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Topic: Clean Air Act 1956

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	Clean Air Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Clean Air Act, describes one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to reduction of smog and atmospheric pollution in general.
		The United States Congress passed the Clean Air Act in 1963, the Clean Air Act Amendment in 1966, the Clean Air Act Extension in 1970, Clean Air Act Amendments in 1977, and Clean Air Act Amendments in 1990.
		The Clean Air Act (1990) proposed emissions trading, added provisions for addressing acid rain, ozone depletion and toxic air pollution, and established a national permits program.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clean_Air_Act (311 words)

	Clean Air Acts
		The Clean Air Act focused on reducing smoke pollution, but the introduction of cleaner coals and the increased usage of electricity and gas actually helped to reduce sulphur dioxide levels at the same time.
		As a consequence, air pollution in cities was dramatically reduced.
		The Clean Air Act of 1968 introduced the basic principle for the use of tall chimneys for industries burning coal, liquid or gaseous fuels.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/air_quality/older/Clean_Air_Acts.html (157 words)

	Control of Smoke Pollution Act 1989 (c. 17)
		Acts of Parliament printed from this website are printed under the superintendence and authority of the Controller of HMSO being the Queen's Printer of Acts of Parliament.
		It should be noted that the right to reproduce the text of Acts of Parliament does not extend to the Queen's Printer imprints which should be removed from any copies of the Act which are issued or made available to the public.
		An Act to amend section 16(1)(a) of the Clean Air Act 1956 and section 1 of the Clean Air Act 1968.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /acts/acts1989/Ukpga_19890017_en_1.htm (558 words)

	NOW with Bill Moyers. Science & Health. Deadly Smog - Overview \| PBS
		The direct result was the Clean Air Act in 1956 — the first effective limitation on the burning of coal.
		The National Society for Clean Air estimates that 20,000 lives a year are still shortened by air pollution in England.
		Air quality hazards are not solely the result of industrial or automotive pollutants.
	www.pbs.org /now/science/smog.html (1158 words)

	Guardian Unlimited \| Special reports \| Air pollution death toll 'has doubled'
		Air pollution could be killing at least twice as many people as officially estimated, a report claimed today on the 50th anniversary of the great smog of London.
		The National Society for Clean Air (NSCA) gave the warning as it launched a report choreographed to coincide with the anniversary the nation's worst single air pollution disaster, in which around 4,000 people died in the capital.
		Air quality is getting better, and the number of days of poor air quality each year continues to fall.
	www.guardian.co.uk /waste/story/0,12188,854660,00.html (899 words)

	Clean Air Act 1993 (c. 11) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The substitution of this Act for the enactments repealed by this Act does not affect the continuity of the law.
		Any document made, served or issued after the commencement of this Act which contains a reference to any of the enactments repealed by this Act shall be construed, except so far as a contrary intention appears, as referring or, as the case may require, including a reference to the corresponding provision of this Act.
		Paragraphs 2 and 3 have effect without prejudice to the operation of sections 16 and 17 of the [1978 c. 30.] Interpretation Act 1978 (which relate to the effect of repeals).
	www.hmso.gov.uk /ACTS/acts1993/Ukpga_19930011_en_13.htm (961 words)

	Public perceptions of air quality and health (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Places are known to suffer ‘geographic’ stigma arising from public perceptions of environmental criteria (such as close proximity to pollution sources) and it has been recently argued that scientific evidence for clean air is preferentially used in official discourses, which dismiss as “wrong” public opinions and lay concerns surrounding air quality (Bush et al., 2001).
		Air quality in Nottingham is, today, identified as problematic with at least three areas of the city failing to meet target objectives to reduce pollution and improve quality (Nottingham City Council, 2001).
		The Clean Air Act (1956) succeeded in reducing smoke emissions but, in places, air quality is still poor.
	www.geog.nottingham.ac.uk /~michele/dirt.htm (627 words)

	News and speeches:: The Labour Party: securing Britain's future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The devastating event led to the introduction of the Clean Air Act in 1956 - a landmark in British environmental history.
		Air quality is one of our top priorities and we are committed to improving people's quality of life.
		The Government's Air Quality Strategy and the system of Local Air Quality Management that we have in the UK is one of the most advanced in Europe and ranks with any other in the world.
	www.labour.org.uk /news/airquality (414 words)

	Clean Air Act - TheBestLinks.com - Clean Air Act (USA) (1970), London, Pollution, Smog, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clean Air Act - TheBestLinks.com - Clean Air Act (USA) (1970), London, Pollution, Smog,...
		Clean Air Act, Clean Air Act (USA) (1970), London, Pollution, Smog, Emissions...
		The Clean Air Act may be one of a number of pieces of legislation relating to reduction of smog and atmospheric pollution in general.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Clean_Air_Act.html (168 words)

	Observer \| London's air cleanest since 1585
		Pollution dropped more dramatically after the Clean Air Act of 1956 banned the burning of all dirty fuels, putting an end to 'pea-soup' smogs.
		As the area around London became deforested and the wood was all burnt, households increasingly turned to the burning of cheap dirty coal, high in sulphur.
		The National Society for Clean Air is one of Britain's oldest environmental pressure groups, founded 100 years ago.
	observer.guardian.co.uk /print/0,3858,4201562-102285,00.html (655 words)

	EEA - Reports - Air and Health - Local authorities, health and environment - Case study: Smoke control in the United ...
		The result was the Clean Air Act 1956.
		This Act, which was amended in 1968, regulated pollution from smoke, grit and dust from domestic, commercial and industrial sources.
		The legislation prohibited the emission of "dark smoke" from any chimney and enabled local authorities to declare all or part of their area a "smoke control area".
	reports.eea.eu.int /2599XXX/en/page017.html (394 words)

	GUSTO Project webSite version 2.0 beta pollutionTargetsPage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		From this point onward various Royal Proclamations and Government acts [5] targeted specific primary pollution sources, for example the Railway Clauses Consolidated Act of 1845 Required railway engines to 'consume their own smoke.' The Public Health Act of 1875 Contained a section on smoke abatement from which legislation to the present day has been based.
		The first Clean Air Act in 1956 was targeted at the introduction of smoke control areas, chimney heights and the prohibition of dark smoke emissions from installations (with some exceptions).
		Current legalisation is related to the Environment act of 1995 however further detail is beyond the scope of this text, in the interests of completeness and for the interested reader, a more in depth discussion of the role of government, current legislative framework and future legislative developments is given in the appendix.
	www.hep.ph.ic.ac.uk /~martinp/pollutionTargetsPage.htm (783 words)

	cleanairenvev
		In the Clean Air Act of 1970, President Richard Nixon Called for a reduction in motor vehicle emissions which the automobile companies thought was impossible.
		This act required a number of government vehicles to use alternative fuels, such as methanol and ethanol, which gave the automobile industry incentive to develop these fuels and design automobiles to use them.
		This act was to go beyond the legislation for clean air and clean water, and it would deal with pollution at the source.
	www.ametsoc.org /Sloan/cleanair/cleanairenvev.html (1319 words)

	Waste Works - Legislation - Clean Air Act
		Urban air quality earlier this century was extremely poor with frequent episodes of smog and sulphur fumes from industrial chimneys and stacks.
		The eventual result was the Clean Air Act 1956, extended by the Clean Air Act 1968.
		The 1956 and 1968 Acts have now been consolidated and their provisions re-enacted in the Clean Air Act 1993.
	www.wasteworks.org.uk /legislation/legislation_detail10.asp (199 words)

	House of Commons Hansard Debates for 14 Apr 1989
		Clause 1 clearly amends section 16 of the Clean Air Act 1956, whereas the wording in the title speaks of repealing it.
		Those of us who have studied those Acts in depth and in detail because we are genuinely concerned about the environment--unlike the green goddess at No. 10--were concerned about the Clean Air Act long before 1979, and were affected by it even before the legislation was introduced in 1956 and 1968.
		If we can prevent smoke being ejected from industrial and domestic units, it would clean the air and should stop some of the health problems with which we are faced now and the expense of curing them.
	www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk /pa/cm198889/cmhansrd/1989-04-14/Debate-2.html (4910 words)

	Caradon District Council - Clean Air Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As a response to this, the Clean Air Act was passed in 1956 with the aim to reduce pollution from smoke.
		The current Clean Air Act was implemented in 1993, and is split into an number of parts which set out to control emissions to air.
		Part II of this act relates to the emission of smoke, grit, dust and fumes incorporating furnaces and chimneys (including specification on the heights of chimneys).
	www.caradon.gov.uk /index.cfm?Articleid=10682 (608 words)

	Stoke-on-line: How clean is the air we breathe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The Clean Air Act of 1956 put an end to widespread industrial pollution and solved the problems of the smog which hung over Stoke-on-Trent and many major cities.
		Air pollution is a major cause of respiratory illnesses such as asthma.
		There is a network of monitoring stations throughout the city, measuring eight different air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide, sulphur dioxide and industrial pollution particles.
	www.stoke.gov.uk /redirect?oid=[com.arsdigita.categorization.Category:{id=927724}] (252 words)

	5/12/2002 -- UK: Air pollution 'still a killer'
		AIR pollution in Britain was killing 10 times more people than road accidents every year, the National Society for Clean Air and Environmental protection (NSCA) has said.
		It is commonly viewed as the watershed that gave rise to modern air pollution control in Britain which led to parliament passing the Clean Air Act in 1956.
		To mark the anniversary, the environment ministry issued a statement declaring air quality was improving, and the number of days of poor air quality each year continued to fall.
	www.climateark.org /articles/reader.asp?linkid=18278 (626 words)

	[No title]
		The cause was a deadly mixture of sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide and metal-dust emissions from coke plants, a huge zinc smelter and coal furnaces located in the valley and town that was held in place by an unyielding layer of air.
		And in the Strait of Malacca, 250 miles from the air crash, 29 men went missing after two cargo vessels collided in the thick smog caused by the bush fires in the region.
		The government declared an environment pre-emergency on May 19, 2004, because of the high levels of pollutants in the air, forcing the 60 percent of vehicles with improper pollution-control devices off the roads in the capital city of Santiago.
	www.laweekly.com /ink/printme.php?eid=68157 (650 words)

	Planet Ark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A band of warm air sat on top of cold air underneath and increased emissions from domestic burning coal fires had nowhere to escape.
		Those five dark days prompted the government to pass the first Clean Air Act in 1956 which introduced smokeless zones and cleaner fuels to reduce pollution.
		Air quality is improving thanks to improved transport policies, engine technology and fuel technology but Ayres believes it is a global problem that requires a global solution.
	www.planetark.com /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=18953 (531 words)

	CB601.2.4: Light peppered moth increase before lichens
		The first indication of an increase in the proportion of light peppered moths in Britain were obtained by Clarke and Sheppard (1966) at Caldy on the Wirral peninsula.
		Evolution in reverse: clean air and the peppered moth.
		Qualitative scale for estimating sulphur dioxide air pollution in England and Wales using epiphytic lichens.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB601_2_4.html (1141 words)

	The Clean Air Act and smoke control
		The London smog of 1952 lasted for several days and caused 4000 deaths prompting the implementation of the Clean Air Acts 1956 and 1968.
		Although the situation is vastly improved, dense domestic smoke can still obscure winter sunshine, contribute to fogs and cause respiratory problems for children, old people and those with bronchitis or asthma.
		Click here for further information on Smoke control across the UK All of the City of Westminster has been a Smoke Control area since 1969 where the emission of smoke from chimneys of dwellings is prohibited.
	www.westminster.gov.uk /environment/pollution/airpollution/smokecontrol.cfm (493 words)

	Great London Smog
		The wind dropped and the air grew damp; a thick fog began to form.
		The deaths were attributed to the dramatic increase in air pollution during the period, with levels of sulphur dioxide increasing 7-fold, and levels of smoke increasing 3-fold.
		In response to the Great London Smog, the Government passed its first Clean Air Act in 1956, which aimed to control domestic sources of smoke pollution by introducing smokeless zones.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Air_Quality/Older/Great_London_Smog.html (240 words)

	Tate \| FAQs
		The visual appearance was extremely poor, mainly due to the accumulation of a considerable amount of dirt which consisted mostly of soot and to some extent the darkening of a varnish layer.
		These obscured much of the detail and colours.Since the Clean Air Act of 1956, it is easy to forget how much smoke there was in London’s air, two thirds of which was estimated to come from home and office fires.
		In some places slightly worn areas of thinner paint indicate that a crude attempt had been made to clean the painting when it was first becoming dirty.
	www.tate.org.uk /home/faqs/demon2.htm (433 words)

	Heterogeneous International Agreements
		The object of this paper is to test empirically whether the UK Clean Air Act of 1956 was responsible, in whole or in part, for the improvement in air quality in the UK over the last three decades.
		A large part of the study has involved the search for suitable variables to measure air pollution and to proxy the effects of the Act.
		The effectiveness of the Act, reflected in the significance of the premises variable, is borne out but the results suggest that its impact was through industrial rather than domestic premises.
	www.uea.ac.uk /env/cserge/pub/wp/gec/gec_1993_20.htm (253 words)

	[No title]
		¦ The Public Health Act ¦ In section 4, subsection (1) and, c.
		¦ The Fire Precautions Act ¦ In section 2, paragraphs (A) to ¦ 1971.
		¦ The Civil Aviation Act ¦ In Schedule 5, in paragraph ¦ 1971.
	www.healthandsafety.co.uk /schedule10.txt (351 words)

	Defra, UK - Environmental Protection - Air Quality
		From the time of the Industrial Revolution until the early 1960s, the main source of sulphur dioxide emissions in towns and cities was the domestic, commercial and industrial burning of coal.
		Following the Clean Air Act of 1956 and subsequent moves to the increased use of energy sources such as natural gas and electricity, emissions in towns have fallen considerably.
		The generation of electricity by combustion of fossil fuels has now become concentrated in large power stations with tall chimneys, situated mainly in rural areas rather than close to towns as was formerly the case.
	www.defra.gov.uk /environment/airquality/aqs/so2/4.htm (536 words)

	Clean Air Act Information Network
		In instances in which the demolition or renovation is ongoing, the primary objective for enforcement is to act quickly to remedy the violation, and a secondary concern is deterring future violations.
		Since asbestos is a hazardous air pollutant, the gravity factor associated with substantive violations (i.e., failure to adhere to work practices or to prevent visible emissions from waste disposal) should be high.
		United States, 434 U.S. The 1977 amendments to the Clean Air Act gave EPA authority to establish work-practice standards and the asbestos provisions are repromulgated under that authority.
	envinfo.com /caain/enforcement/caad64.html (14833 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Cleaner air helps asthma patients
		Patrick Saunders and colleagues at the HPA's chemical hazards and poisons division, examined the impact this had on hospital admissions from asthma in the area.
		"Air pollution is well documented as a potential health hazard and has been associated with increased respiratory sickness and death, which is of growing concern for those who live close to sources of air pollution.
		For instance, asthma rates have soared in Britain since the introduction of the Clean Air Act in 1956, which significantly cut air pollution across the country.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/3112672.stm (490 words)

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