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	Claudius Ptolemy
		Ptolemy also believed this because he figured if the earth was moving, in an elliptic or only rotating, then we would fall off the earth or float away.
		Ptolemy also argued that Hipparchus' year of exactly 365.25 days was an inaccurate figure, and that it in fact was 1/300 of a day less than that.
		Ptolemy was right in the sense that Hipparchus was wrong, but it was off by 1/128 of a day, not 1/300.
	nps.northampton.ma.us /~ajohnson/Claudius_Ptolemy.html (0 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy
		Ptolemy was the author of several scientific treatises, three of which have been of continuing importance to later Islamic and European science.
		Claudius Ptolemy was almost certainly a Roman citizen, and he or his ancestor adopted the nomen of a Roman called Claudius, who was in some sense responsible for the citizenship.
		Ptolemy was concerned to defend astrology by defining its limits, compiling astronomical data that he believed was reliable and dismissing practices (such as considering the numerological significance of names) that he believed to be without sound basis.
	www.sfcrowsnest.com /scifinder/a/Claudius_Ptolemy.php (1908 words)

	PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOL... - Online Information article about PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOL...
		Ptolemy verified the fixity of their relative positions and confirmed the observations of Hipparchus with regard to their motion in longitude, or the precession of the equinoxes.
		Ptolemy now takes up this question for the planets; he says that " this perfection is of the essence of celestial things, which admit of neither disorder nor inequality," that this planetary theory is one of extreme difficulty, and that no one had yet completely succeeded in it.
		He was content, Ptolemy continues, to arrange the observations which had been made on them in a methodic order and to show thence that the phenomena did not agree with the hypotheses of mathematicians at that time.
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PRE_PYR/PTOLEMY_CLAUDIUS_PTOLEMAEUS_.html (7216 words)

	Malaspina Great Books - Claudius Ptolemy (c. 85 CE)
		Ptolemy in the next chapter indicates two means of determining this angle by observation, describes the instruments he employed for that purpose, and finds the same value which had already been found by Eratosthenes and used by Hipparchus.
		Ptolemy, however, was the first writer of Antiquity who showed some conception of the relations between the Tanais or Don (usually considered by the ancients as the boundary between Europe and Asia) and the Rha or Volga, which he correctly described as flowing into the Caspian.
		Ptolemy especially devoted himself to the mathematical branch of his subject, and the arrangement of his work, in which his rcsults are presented in a tabular form, instead of being at once embodied in a map,; was undoubtedly designed to enable the student to construct his maps for himself.
	www.malaspina.org /home.asp?topic=./search/details&lastpage=./search/results&ID=80 (8499 words)

	Claudius: claudius ptolemy, claudius galen, i claudius dvd (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Claudius was born Tiberius Claudius Drusus on August 1, 10 BC, in Lugdunum, Gaul, on the day of the dedication of an altar to Augustus.
		Claudius also made a law requiring plaintiffs to remain in the city while their cases were pending, as defendants had previously been required to do.
		Claudius' ashes were interred in the Mausoleum of Augustus on October 24, after a funeral in the manner of Augustus.
	advantacell.com /wiki/Claudius (5379 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy Biography \| Encyclopedia of World Biography
		Ptolemy is known to have made astronomical observations at Alexandria in Egypt between 127 and 141, and he probably lived on into the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180).
		Ptolemy's is a geocentric system, though the earth is the actual center only of the sphere of the fixed stars and of the "crank mechanism" of the moon; the orbits of all the other planets are slightly eccentric.
		Ptolemy thus hypothesizes a mathematical system which cannot be made to agree with the rules of Aristotelian physics, which require that the center of the earth be the center of all celestial circular motions.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/claudius-ptolemy (1238 words)

	World Almanac for Kids
		Ptolemy was probably born in Greece, but his actual name, Claudius Ptolemaeus, reflects all that is really known of him: “Ptolemaeus” indicates that he was a resident of Egypt, and “Claudius” signifies Roman citizenship.
		Ptolemy also had to introduce, however, another mathematical device known as the equant: an imaginary point halfway between the center of the deferent and the eccentric point representing the earth’s position.
		Ptolemy also contributed substantially to mathematics by advancing the study of trigonometry, and he applied his theories to the construction of astrolabes and sundials.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/space/ptolemy.html (593 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy
		Ptolemy used geometric models to predict the positions of the sun, moon, and planets, using combinations of circular motion known as epicycles.
		This must be Ptolemy's greatest achievement in terms of an original contribution, since there does not appear to have been any satisfactory theoretical model to explain the rather complicated motions of the five planets before the Almagest.
		Ptolemy combined the epicycle and eccentric methods to give his model for the motions of the planets.
	www.stetson.edu /~efriedma/periodictable/html/Pm.html (740 words)

	Skyscript: The Life & Work of Ptolemy by Deborah Houlding
		Although we know Ptolemy did not invent his methods of astrology we recognise his contribution as being one of orchestrating the mass of Eastern star lore into an organized and reasoned exposition.
		Ptolemy described a spherical world, suspended freely in the centre of the universe, around which revolved the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn respectively.
		With the detailed information that Ptolemy had to work from, he was able to use the scheme as a basis for monitoring and predicting the positions of the planets with great accuracy.
	www.skyscript.co.uk /ptolemy.html (1403 words)

	Adventures in CyberSound: Ptolemaeus - Claudius (Ptolemy)
		Ptolemy argued that since all bodies fall to the centre of the universe, the Earth must be fixed there at the centre, otherwise falling objects would not be seen to drop toward the centre of the Earth.
		Although Ptolemy realized that the planets were much closer to the Earth than the "fixed" stars, he seems to have believed in the physical existence of crystalline spheres, to which the heavenly bodies were said to be attached.
		Ptolemy also prepared a calendar that gave, in addition to weather indications, the risings and settings of the stars in the morning and evening twilight.
	www.acmi.net.au /AIC/PTOLEMY_BIO.html (1541 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy Biography \| World of Mathematics
		Claudius Ptolemy was a famed Greek scholar whose work in astronomyand geometryhelped form the basis of trigonometry.Ptolemy's earliest and most famous work was the Almagest, which focused on astronomy.
		Ptolemy's Greek title for the Almagest was Syntaxis, translated as "mathematical compilation." It was quickly recognized as a ground breaking work and came to be called "the great compilation" by the Greeks, probably to distinguish it from earlier and more elementary works on astronomy.
		Ptolemy's inaccuracies were inevitable, considering that modern surveying techniques were unknown and Ptolemy himself knew little of the world outside of the Roman empire.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/claudius-ptolemy-wom (1114 words)

	Ptolemy biography
		and equinoxes, Ptolemy found the lengths of the seasons and, based on these, he proposed a simple model for the sun which was a circular motion of uniform angular velocity, but the earth was not at the centre of the circle but at a distance called the eccentricity from this centre.
		Ptolemy's really clever innovation here was to make the motion of C uniform not about the centre of the circle around which it moves, but around a point called the equant which is symmetrically placed on the opposite side of the centre from the earth.
		Ptolemy, whose intention was to develop a comprehensive theory of celestial phenomena, had no access to the methods of data evaluation using arithmetical means with which modern astronomers can derive from a set of varying measurement results, the one representative value needed to test a hypothesis.
	www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk /history/Biographies/Ptolemy.html (3341 words)

	Ptolemy
		At the time of Ptolemy's life, Alexandria was nearing a half millennium in age, and was already beginning to undergo the strife that later characterized the populace: the decimation of the Jewish population took place there during his lifetime.
		At root, Ptolemy assumed that the presumption of an immobile earth was supported by the lack of evidence to the contrary (a negative proof is inherently invalid).
		Ptolemy represented his own philosophical synthesis regarding astrology, which means that Ptolemy's astrological works cannot be assumed to be valid as a principal statement of the main development of Greek astrological thought.
	www.olypen.com /wtallman/astrology/ptolemy.html (2697 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) carried Aristotelian physics to what he believed to be its logical end.
		Ptolemy argued that since all bodies fall to the center of the universe, the Earth must be fixed at the center, otherwise falling objects would not be seen to drop toward the center of the Earth.
		It remains, however, that Ptolemy created a theory of the universe from empirical data, one that is still mathematically correct (to a degree).
	occawlonline.pearsoned.com /bookbind/pubbooks/faigley_awl/chapter4/medialib/proj4/claudius_ptolemy.htm (348 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy biography - S9.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Claudius Ptolemy emerged as an influential astronomer and geographer.
		For 1,400 years, his contribution of geocentric theory was widely used as resource for astronomy until it was found out that he had a mistake in identifying the Earth as the center of the solar system instead of the sun.
		Ptolemy also attempted to make a world map and even if it was more of inaccurate it still laid down the foundation of geography.
	www.s9.com /Biography/Claudius-Ptolemy (136 words)

	CSISS Classics - Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy): Representation, Understanding, and Mathematical Labeling of the ...
		Ptolemy's work in astronomy and geography have made him famous for the ages, despite the fact that many of his theories were in the following centuries proven wrong or changed.
		Ptolemy also standardized the orientation of maps, with North at the top and East on the left, thereby placing the known world in the upper left, a standard that remains to this day.
		While Cladius Ptolemy helped bring geography to the forefront of scientific thought, his contributions influcenced a broad range of disciplines to the importance of accuracy in locational measures and to the need for an equal-area perspective in evaluating spatial relationships among diverse phenomena and in making geographical comparisons.
	www.csiss.org /classics/content/76 (856 words)

	Famous Astronomers: Claudius Ptolemy
		Claudius Ptolemy (AD 100?-170?) was probably one of the most famous astronomers and mathematicians, even though most of his theories were later proved wrong or incorrect.
		Ptolemy's most famous work, Almagest, contained geometric theory which mathematically explained the motions and positions of planets, sun, and the moon against stars that did not move.
		At first he began to accept that the earth was at the center of the universe, but later studying, he began to believe that the earth and planets movied in cirlces around much larger objects.
	library.thinkquest.org /23830/ptolemy.htm (0 words)

	Who is Claudius Ptolemy?
		Claudius Ptolemy was a first and second century CE, philosopher and scientist, who produced a number of writings on a wide range of topics.
		Ptolemy posited a geocentric model of the earth, where the planets and sun revolved around the earth.
		Ptolemy also wrote on art and music, particularly the music of the spheres, which one must consider was work based on that of Plato.
	www.wisegeek.com /who-is-claudius-ptolemy.htm (506 words)

	Ptolemy and Astronomy
		Ptolemy (or Claudius Ptolemaeus or Klaudios Ptolemaios) (Πτολεμαίος Κλαύδιος) lived in Alexandria, Egypt, from approx.
		Ptolemy used a complex mechanism using eccentric circles and epicycles to describe accurately the planetary motion in a geocentric model.
		Ptolemy: Derivation of the position of the center of the solar deferent on the eccentric model.
	www.mlahanas.de /Greeks/PtolemyAstronomy.htm (1373 words)

	Reading Questions: Claudius Ptolemy, Almagest I, 3-4, 6-7
		Ptolemy gives two arguments against the notion that the stars move off in a straight line.
		Ptolemy clearly has contempt for the "igniting and extinguishing" theory of the rising and setting of stars.
		Ptolemy notes the objection that the earth has great weight but is not, in his system, supported by anything.
	homepages.wmich.edu /~mcgrew/rqptolemy.htm (507 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy
		Little is known about Ptolemy's life and education, other that he lived and worked in Alexandria, one of the primary centers of Greek culture in late antiquity, and that he has no genealogical relationship whatsoever to the Pharaoh dynasty bearing the same name (as believed by many in medieval times).
		It is the fusion of Ptolemy's model with the cosmology and physics of Aristotle that was to be adopted in the late antiquity and medieval Western world, and literally define mankind's view of the universe for over a millennium.
		His maps of Asia and Africa are said to have inspired Christopher Columbus, many centuries later, in his westward expedition to India across the Atlantic.
	web.hao.ucar.edu /public/education/sp/images/ptolemy.html (227 words)

	Ptolemy, the Man
		Ptolemy synthesized and extended Hipparchus's system of epicycles and eccentric circles to explain his geocentric theory of the solar system.
		Ptolemy's system involved at least 80 epicycles to explain the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in his time.
		Ptolemy of course knew that the Earth is a sphere.
	obs.nineplanets.org /psc/theman.html (0 words)

	Claudius Ptolemy Biography
		180 AD.) also known as Ptolemy, was a cartographer, geographer and astronomer working in Alexandria, whose research has had a sustainable influence on science up until modern times.
		The theory of a geocentric universe presented in this book was only replaced in the 16th century by Copernicus' idea of a heliocentric solar system with the sun and not the earth in the center of the universe.
		In the first book Ptolemy explained an alternative projection process, which takes the curvature of the meridians and parallels into account.
	www.claudius-ptolemy.com (0 words)

	Apotelesmatics Astrology Blog
		It was developed in the 2nd century AD by the philosopher Claudius Ptolemy, and has not moved on since, despite the discovery of new planets, and despite a shift in the Earth’s rotational axis that has thrown Ptolemy’s zodiac out by 23 degrees.
		The problem with Dawkins’ statement is that since he is under the assumption that Ptolemy was the one who invented astrology, he assumes that Ptolemy was the one who originally used the sidereal zodiac of the constellations, and then later astrologers started using the now common tropical zodiac of the seasons.
		But in actuality Ptolemy was the one who instituted the tropical zodiac of the seasons as the main zodiacal reference point in the western astrological tradition, as opposed to the sidereal zodiac of the constellations that prevailed prior to Ptolemy’s time.
	apotelesmatics.com (0 words)

	Ptolemy, the Man
		Ptolemy synthesized and extended Hipparchus's system of epicycles and eccentric circles to explain his geocentric theory of the solar system.
		Ptolemy's system involved at least 80 epicycles to explain the motions of the Sun, the Moon, and the five planets known in his time.
		Ptolemy of course knew that the Earth is a sphere.
	www.seds.org /billa/psc/theman.html (486 words)

	To follow shortly (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Claudius Ptolemy's printed world map of 1482 is reviewed and the paper also looks at the evidence of multiple sea and land routes that linked Australia indirectly to the Mediterranean region in ancient times.
		The theory raised questions concerning the distribution and extent of land and water masses throughout the world, and as the sphericity idea developed, its proponents maintained that a necessity of physics required land masses to exist in the south and west, to act as counterweights for continents in the north and east.
		Ptolemy was a firm believer in the sphericity of the earth and his view that the southern land existed no doubt reinforced contemporary theories concerning southern land needed to ‘balance’ lands in the north.
	delzur_research.tripod.com /nzresearch/did_claudius_ptolemy_know.htm (2229 words)

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