.htm (1299 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sidonius
		His defects are atoned for by powerful descriptions (sketches of barbarian races, landscapes, details of court intrigues) noticeable particularly in his letters, in the composition of which he took as models Symmachus and Pliny the Younger.
		Most of them are genuine letters, only somewhat retouched before their insertion in the collection.
		They abound more in mannerisms than the poems and contain also many archaic words and expressions borrowed from every period of the Latin language; he is very diffuse and runs to antithesis and plays upon words.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13778a.htm (589 words)

	Marston MS 45
		Contains all 14 letters of the correspondence, reversing the order of letters 11 and 12 as printed in Haase's text but otherwise corresponding closely to the text of his edition.
		Purporting to contain 89 letters, the text begins with the first and ends with the complete text of the 85th letter, the 48th letter being divided into two letters at 48.6 on f.
		As noted by Reynolds, this division of letter 48 is shared by all the older manuscripts.
	webtext.library.yale.edu /beinflat/pre1600.MARS045.htm (1220 words)

	A Traveller's Letters Home
		Don't fret because I write you so many letters, it is such a pleasure to tell out my joy." Every day his dear messages came to me, except, of course, when a long railway journey intervened;—and, sometimes, as an unexpected gladness, he would post two in one day, that I might be comforted concerning him.
		I have said that the letters were "illustrated," but I think illuminated would be a better word to use; for, looking at them after these many years, with overflowing eyes, the little sketches seem to bear a rainbow light within them, and to sparkle with colors which only a devoted love could have blended.
		The letters themselves are not set forth as examples of elegant style or well-rounded periods, or even of graceful phraseology; they are simply a loving husband's daily notes, to his sick wife, a record of his journeyings gladly and faithfully persevered in with the sole object of pleasing her, and relieving her sorrowful loneliness.
	www.spurgeon.org /misc/abio73.htm (7356 words)

	Companion: Claudia Piste
		Claudia Piste, a much loved wife, was memorialized by her husband with this handsome marble tombstone inscribed with a touching poem written in his name.
		The tombstone is sizeable, with extensive carving in elegantly formed letters decorated in red paint that is still visible (the graceful serifs suggest a date for the stone between 1st-2nd century CE).
		Piste's age at death or the length of their marriage is referred to ambiguously in line 9 of the poem.
	www.cnr.edu /home/sas/araia/claudiapiste.html (354 words)

	J.J. O'Donnell, "The Career of Virius Nicomachus Flavianus"
		All ninetyone letters of the second book of his correspondence (about a tenth of the total collection) are addressed to the elder Flavianus, but many cannot be dated at all.
		The letter which thanks Rufinus for the news of Flavianus' promotion to prefect includes, as quoted above, the remark that Rufinus had previously been the source of the news of Flavianus' promotion to quaestor.
		[[60]] In the ninetyone letters to him in Symmachus' collection I count only thirteen allusions, however remote, to the ancient religion; most of these are of the "I am recovering from illness with the help of the gods" variety.
	www.georgetown.edu /faculty/jod/texts/flavianus.html (4631 words)

	CLST 277: The World of Late Antiquity: Final Exam Study Guide
		Claudian, Panegyric for the Sixth Consulate of Honorius
		Mamertinus and Claudian both present heroic portraits of emperors (Julian on the one hand, Theodosius and Honorius on the other): compare and contrast their techniques for making their emperors look good.
		Compare and contrast the personification of Rome as she appears in Symmachus's and Ambrose's letters about the Altar of Victory and in Claudian's panegyric for Probinus and Olybrius and epic on the revolt of Gildo.
	orion.it.luc.edu /~jlong1/c277fnrv.htm (842 words)

	ACTA ACCLA - The Countermarks Found on Ancient Roman coins: A Brief Introduction by Richard Baker
		This term concerns the practice of placing test cuts or "punching" incised letters or emblems upon the surface of a coin by merchants and moneychangers to determine whether a coin was pure metal or plated.
		It was struck upon the base metal coinage during the first eight to ten years of Nero's reign when only gold and silver was minted in his name from the mint of Rome.
		These letters were placed upon the bronze issues of various cities in the Roman East, as marks of revaluation during the periods of financial instability in the middle to late second century CE.
	www.accla.org /actaaccla/baker2.html (3306 words)

	Rome - Vol III, Chapter XXX - Notes
		Claudian and Ovid often amuse their fancy by interchanging the metaphors and properties of liquid water, and solid ice.
		Claudian had neither flocks, nor herds, nor vines, nor olives.
		The statue of a poet, far superior to Claudian, should have been erected, during his lifetime, by the men of letters, his countrymen and contemporaries.
	www.cca.org /cm/rome/vol3/note30.html (5122 words)

	sauvage noble: Litterae Claudianae
		Tensor has a nice post on Claudian proposed graphemes (picked up by King Alfred) that never made it into the Roman alphabet.
		However, the scholar-emperor may have been aiming for the audiovisual unity of the ⟨P⟩’s curve and the lunate sigma’s shape and phonological value.
		More importantly, he was attuned to phonetic distinctions: /u, w/ were different enough to warrant different letters, as were native /i/ and Greek /y/.
	caelestis.info /sauvagenoble/2005/11/litterae-claudianae.html (591 words)

	Book Review: Nero's Heirs
		Still in exile, by now self-imposed, he tries to compose his recollections of the fateful year for Tacitus, and is confronted with his personal memories of those months.
		The story alternates between letters to Tacitus and recollections, not fit for the eyes of Tacitus, often painfully relived.
		Living with his impoverished Claudian mother in Rome, the sometime lover of Titus and of Domitilla is in close contact with Domitian and Flavius Sabinus throughout the events, and a correspondent to Titus.
	romanhistorybooksandmore.freeservers.com /r_neroheirs.htm (357 words)

	Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, page 161 (v. 2) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		10.) In 207, while Flamen was in the neighbourhood of Tarentum, his out posts brought in two Numidians, the bearers of letters from Hasdrubal at Placentia to Hannibal at Metapontum.
		Flamen wrung from them the secret of their being entrusted with letters and then despatched the Numidians, strongly guarded, with the letters unopened to the consul, Claudius Nero.
		[nero.] The discovery of the letters saved Rome ; for they were sent to apprise Hannibal of his brother's presence in Italy, and to arrange the junction of their armies.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /smith-bio/1269.html (889 words)

	Nerva: The Last Flavian
		Nerva’s distant relationship to the Julio-Claudian’s and his family links to the imperial family guaranteed him a place at the center of power and eventually at Nero’s court.
		The culmination of this tendency in Domitian came in 93 when seven members of the so-called "Philosophic Opposition" were tried for making derogatory remarks on the Flavians or the principate (Letters 3.11), (Tacitus, Agricola.
		This loosely formed group did not oppose Domitian out of philosophic ideas but had a common interest in Stoicism and a long history of hostility toward the Flavians.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Parthenon/7094/nerv1.html (2481 words)

	Classics and Ancient History - Epigraph
		The data contained in EpiGraph is based on that used for the compilation of the Indices Vocabulorum published as CIL VI Pars VII in 1974 and 1975 and is presented in two formats, named "Text Only" and "Raw Data".
		These include delineation of short and tall letters, Claudian letters, reversed letters, ligatures, erasures, words written in litura etc.
		By using one or both versions, simple or complicated searches can be made for individual letter strings or for particular features of interest to the enquirer.
	www.classics.uwa.edu.au /projects/epigraph (496 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 95.04.10
		The format and advantage of each database is clearly stated both in an info-sheet which came with the disk and in On-line Help: "[text only] contains the full text of the inscriptions and displays the data without any marks for epigraphical features or editorial annotation.
		If one were to search for Dolabella, which seems a certain enough supplement, 2080 would not be found in either format.
		Once a database has been chosen, the thing searched for is further broken down into these categories: inscription number, full text, cognomina, numerals, ligatures, reversed letters, Greek text, Claudian letters, short letters, and tall letters.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/1995/95.04.10.html (528 words)

	Inscriptions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		Sometimes the obverse features the portrait or depiction of a member of the Imperial family and the reverse sometimes commemorates or propagandizes a significant event or Imperial accomplishment.
		All inscriptions are in Capital Roman Letters and Numerals (Capitalis Monumentalis).
		During this time in Roman history the alphabet in regular use consisted of only twenty letters.
	www.jp29.org /ricdi.htm (769 words)

	Roman Coins index
		We know that he wrote extensively, especially histories, but all of these are now lost.
		He also proposed a reform of the Roman alphabet by introducing three new letters: a backwards, upside-down 'F' to represent consonantal U; a broken 'H' to represent the sound of Greek Upsilon; and a backwards 'C' to replace BS.
		After a conspiracy of officers, including Cassius Chaerea, and Senators assassinated Caligula, a group of regular soldiers "appointed" Claudius his successor, thinking that in Claudius they would have a pliant benefactor.
	www.wakeforestcoins.com /romancoins/romindex.htm (672 words)

	CLST 277: The World of Late Antiquity: Study Questions, cont.
		N.b.: these letters represent as very small sampling of a very large collection, and the proportions of different types of letters selected are not representative of the collection as a whole.
		Compare and contrast the religious principles Symmachus cites in his Memorandum to Valentinian II with the religious concerns reflected in the selection of his other letters we have read.
		Compare and contrast Claudian's image of Rome in The War against Gildo to his image of her in the Panegyric for the Consulate of Probinus and Olybrius, and to Symmachus's and Ambrose's images in their letters about the Altar of Victory.
	orion.it.luc.edu /~jlong1/c277sq2.htm (3847 words)

	Approved Minutes of UTC #104 / L2 #201
		Include text to explain why certain modifier letters are not parts of identifiers.
		L2/05-097R on encoding 12 Latin letters and submit to Mike Ksar and Rick McGowan.
		Move the character LATIN SMALL LETTER V WITH CURL from U+024F to U+2C74, and the rest of the column U+024n down by one.
	www.unicode.org /consortium/utc-minutes/UTC-104-200508.html (3733 words)

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