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	Clayton Antitrust Act on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The act restricted the use of the injunction against labor, and it legalized peaceful strikes, picketing, and boycotts.
		It declared that “the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce.” Organized labor was as heartened by the act as it had been dejected by the doctrine of the Danbury Hatters' Case, but subsequent judicial construction weakened the act's labor provisions.
		Fraudulent concealment, self-concealing conspiracies, and the Clayton Act.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/C/ClaytonA1A1.asp (507 words)

	AllRefer.com - Sherman Antitrust Act (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		Antitrust action sharply declined in the 1920s, but under President Franklin Delano Roosevelt new acts supplementary to the Sherman Antitrust Act were passed (e.g., the Robinson-Patman Act), and antitrust action was vigorously resumed.
		The Hart-Scoss-Rodino Antitrust Improvement Act (1976) made it easier for regulators to investigate mergers for antitrust violations, but few mergers were blocked during the merger boom of the 1980s, when the FTC and Justice Dept. adopted a looser interpretation of antitrust legislation.
		Antitrust legislation is primarily regulated by the Antitrust Division of the Dept. of Justice and the FTC.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/ShermanA.html (517 words)

	Sherman Antitrust Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Act was not used in court cases for some years, but Theodore Roosevelt used the Act extensively in his Anti-Trust campaign and managed to divide the Northern Securities Company.
		Some alleged violations of the Sherman Act are not prosecuted criminally, but rather are adjudicated in civil proceedings under a "rule of reason" standard, which examines the economic benefits and harm of allegedly anticompetitive conduct to determine whether it is, on balance, beneficial to consumer and should be permitted to continue.
		Some of these were the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914, Robinson-Patman Act of 1936 and the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976 among others.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sherman_Antitrust_Act (666 words)

	Clayton Antitrust Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the United States, the Clayton Anti-trust Act of 1914 (codified as 15 U.S.C. §§ 12-27) was enacted to remedy perceived deficiencies in antitrust law created under the Sherman Anti-trust Act of 1890.
		The Clayton Act empowers private parties injured by violations of the Act to sue for treble damages under Section 4 and injunctive relief under Section 16.
		The Clayton Act is enforced by the Federal Trade Commission and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clayton_Antitrust_Act (216 words)

	The Clayton Act
		Nothing in this Act shall prevent a cooperative association from returning to its members, producers, or consumers the whole, or any part of, the net earnings or surplus resulting from its trading operations, in proportion to their purchases or sales from, to, or through the association.
		Nothing in the Act approved June 19, 1936, known as the Robinson-Patman Antidiscrimination Act, shall apply to purchases of their supplies for their own use by schools, colleges, universities, public libraries, churches, hospitals, and charitable institutions not operated for profit.
		The several district courts of the United States are invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this Act, and it shall be the duty of the several United States attorneys, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent and restrain such violations.
	www.stolaf.edu /people/becker/antitrust/statutes/clayton.html (1262 words)

	MSN Encarta - Clayton Antitrust Act
		Clayton Antitrust Act, legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1914 to prohibit certain monopolistic practices that were then common in finance, industry, and trade (see Monopoly).
		Sponsored by the Alabama congressman Henry De Lamar Clayton, the Clayton Antitrust Act was adopted as an amendment to the Sherman Antitrust Act.
		The act permitted individual suits for damages from discrimination or exclusive selling or leasing, and made directors or officers of corporations responsible for infractions of the antitrust laws.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761568627/Clayton_Antitrust_Act.html (291 words)

	Wilson and Antitrust Legislation
		Henry D. Clayton of Alabama was the driving force behind the reform legislation in the House of Representatives.
		The Clayton Act, lauded as the Magna Charta of labor, placed limitations on the use of injunctions against unions and stipulated that labor organizations were not illegal combinations acting to restrain trade; boycotts, strikes and picketing were all recognized as legal activities.
		The antitrust provisions of the law had little immediate impact because of the outbreak of World War I. The labor protections were honored until the next Republican era in the 1920s.
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1056.html (492 words)

	Governments Role in the Economy
		Antitrust laws are legislation under which the United States government acted to break up any trust.
		The first of these laws was the Sherman Antitrust Act, founded upon the principle in the Constitution that Congress could regulate interstate commerce.
		In 1914 it was supplemented by the Clayton Antitrust Act, which prohibited exclusive sales, contracts, inter corporate stock holdings, and price discrimination in the cases where it may lead to a decrease in competition.
	www.socialstudieshelp.com /Eco_Govts_Role.htm (844 words)

	Clayton Antitrust Act
		Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914, passed by the U.S. Congress as an amendment to clarify and supplement the
		Antitrust Act - Antitrust Act: see Clayton Antitrust Act; Sherman Antitrust Act.
		Robinson-Patman Act - Robinson-Patman Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1936 to supplement the Clayton Antitrust Act.
	www.factmonster.com /ce6/history/A0812484.html (265 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antitrust legislation in other countries is much weaker than that in the U.S. because of economies of scale, lack of a strong ideology supporting competition, and strong cultural ties between government and business.
		The 1914 Clayton Antitrust Act made four specific monopolistic practices illegal when their effect was to lessen competition: a.
		Antitrust legislation in other countries is much weaker than that in the U.S. No other country forces companies to break up for antitrust violations.
	www.hcc.cc.il.us /Staff/billm/fall04/sgch15e.doc (4333 words)

	CONSORTIUM AND STANDARDS LIST (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Act is named after Senator John Sherman, who first proposed the Act to address growing concern over the rapidly increasing prominence of large corporations, corporate trusts and business combinations in the US economic landscape toward the end of the nineteenth century.
		The reach of the Sherman Act increased during the Taft and Wilson administrations, with the enactment of the Clayton Antitrust Act and the establishment of the Federal Trade Commission in 1914.
		Finally, as federal antitrust agencies began broadening their interpretations of the antitrust statutes in the 1980s and 1990s, antitrust enforcement reached new heights, beginning with the 1982 breakup of the ATandT monopoly, and culminating with the widely publicized Microsoft Case.
	www.consortiuminfo.org /antitrust/sherman.shtml (340 words)

	AllRefer.com - Robinson-Patman Act (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		Robinson-Patman Act, passed by the U.S. Congress in 1936 to supplement the Clayton Antitrust Act.
		The act, advanced by Congressman Wright Patman, forbade any person or firm engaged in interstate commerce to discriminate in price to different purchasers of the same commodity when the effect would be to lessen competition or to create a monopoly.
		Sometimes called the Anti-Chain-Store Act, this act was directed at protecting the independent retailer from chain-store competition, but it was also strongly supported by wholesalers eager to prevent large chain stores from buying directly from the manufacturers for lower prices.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/R/RbnsnPtm.html (215 words)

	COURT TV ONLINE - TRIALS
		While the Sherman Act made it illegal to monopolize or to restrain trade through unfair collaborations or conspiracies, the statute didn't specify exactly what conduct would be prohibited.
		Furthermore, the act was often used to prosecute labor unions rather than trusts, an eventuality that flew in the face of the statute's protect-the-common-man spirit.
		Antitrust practices have experienced a renaissance under the Clinton Administration as a result of the expanding economy and the political climate.
	www.courttv.com /trials/microsoft/primer.html (1232 words)

	Manatt, Phelps & Phillips, LLP - Antitrust (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The antitrust lawyers at Manatt Phelps and Phillips know that your business operates in the real world, where you have to compete for advantage in the marketplace and seize opportunities when you have the chance.
		Antitrust law is all about ensuring competitive balance, and we make the law work for you — not the other way around.
		Written the leading federal antitrust law handbook and the first compendium of antitrust law jury instructions for any state, as well as many other articles and treatises on antitrust law.
	www.manatt.com /showpract.asp?id=42 (877 words)

	The 1890 Sherman Antitrust Act
		Congress passed this act in 1890, and this is the source of all American anti monopoly laws.
		Theodore Roosevelt committed himself in 1901 and during both of his mandates to a strong war against monopolies, launching the federal government in 1906 in a lawsuit against the Standard because of discriminatory practices on the market, abuse of power and excessive control on the American oil industry.
		This is a landmark ruling in the economic history of the USA, and is the basis for a new doctrine in American antitrust policy, called the rule of reason (because of the famous unreasonable restraints to trade mentioned in the Sherman Antitrust Act.
	www.micheloud.com /FXM/SO/antitrust.htm (435 words)

	CHAPTER 16 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antitrust Act of 1890 was a law designed to regulate the competitive process.
		Clayton Antitrust Act made four specific monopolistic practices illegal when their effect was to lessen competition:
		Antitrust Act made price discrimination, tie-in contracts, and interlocking directorships illegal when their effect was to lessen competition.
	www.hcc.cc.il.us /staff/billm/fall04/sgch15e.html (4374 words)

	Antitrust Division Manual : Chapter Two - Statutory Provisions and Guidelines of the Antitrust Division
		The antitrust investigator or investigators conducting the examination shall exclude from the place where the examination is held all other persons except the person being examined, his counsel, the officer before whom the testimony is to be taken, and any stenographer taking such testimony.
		When the testimony is fully transcribed, the antitrust investigator or the officer shall afford the witness (who may be accompanied by counsel) a reasonable opportunity to examine the transcript; and the transcript shall be read to or by the witness, unless such examination and reading are waived by the witness.
		Upon payment of reasonable charges therefor, the antitrust investigator shall furnish a copy of the transcript to the witness only, except that the Assistant Attorney General in charge of the Antitrust Division may for good cause limit such witness to inspection of the official transcript of his testimony.
	www.usdoj.gov /atr/foia/divisionmanual/ch2.htm (8488 words)

	The Clayton Act of 1914, 15 U.S.C. § 12-27, 29 U.S.C. § 52-53. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Clayton Act of 1914, 15 U.S.C. § 12-27, 29 U.S.C. § 52-53.
		The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 is published at Titles 15 U.S.C. ?12-27 and 29 U.S.C. Congress passed the Clayton Act to clarify and supplement the Sherman Act by prohibiting exclusive sales contracts, certain instances of price cutting used to "freeze out" competitors, certain types of rebates and other problematic activities.
		An oft cited passage of the Clayton Act is its declaration that "the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce."
	www.consortiuminfo.org /antitrust/clayton.shtml (214 words)

	Clayton.w
		This section shall not apply to corporations purchasing such stock solely for investment and not using the same by voting or otherwise to bring about, or in attempting to bring about, the substantial lessening of competition.
		That from and after two years from the date of the approval of this Act no person at the same time shall be a director in any two or more corporations, any one of which has capital, surplus.
		SEC 10 That after two years from the approval of this Act no common carrier engaged in commerce shall have any dealings in securities, supplies, or other articles of commerce,.
	www.swarthmore.edu /SocSci/rbannis1/Progs/Clayton.html (442 words)

	Clayton Antitrust Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The word "person" or "persons" wherever used in this Act shall be deemed to include corporations and associations existing under or authorized by the laws of either the United States, the laws of any of the Territories, the laws of any State, or the laws of any foreign country.
		That the several district courts of the United States are hereby invested with jurisdiction to prevent and restrain violations of this Act, and it shall be the duty of the several district attorneys of the United States, in their respective districts, under the direction of the Attorney General, to institute proceedings in equity to prevent.
		Section two hundred and sixty-three of an Act entitled "An Act to codify, revise, and amend the laws relating to the judiciary," approved March third, nineteen hundred and eleven, is hereby repealed.
	teachingamericanhistory.org /library/index.asp?document=488 (1023 words)

	Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the act's main provisions outlaws all combinations that restrain trade between states or with foreign nations.
		These two provisions, which comprise the heart of the Sherman Act, are enforceable by the Department of Justice through litigation in the federal courts.
		One of these was the Clayton Antitrust Act, which elaborated on the general provisions of the Sherman Act and specified many illegal practices that either contributed to or resulted from monopolization.
	www.owlnet.rice.edu /~engi202/sherman.html (492 words)

	Clayton Antitrust Act
		Henry De Lamar Clayton - Clayton, Henry De Lamar, 1857–1929, U.S. congressman, b.
		Copyright and antitrust: the effects of the Digital Performance Rights in Sound Recordings Act of 1995 in foreign markets.
		In private antitrust action against two leading auction houses, Second Circuit holds that Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act of 1982 did not overrule prior circuit law on applicability of Sherman Act to antitrust violations committed abroad.
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0812484.html (418 words)

	Clayton Antitrust Act -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Clayton Act, designed to strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, defined the methods of competition that the Commission was empowered to forbid.
		It made officers of corporations liable for illegal acts of those corporations, exempted labor unions from antitrust acts, and forbade...
		The American scientist Harold Clayton Urey won the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1934 for his discovery of the heavy form of hydrogen known as deuterium.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9024276?tocId=9024276 (993 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search Results - Clayton’s
		Clayton, John Middleton: member of Zachary Taylor’s cabinet (table)
		Antitrust : antitrust measures of U.S. government : specific legislation: Clayton Antitrust Act
		Clayton Antitrust Act, legislation passed by the United States Congress in 1914 to prohibit certain monopolistic practices that were then common in...
	encarta.msn.com /Clayton%e2%80%99s.html (148 words)

	From Revolution to Reconstruction: Outlines: American Economy (1991): 6p4
		The government responded in 1890 with the Sherman Antitrust Act, which made it illegal for any person or business to monopolize trade, or to contract, combine or conspire to restrict trade.
		In the early 1900s, the government used the act to break up the Standard Oil Company and several other large firms that had abused their economic power.
		The Clayton Antitrust Act tried to define more clearly what was meant by restraint of trade.
	odur.let.rug.nl /~usa/ECO/1991/ch6_p4.htm (639 words)

	Sherman anti-trust act and Clayton act
		The Sherman Antitrust Act is a Federal law prohibiting any contract, trust, or conspiracy in restraint of interstate or foreign trade.
		The Clayton Act regulates general practices that potentially may be detrimental to fair competition.
		Some of these general practices regulated by the Clayton Act are: price discrimination; exclusive dealing contracts, tying agreements, or requirement contracts; mergers and acquisitions; and interlocking directorates.
	business-law.freeadvice.com /trade_regulation/anti_trust_act.htm (276 words)

	Antitrust Act on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		TTI Obtains U.S. and European Antitrust Clearance for the Acquisition of Milwaukee(R), AEG(R) and DreBo(R).
		Antitrust Review Extended for Proposed BAE Systems Acquisition of United Defense.
		SunGard Announces Expiration of Hart-Scott-Rodino Act Waiting Period in Connection with Its Acquisition by Consortium of Private Equity Firms.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/x/x-a1ntitrus.asp (570 words)

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