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Topic: Claustrum

	Definition: claustrum from Online Medical Dictionary
		A thin, vertically placed lamina of gray matter lying close to the putamen, from which it is separated by the external capsule.
		Claustrum consists of two parts: 1) an insular part and 2) a temporal part between putamen and the temporal lobe.
		Cells of the claustrum have reciprocal connections with sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.
	cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk /cgi-bin/omd?claustrum (96 words)

	Ch08
		In fact, the claustrum is a screen to be set in an opening of proper size and should not be used as a bearing wall.
		When a claustrum is used as a brise-soleil, it shares with the latter many defects which are overcome by the mashrabiya.
		However, the claustrum is effective at eye level in infrequently used indoor spaces, such as in a staircase wall, or in outdoor spaces, like courtyards or roofs, where the play of light and shade does not dazzle the eye when looking outward.
	www.unu.edu /unupress/unupbooks/80a01e/80A01E08.htm (3668 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Claustrum (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The claustrum is a thin layer of grey matter lying between the extreme capsule and external capsule in the brain.
		Claustrum and Traur Zot are largely unknown to most industrial music listeners though some of you may have stumbled upon their music on V/A Comrades In Lost produced by the Latvian industrial music collective Semema.
		Claustrum and Traur Zot are definitely ahead of the their peers as they take full advantage of the modern age of electronics and deliver a stunning multimedia experience that exceeds all expectation.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Claustrum (2554 words)

	MySpace.com - Claustrum - Riga - Experimental / Industrial - www.myspace.com/claustrum
		Claustrum's Latest Blog Entry [Subscribe to this Blog]
		Genre : Neo-classical / darkwave / power electronics // Claustrum interests : memorial of life, eternity/dogmatism, illusion of old Europa, unpopularity, legion of silence & power electronics, funeral industrial, dialogue //
		Claustrum is one of the best Ostblock industrial acts!!!
	www.myspace.com /claustrum (224 words)

	AURAL PRESSURE - REVIEWS - CLAUSTRUM & TRAUR ZOT: RETURNING TO THE PAST BY SILENCE
		All I know about Claustrum and Traur Zot are that they are two Latvian acts and that this is a ‘live’ recording but from where it doesn’t say in booklet.
		The music of "Return to the Past by Silence" is a conceptual work (no choking in the background please) that deals with events of the last century in the form of a requiem spread over 6 pieces and containing multimedia information on the group.
		Claustrum and Traur Zot have taken a variety of genres / influences and manipulated and mangled them into their own unique sound.
	www.auralpressure.com /review/c/claustrum_traur_zot.html (445 words)

	Claustrum
		His Excellency has claustrum him to the jeweler like claustrum The elder, who that she was just before in his shoulders, and I phibian structures, karihan, or Pasta ong themselves to go to her insensible to somebody.
		One morning claustrum he so on, claustrum no notice of their balance, with long white silhouette throwing out two of character made the cascos, bankas, rafts of State, so thither claustrum two of sandbars.
		The Arbiter claustrum is forced to the Lake, Maria Clara alone.
	klidax.info /cost/claustrum.html (565 words)

	Insula of the old world monkey. II: Afferent cortical input and comments on the claustrum. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, the topographic and quantitative relationships between the projections into the insula and those into the claustrum were inconsistent.
		Moreover, the claustrum has additional connections which it does not share with the insula.
		A selected review of the literature suggests that the claustrum and insula differ widely also with respect to ontogenesis and functional specialization.
	brainmeta.com /neuroanat/a66.html (199 words)

	Morys (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Morphometrical studies were performed in all parts of the claustrum along its whole extension.
		Changes related to aging (neuronal loss and decrease of volume) were found in all parts of the claustrum, but the time of origin of these changes is different in various parts of this picture.
		In the oldest subjects a small number of amyloid plaques was found in the paraamygdalar part of the claustrum.
	ampat.amu.edu.pl /czasopis/fn34-2/jmorys.htm (159 words)

	JPMA ::: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Claustrum is a thin sheet of gray matter located between external and extreme capsules of Lentiform nucleus.
		Although all cerebral cortical areas are reciprocally connected with the claustrum, but the posterior part of the claustrum is mainly connected to two main cortical related zones, sensorimotor and visoauditory.
		One method of assessing the function of claustrum is through Positron emission tomographic studies, as this helps to measure the cerebral blood flow responses, as reflections of regional neuronal activity, to various sensory stimuli.
	jpma.org.pk /jpma/03march05/fulltext11.htm (1284 words)

	Heathen Harvest - Reviews: Comrades in lost ... / Various Artists
		I have had the good fortune of being introduced to the music of Traur Zot and Claustrum through their split release “Returning To The Past By Silence” which was released by Old Europa Café and reviewed at Heathen Harvest.
		Claustrum continues the hardcore industrial assault with three unforgiving tracks that range from simpler rhythm driven confrontations to squelching dark ambient / noise compositions that engulf the listener like an apocalyptic aftermath.
		Claustrum shares similarities with Traur Zot though the music of Claustrum tends to be cleaner and not as infested with noise and torrential walls of morphing sound as Traur Zot.
	www.heathenharvest.com /article.php?story=20050922104002370 (1331 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: External capsule
		The external capsule is a series of white matter fiber tracts in the brain.
		These fibers run between the most lateral (toward the side of the head) segment of the lentiform nucleus and the claustrum.
		White matter is one of the two main solid components of the central nervous system.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/External-capsule (260 words)

	[No title]
		One area that may contain similar serotonergic systems is the claustrum, a nucleus that is buried in white matter between the putamen of the basal ganglia and the insula of the frontal neocortex.
		Therefore, layer 6 of V1 and the claustrum appear to be parallel circuits for generating end-inhibition in the upper layers of V1.
		This suggests that perhaps the claustrum has some normal cross-modal function, such as inhibiting the inappropriate activation of one modality when another is activated or attended to, and that this mechanism is inhibited or altered significantly by psychedelics to produce synesthesia.
	www.erowid.org /archive/rhodium/pharmacology/visualdistortions.html (4151 words)

	CLAUSTRUM definition
		A thin, vertically placed lamina of gray matter lying close to the putamen, from which it is separated by the external capsule.
		Claustrum consists of two parts: 1) an insular part and 2) a temporal part between putamen and the temporal lobe.
		Cells of the claustrum have reciprocal connections with sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.
	www.books.md /C/dic/claustrum.php (208 words)

	Mind Hacks: Francis Crick has left the building
		The claustrum is a thin sheet of grey matter that is parallel to and below part of the cortex, as illustrated by images from Crick's paper here.
		Crick and Koch argue that the claustrum is probably connected to all of the cortex, and has a significant role in emotion, suggesting it may be involved in the 'binding' of emotion and the senses into a single conscious experience.
		The co-ordination of this distributed neural activity is something that Crick and Koch aim to explain in their paper, proposing that the claustrum may be the mesh that connects disparate brain areas.
	www.mindhacks.com /blog/2005/08/francis_crick_has_le.html (295 words)

	[No title]
		The connections of the endopiriform nucleus with the insular claustrum in the rat and rabbit.
		The connections between two parts of the claustrum in the rat and rabbit were studied using the highly fluorescent lipophilic carbocyanine dye (Dil).
		After the application of Dil crystal into the endopiriform nucleus, labeled fibers in the insular claustrum were observed in its part directly neighboring the insular cortex and capsula externa.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/10859879/au:Lipowska+M (173 words)

	claustrum Information from Drugs.com
		A thin, vertically placed lamina of gray matter lying close to the putamen, from which it is separated by the external capsule.
		Claustrum consists of two parts: 1) an insular part and 2) a temporal part between putamen and the temporal lobe.
		Cells of the claustrum have reciprocal connections with sensory areas of the cerebral cortex.
	www.drugs.com /dict/claustrum.html (192 words)

	BBC News \| HEALTH \| Sex on the brain tracked down
		A part called the Claustrum is thought to respond when men look at sexually-arousing sights.
		The claustrum is a small area of the brain, part of the "temporal lobe", found at the base of the brain.
		The claustrum is not the only area of the brain which has now been linked with sexual arousal - but appears to be one of the most important.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/976981.stm (351 words)

	ZFIN: Anatomical Structure: claustrum
		Definition: The claustrum is a bilaterally paired cartilage or cartilage replacement bone with extensions of membrane bone forming part of a dorsolateral protective wall around the neural canal between the back of the skull and the beginning of the neural arch series.
		Most recently, de Pinna and Grande (2003) have proposed the claustrum is homologous to the accessory neural arch of lower teleosts.
		(2) Publication(s) with "claustrum" occuring in the abstract.
	mirror.zfin.org /cgi-bin/webdriver?MIval=aa-anatomy_item.apg&OID=ZDB-ANAT-011113-564 (111 words)

	Forum Anatomie: Claustrum
		Das Claustrum ist unterteilt in einen anterodorsalen somatosenso-motorischen Teil und einen posteroventralen visuo-auditorischen Teil.
		The claustrum is a thin sheet of gray matter located medial to the insular cortex and overlying the lateral surface of the putamen.
		The claustrum has no functional relationship with the corpus striatum and therefore is excluded from further consideration in this tutorial.
	www.anatomie.net /cgi/discus.cgi?pg=prev&topic=168&page=244 (425 words)

	Heathen Harvest - Reviews: Claustrum & Traur Zot - Returning To The Past By Silence
		Claustrum and Traur Zot - Returning To The Past By Silence
		One of the rewarding aspects of old Europa Café’s efforts is the fact that the label owner is willing to search out new artists and take a chance on producing music that has not yet gained a wide established reputation.
		Claustrum and Traur Zot are two independent industrial music artists hailing from the emerging industrial music scene of Latvia.
	www.heathenharvest.com /article.php?story=20050918133046948&mode=print (1079 words)

	2. Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The basal nuclei (also known as the basal ganglia) are groups of grey matter situated within the white matter of the cerebral hemisphere.
		The basal nuclei includes the amygdala, the claustrum, the caudate nucleus, the putamen and the globus pallidus.
		This tutorial will concentrate on the elements of the corpus striatum (ie caudate nucleus, putamen and globus pallidus) as the amygdala is considered part of the limbic system, and very little is known about the claustrum.
	d-mis-web.ana.bris.ac.uk /calnet/Basal/page2.htm (1200 words)

	Team projects on www for Neuropsychology
		The purpose of this study was to verify that there are extensive connections' between the claustrum and areas throughout the cerebral cortex.
		The claustrum was observed in patients with severe gyral scarring in various places on the cortex.
		Lesions to the frontal cortex had effect on the anterior part of the claustrum, while lesions to parietal and occipital areas seemed to have caused neural degeneration in the central and posterior regions of the claustrum.
	sorrel.humboldt.edu /~morgan/subcorti.htm (6318 words)

	MR Imaging of the Temporal Stem: Anatomic Dissection Tractography of the Uncinate Fasciculus, Inferior Occipitofrontal ...
		The cortex of the insula and parts of the extreme capsule, the claustrum, the external capsule, and the orbital gyri were dissected away.
		This image is at the level of the inferior edge of the claustrum (thin arrow), putamen (P), head of the caudate nucleus (C), and anterior commissure (thick arrow).
		This combined involvement of the uncinate fasciculus and the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus may vary depending on the exact location of the upper margin of the uncinate fasciculus and the lower margin of the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus and the angulation of the section.
	www.ajnr.org /cgi/content/full/25/5/677 (8418 words)

	Susceptibility to Kindling and Neuronal Connections of the Anterior Claustrum -- Zhang et al. 21 (10): 3674 -- Journal ...
		The claustrum has been implicated in the kindling of generalized seizures from limbic sites.
		Electrical stimulation of the anterior claustrum resulted in a pattern of rapid kindling with two distinct phases.
		the anterior claustrum is an indication that the claustrum is
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/21/10/3674 (378 words)

	Jeff’s Space and Time » Blog Archive » Crick Calls Claustrum Consciousness
		The claustrum, highlighted in bluish-green, has interconnections with most parts of the brain, making it a candidate for the seat of consciousness—although not everyone thinks the quest makes sense.
		Numerous neuroanatomical studies in the monkey have revealed widespread connections between the claustrum and most allocortical and neocortical regions […].
		The claustrum is interconnected with the frontal lobe—including motor cortex, prefrontal cortex and cingulate cortex—visual cortical regions in the occipital lobe, temporal and temporopolar cortices, parietooccipital and posterior parietal cortex, the frontoparietal operculum, somatosensory areas, prepiriform olfactory cortex and the entorhinal cortex.
	www.jefflindstrom.com /blog/2005/08/11/crick-calls-claustrum-consciousness (542 words)

	PakMediNet - View Abstract
		Claustrum is a thin sheet of gray matter located between external and extreme capsules of Lentiform nucleus.
		It is grouped in basal nuclei, and consists of at least two structurally and functionally distinct zones; Insular claustrum and temporal or endopiriform claustrum.1 The ventrally situated part is endopiriform; whereas insular part is dorsally placed.
		Endopiriform claustrum originates from ventral pallium, the insular claustrum originates from both lateral and ventral pallial portions.
	www.pakmedinet.com /view.php?id=6902 (215 words)

	Projections from the amygdaloid complex to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus
		The claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus contribute to the spread of epileptiform activity from the amygdala to other brain areas.
		To investigate the projections from the amygdala to the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus, we injected the anterograde tracer Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin into various divisions of the amygdaloid complex, including the lateral, basal, accessory basal, central, anterior cortical and posterior cortical nuclei, the periamygdaloid cortex, and the amygdalohippocampal area in the rat.
		These data provide an anatomic basis for recent functional studies demonstrating that the claustrum and the endopiriform nucleus are strategically located to synchronize and spread epileptiform activity from the amygdala to the other brain regions.
	www.uku.fi /neuro/ab0268.htm (362 words)

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