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Topic: Clause

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	Clauses: the Essential Building-Blocks
		In a relative clause, the relative pronoun is the subject of the verb (remember that all clauses contain a subject-verb relationship) and refers to (relates to) something preceding the clause.
		The ability to recognize a clause and to know when a clause is capable of acting as an independent unit is essential to correct writing and is especially helpful in avoiding sentence fragments and run-on sentences.
		When the clause begins with a subordinating word, it is no longer an independent clause; it is called a dependent or subordinate clause because it depends on something else (the independent clause) for its meaning.
	grammar.ccc.commnet.edu /grammar/clauses.htm (1914 words)

	Contract Clause
		This prohibition, called the “contract clause,” is generally interpreted to prohibit the government from retroactively interfering with matters that are governed by private contracts.
		The threshold inquiry in any contract clause analysis is to determine whether the challenged statute operates as a substantial impairment of a contractual relationship.
		Because the contract clause deals only with the retroactive application of legislation to existing contracts, the Legislative Reference Bureau has developed a nonstatutory provision to specify that the particular legislation applies only to contracts that are made or modified after the legislation takes effect.
	www.legis.state.wi.us /lrb/pubs/consthi/04consthiIV2.htm (1708 words)

	Dependent clause - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A dependent clause (or subordinate clause) cannot stand alone as a sentence.
		In itself, a dependent clause does not express a complete thought; therefore, it is usually attached to an independent clause.
		Dependent clauses may be headed by an infinitive or other non-finite verb form.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Subordinate_clause (428 words)

	Using Clauses as Nouns, Adjectives, and Adverbs
		In this case, the clause could not be a sentence by itself, since the conjunction "because" suggests that the clause is providing an explanation for something else.
		Since this dependent clause answers the question "when," just like an adverb, it is called a dependent adverb clause (or simply an adverb clause, since adverb clauses are always dependent clauses).
		In formal writing, an adjective clause begins with the relative pronouns "who(m)," "that," or "which." In informal writing or speech, you may leave out the relative pronoun when it is not the subject of the adjective clause, but you should usually include the relative pronoun in formal, academic writing:
	www.uottawa.ca /academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/claustyp.html (862 words)

	firstamendmentcenter.org: Religious Liberty in Public Life - Establishment clause Index
		Board of Education that the establishment clause is one of the “liberties” protected by the due-process clause.
		ACLU and known as the “coercion test.” Under this test the government does not violate the establishment clause unless it (1) provides direct aid to religion in a way that would tend to establish a state church, or (2) coerces people to support or participate in religion against their will.
		Although the Court’s interpretation of the establishment clause is in flux, it is likely that for the foreseeable future a majority of the justices will continue to view government neutrality toward religion as the guiding principle.
	www.firstamendmentcenter.org /rel_liberty/establishment/index.aspx (1704 words)

	The Subordinate Clause
		Correctly attach a subordinate clause to a main clause.
		Subordinate clauses can begin with relative pronouns [and thus are called relative clauses, a type of subordinate clause].
		The information in the relative clause is no longer important and needs to be separated from the main clause with a comma.
	www.chompchomp.com /terms/subordinateclause.htm (778 words)

	The Clause
		Clauses come in four types: main [or independent], subordinate [or dependent], relative [or adjective], and noun.
		Relative clauses will begin with relative pronouns [such as who, whom, whose, which, or that]or relative adverbs [when, where, or why].
		You have to decide if the relative clause is essential or nonessential and then use commas accordingly.
	www.chompchomp.com /terms/clause.htm (394 words)

	The Original Understanding of the Takings Clause (Printable Version) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The original understanding of the Takings Clause was, very simply, that the federal government had to compensate the property owner when it physically took property --such as when it took land to build a fort.
		The clause is part of the Constitution, not because there was a national demand for it, but because James Madison, the author of the Bill of Rights, unilaterally included it among the amendments he proposed in 1789.
		The scope of the Takings Clause was limited, then, to physical seizures because most of the founders fundamentally believed in republicanism and believed, as well, that in most contexts majoritarian decision-making could appropriately limit property claims to advance the common good.
	www.law.georgetown.edu /gelpi/papers/ptreanr.htm (3587 words)

	The Commerce Clause
		The federal commerce clause has been construed to be a limitation on Congress' power to enact laws, and to prohibit state or local laws that discriminate against interstate commerce or impose undue burdens on it.
		Under the "dormant" commerce clause, a variety of state statutes which sought to protect local natural resources for the use of citizens in a state have been struck down basically because they involved some form of "simple economic protectionism." See, e.g., Pennsylvania v.
		The District Court dismissed on the pleadings all of the constitutional claims, with the exception of the commerce clause claims against three of the jurisdictions sued.
	www.rbeerslaw.com /commerce.html (1549 words)

	The Notwithstanding Clause of the Charter (BP194e) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In 1993, when the notwithstanding clause reached the end of its five-year life, the Quebec National Assembly lifted the ban on English language signs and amended the law to require only that French be “markedly predominant.”(27) The amended legislation was not protected by a notwithstanding clause.
		The notwithstanding clause should be kept, at least for the present. It permits debate about which rights are fundamental in Canadian society and which should prevail when rights are in conflict. In a democratic society steeped in the tradition of parliamentary supremacy, it is proper to give our elected legislators the final word.
		The notwithstanding clause is a dagger pointed at the heart of our fundamental freedoms, and it should be abolished. Although it does not apply to the whole Charter of Rights, it does apply to a very large number of the rights and freedoms otherwise guaranteed.
	www.parl.gc.ca /information/library/PRBpubs/bp194-e.htm (2533 words)

	Introduction to the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment
		Although the clauses were intended by the framers to serve common values, there is some tension between the two.
		At an absolute minimum, the Establishment Clause was intended to prohibit the federal government from declaring and financially supporting a national religion, such as existed in many other countries at the time of the nation's founding.
		The case is noteworthy for its extensive discussion of the purposes of the Establishment Clause, and for the fact that all nine justices agree that the clause was intended to do far more than merely prohibit the establishment of a state religion.
	www.law.umkc.edu /faculty/projects/ftrials/conlaw/estabinto.htm (1088 words)

	Language Log: There ain't no sanity clause...
		The construction of the due process clause or as I prefer to call it, the liberty clause, has transformed the Bill of Rights from a mere constraint on federal policy into a source of federal authority to constrain state powers.
		For Feinstein, the "liberty clause" is evidently a subset of the "due process clause," which in turn is a subset of the Fourteenth Amendment.
		This is also commonly referred to as a "due process clause" and is the obvious model for the similar passage in the Fourteenth Amendment, which applied due process restrictions to the states.
	itre.cis.upenn.edu /~myl/languagelog/archives/002623.html (1480 words)

	HSLDA \| Religion and the Commerce Clause
		There are three reasons to steer clear of expansive new Commerce Clause legislation: (1) it is wrong, (2) it is dangerous, and (3) it invites the Supreme Court to strike it down.
		Relying on the Commerce Clause to protect religious liberty is both wrong and foolish.
		Protecting religion under the Commerce Clause is foolish because it invites a swift and well-deserved rebuke from the Supreme Court.
	www.hslda.org /docs/nche/000000/00000050.asp (2327 words)

	SELECT (Transact-SQL Reference (SQL Server))
		It is possible to specify outer joins by using join operators in the FROM clause or by using the non-standard = and = operators in the WHERE clause.
		FOR clause is used to specify either the BROWSE or the XML option (BROWSE and XML are unrelated options).
		Each table in the FROM clause, for which at least one column is listed in the SELECT clause, is represented as an XML element.
	msdn.microsoft.com /library/en-us/tsqlref/ts_sa-ses_9sfo.asp?frame=true (4997 words)

	The Takings Clause
		It was not until the late nineteenth century that the clause would be judicially applied to the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
		Despite the frustration and cost of litigation of enforcing the Takings Clause, property owners remain indefatigable, and they are especially so when they perceive regulation to exceed a reasonable scope and invade that which may fairly be thought to be one of the natural rights of ownership.
		The ultimate purpose of the Takings Clause was well described by the Court more than forty years ago as “designed to bar Government from forcing some people alone to bear public burdens which, in all fairness and justice, should be borne by the public as a whole.” Armstrong v.
	www.heritage.org /Research/LegalIssues/wm843.cfm (2193 words)

	Clause
		Represents a clause in dependency statements and number statements.
		Each clause has a predicate, a conditional probability distribution (CPD), and a list of arguments to this conditional probability distribution.
		The parent set is the union of the active parent sets of all the CPD arguments.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~milch/blog/apidocs/blog/Clause.html (457 words)

	Building Clauses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		A clause is a collection of grammatically-related words including a predicate and a subject (though sometimes is the subject is implied).
		A collection of grammatically-related words without a subject or without a predicate is called a phrase.
		Clauses are the building blocks of sentences: every sentence consists of one or more clauses.
	www.uottawa.ca /academic/arts/writcent/hypergrammar/bldcls.html (90 words)

	The big guy needs a Mrs. in just-as-jolly 'Santa Clause 2' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		By ELLEN A. "The Santa Clause" made $145 million in 1994, providing then-"Home Improvement" star Tim Allen with a film career he hasn't been able to maintain since.
		Clause" -- a rule that states Santa must be married before Christmas Eve or he loses the job.
		"The Santa Clause 2" continues the successful formula of the first film: a behind-the-scenes, somewhat twisted look at childhood fantasy, from reindeer jabbering like drunken Ewoks to Mother Nature, Easter Bunny and Cupid as costumed board members who regularly veto the male Tooth Fairy's petition to change his name.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /movies/93683_santa01q.shtml (725 words)

	Independent and Dependent Clauses
		A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought.
		When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word.
		You can usually fix the error by changing the comma to a period and therefore making the two clauses into two separate sentences, by changing the comma to a semicolon, or by making one clause dependent by inserting a dependent marker word in front of it.
	owl.english.purdue.edu /handouts/grammar/g_clause.html (784 words)

	Advanced User Topics : Using a SAS WHERE Clause for Selection Criteria
		By default, the SAS WHERE clause conditions are connected to the end of the view descriptor conditions.
		If the engine has determined that SYSTEM 2000 software completely supports the SAS WHERE clause, and then it determines that the conditions cannot be combined due to the 1000 byte limit, an unrecoverable error occurs.
		If you specify NOT in a SAS WHERE clause, NOT is transformed by the SAS WHERE clause parser first; the interface view engine never sees the NOT operator.
	www.asu.edu /sas/sasdoc/sashtml/a2000/z1011013.htm (1098 words)

	Clause - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phrases generally do not contain verbs except as verbals (gerunds, participles, and infinitives).
		the dog ran through the yard is a clause; it is a whole sentence contained within a larger sentence.
		Her eyes were a shade of blue that reminded me of the sea.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clause (513 words)

	LexisNexis Clause Manager
		If you draft transactional documents, you need ready access to clause content for use in those documents, and it would help if those clauses could be categorized in a manner that best suits your needs.
		Locate clauses that have been classified by topic and saved; making this valuable language easily accessible when similar issues arise in the future.
		Annotate clauses, for example, with instructions about when to use the clause, by citing authorities related to the clause, or providing links to web pages, word processor files and email addresses.
	www.lexisnexis.com /clausemanager (305 words)

	Amazon.com: The Santa Clause 2: The Mrs. Clause: Video: Tim Allen,Elizabeth Mitchell,David Krumholtz,Eric Lloyd,Judge ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		According to the "Missus Clause" in his North Pole contract, he can't continue to be the real Santa until he gets married.
		Clause: Santa has 28 days to get married, or he doesn't get to be Santa anymore.
		While The Santa Clause 2 may not pack the same punch as the original Santa Clause starring Tim Allen, this sequel is a fun addition for your Christmas viewing collection.
	www.amazon.com /Santa-Clause-Mrs/dp/B0000D1F0B (2269 words)

	WTO \| Agriculture - negotiations backgrounder - peace clause
		Without this “peace clause”, countries would have greater freedom to take action against each others’ subsidies, under the Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Agreement and related provisions.
		The peace clause is due to expire at the end of 2003.
		India proposes something like the peace clause should be retained but only for developing countries, so that some subsidies are free from the possibility of countervailing duty.
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/agric_e/negs_bkgrnd13_peace_e.htm (272 words)

	Horn Clause -- from Wolfram MathWorld
		A definite clause is a Horn clause that has exactly one
		Horn clauses express a subset of statements of first-order logic.
		Prolog programs are comprised of definite clauses and any question in Prolog is a goal.
	mathworld.wolfram.com /HornClause.html (126 words)

	AlterNet: The Sainted Clause
		The case hinged on whether the feds have the right to literally invade the backyards of two California women and arrest them for using homegrown marijuana even though their actions are legal in California.
		Both newspapers are willing to condemn hundreds of thousands, even millions of people to "needless suffering" in order to defend the right of the federal government to ban child labor or require restaurants to serve all races.
		The commerce clause may be problematic but this court's reasoning is so elastic that it has turned it into a legislative rubberband that will strech into whatever political shape the court wants.
	www.alternet.org /story/22221 (2134 words)

	The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause
		The Santa Clause films may speak to the need for family connections, but this third movie represents another part of the season: the need to move product.
		The Santa Clause 3 is a lump of coal in your stocking.
		Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause, with Martin Short as Jack Frost, means we're getting a turkey and a ham for the holidays.
	www.rottentomatoes.com /m/santa_clause_3 (1295 words)

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