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Topic: Clean Water Act

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	Clean Water Act
		Officially called the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972, the CWA was amended in 1977, and after it expired in 1982, the Water Quality Act of 1987 was passed to continue the basic structure of the Clean Water Act.
		The purpose of the CWA is to protect the quality of the nation’s rivers and lakes from pollution by giving the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to regulate both point source and non-point source pollution.
		Water quality based regulations limit the amount of discharge based on the quality of the body of water and how the body of water is used (recreation, drinking water supply, etc.).
	www.charlestonwater.com /envrmnt_regulatory_cwa.htm (336 words)

	Clean Water Main Page > Sierra Club
		The Clean Water Campaign is working at the state and local level to protect sources of drinking water from pollution, defending federal and state clean water protections from attack, and addressing the largest sources of water pollution: sewage and storm water runoff.
		It is thanks to this piece of legislation that we have clean drinking water and clean lakes and rivers in which to recreate.
		If efforts to weaken these longstanding clean water protections succeed, the EPA estimates that more than 110 million people may end up getting their drinking water from public drinking water systems that face the risk of pollution because of a 2003 policy directive.
	www.sierraclub.org /cleanwater (342 words)

	Clean Water Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Clean Water Act received Royal Assent on October 19, 2006.
		Passing of the Clean Water Act: View the news release and backgrounder.
		The Clean Water Act and source water protection: The Clean Water Act is related to other activities to protect sources of drinking water.
	www.ene.gov.on.ca /envision/water/cwa.htm (345 words)

	FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ACT (CLEAN WATER ACT): Summary from Federal Wildlife Laws Handbook
		The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, popularly known as the Clean Water Act, is a comprehensive statute aimed at restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters.
		The objective of the Clean Water Act is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters.
		EPA was required, by mid-1973, to promulgate guidelines for determining the degradation of the waters of the territorial seas, the contiguous zone and the oceans.
	ipl.unm.edu /cwl/fedbook/fwpca.html (3663 words)

	Clean Water Act Information on Healthline
		The law, commonly known as the Clean Water Act, set two national goals: elimination of the discharge of pollutants into the nation's waters, and achievement of water quality to protect fishing and swimming.
		Clean water is essential to the health of all Americans for drinking water, swimming, and other water recreation; as well as for the health of fish and all aquatic life.
		The nation's clean water laws have evolved from regulating direct discharges of organic and toxic pollutants to a system controlling diffuse, nonpoint sources of pollution.
	www.healthline.com /galecontent/clean-water-act (705 words)

	The 1972 Clean Water Act (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		In 1977, congress passed the Clean Water Act, which gave states the responsibility for defining and setting federally approved water quality standards and required them to report regularly on attainment of water quality goals.
		Current EPA water quality reports show that only 63% of streams and rivers, 52% of lakes and ponds, and 13% of wetlands are clean enough to sustain healthy populations of fish, birds and invertebrates.
		At first this may seem more difficult than forcing factories and cities to clean up their discharges, but if we can learn to see ourselves as parts of a watershed, the path to change will be clear and straight.
	www.ssu.missouri.edu /courses/AgEc356/1972_clean_water_act.htm (662 words)

	Clean Water Act
		Two primary strategies were used to improve water quality: (1) a federal construction grant program for wastewater treatment; and (2) requirements that all direct industrial and municipal discharges treat wastewater to technology based standards prior to releasing it into waterways.
		The objective of the CWA was to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the Nation's water.
		The CWA sought to eliminate the discharge of all pollutants by 1985 and, as an interim goal where possible to ensure that water quality is both "fishable and swimmable" by 1983.
	www.westlandswater.org /Topics/CleanWtrAct.htm (724 words)

	Setting the Stage: Clean Water Action Plan
		Water pollution today degrades the quality of rivers, lakes and coastal waters, but also affects quality of life by reducing recreational opportunities, undermining local economic prosperity, and threatening drinking water supplies and public health.
		Additionally, in 1987, the Clean Water Act was amended to establish the National Estuary Program to protect and restore the health of estuaries and to support economic and recreational activities.
		Based on water quality monitoring, states and tribes identify water bodies that do not meet or are not expected to meet water quality standards even after implementation of national minimum controls over sewage and industrial discharges.
	water.usgs.gov /owq/cleanwater/action/c1a.html (3703 words)

	CRS Report: IB89102 - Water Quality: Implementing the Clean Water Act - NLE
		The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, or Clean Water Act, is the principal law concerned with polluting activity in the nation's streams, lakes, and estuaries.
		A key element of the Clean Water Initiative, minimizing public health and environmental impacts of runoff from animal feeding operations (AFOs) into rivers, lakes, and estuaries, was addressed by a national strategy issued jointly by EPA and USDA on March 9, 1999.
		While the 1987 Clean Water Act amendments dealt with financial aid issues, funding questions have continued to arise and be addressed in the context of appropriations.
	cnie.org /NLE/CRSreports/water/h2o-15.cfm (7599 words)

	WDNR - Clean Water Act
		Protect water quality by ensuring that permits are issued to municipalities and industries on a timely basis and include limitations and special conditions that control and limit the amount of pollutants discharged and appropriately respond to permit noncompliance.
		Protect water quality by ensuring that agricultural discharge permits are issued in a timely basis and include limitations and special conditions that control and limit the amount of pollutants that are discharged by confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs) and evaluate and respond to permit noncompliance.
		Water quality standards changes may impact effluent limits in discharge permits and NPS best management practices that are needed to protect state waters.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/water/success/clean.htm (396 words)

	clean water act
		The Clean Water Act is a piece of landmark legislation enacted with the goal to make the nation's waterways "fishable and swimmable" by 1983, to ban toxic pollution and to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the nation's "navigable waters" by 1985.
		The second emphasizes the protection of rivers with water quality high enough "to support propagation of fish, shellfish, and wildlife and recreation" The third antidegredation level applies to rivers which constitute an "outstanding natural resource" and strictly implies that no degredation of water quality is to be allowed.
		Because the Clean Water Act is laden with terms like "degredation" and "instream water uses", it is often open to interpretation.
	www.prm.nau.edu /PRM346/clean_water_act.htm (1225 words)

	Clean Water Action
		The Clean Water Act was passed in 1972 to protect all of the nation's waters.
		A bi-partisan coalition in the U.S. Congress has introduced the "Clean Water Authority Restoration Act" (CWARA) These bills restate and clarify that the original intent of the Clean Water Act was to protect ALL waters of the United States.
		Clean Water Action and allies from over 1000 local, regional and national organizations joined together in 2004 to reaffirm the key steps necessary to achieve clean, safe and affordable water.
	www.cleanwateraction.org (321 words)

	THE CLEAN WATER ACT
		Although the Clean Water Act has made strides in cleaning up some waters, the 1972 Act's goal of reducing pollution so that all U.S waterways are safe for swimming and fishing remains the unmet benchmark of water quality in the United States.
		Although that bill passed the House within the first months of the 104th, the Clean Water Act remained intact when the most anti-environmental Congress in history closed its doors late last year, because U.S. PIRG and other groups mobilized a massive public outcry against the rollback of our clean water laws.
		The chastened 105th Congress is unlikely to act quickly on reauthorization of the Clean Water Act this year.
	www.pirg.org /enviro/water/cwa.htm (667 words)

	Environmental Protection Agency - Clean Water Act
		The Act made it unlawful for any person to discharge any pollutant from a point source into navigable waters, unless a permit was obtained under its provisions.
		The electronic version of the Clean Water Act (available below) is a thirtieth anniversary snapshot of the law, as amended through the enactment of the Great Lakes Legacy Act of 2002 (Public Law 107-303, November 27, 2002).
		This electronic version annotates the sections of the Act with the corresponding sections of the U.S. Code and footnote commentary on the effect of other laws on the current form of the Clean Water Act.
	www.epa.gov /region5/water/cwa.htm (650 words)

	Reading Rooms - The National Agricultural Law Center
		The Federal Water Pollution Control Act, 33 U.S.C. §§ 1251-1387, was adopted in 1948 and, after amendment in 1972 and 1977, became commonly known as the Clean Water Act ("CWA").
		This act provides a comprehensive system for the regulation of pollutants in the waters of the United States with the objective of restoring and maintaining the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters.
		The CWA operates by authorizing water quality standards for surface waters, requiring permits for point source discharges of pollutants into navigable waters, assisting with funding for construction of municipal sewage treatment plants, and planning for control of nonpoint source pollution.
	www.nationalaglawcenter.org /readingrooms/cleanwater (655 words)

	CHAPTER C-6.1 - Clean Water Act
		"ground water recharge area" means the surface area of land that acts as a catchment to supply a body of water or an aquifer with ground water;
		"storm water" means rain water, or water resulting from the melting of snow and ice, that may contribute to the flow in a sewer;
		"waters of the Province" means all water in the Province of New Brunswick and, without restricting the generality of the foregoing, includes coastal water within the jurisdiction of the Province, ground water and surface water;
	www.gnb.ca /0062/acts/acts/c-06-1.htm (3209 words)

	Clean Water Act
		In 1977, the Clean Water Act was amended to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, setting the basic structure for regulating polluted discharges from industries and sewer treatment plants to national waterways.
		The Clean Water Act sets national standards for pollution reduction and defines limits that must be achieved by the public’s wastewater treatment plants.
		According to the Clean Water Act, it is a national objective for rivers, lakes, bays, and other waterbodies throughout the country to be “fishable and swimmable.”
	www.narrabay.com /cleanWaterAct.asp (186 words)

	Restore, strengthen Clean Water Act
		Silt robs water bodies of sunlight, killing grasses and burying the benthic community, which are groups of shellfish and worms on the bottom of the ocean floor.
		President Bush put language to the 2005 Energy Policy Act, which exempts any construction for the oil and gas industry from the Clean Water Act, no matter how large or small it is. This is another insidious attempt by the administration to sneak breaks into legislation for Bush's buddies and his family.
		Restoring all the protections of the Clean Water Act prior to when it was altered in 2003 would have a large impact on the quality of our water right now.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /opinion/260453_cleanwater23.html (832 words)

	SCFC Clean Water Act
		The Clean Water Act of 1972 was the first federal legislation to address pollution caused by stormwater runoff from the landscape.
		Two sections of the Clean Water Act establishing the legal framework for nonpoint source pollution control are Section 208 and Section 404.
		Section 319 of this act required states to identify waterbodies in which their Section 208 Plan and programs were unsuccessful in controlling these pollutants.
	www.state.sc.us /forest/mcwa.htm (700 words)

	Extending the Clean Water Act--Issues and Alternatives, EC95-816
		While the basic issues ave not changed, the schedule for reauthorization of the Clean Water Act and the approach to issues may have been altered by the change in political-party leadership in the Congress.
		The Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972, frequently referred to as the Clean Water Act (CWA), was last amended and updated in 1987.
		The original clean water legislation focused primarily on reducing wastewater contamination of lakes, streams and other bodies of water by municipalities and industrial plants.
	ianrpubs.unl.edu /water/ec816.htm (2407 words)

	AHRI-Clean Water Act
		The twenty-fifth anniversary of the Clean Water Act presents an opportunity for all Americans to celebrate the successes of the Act to date, and to recognize the vital role of clean water in protecting public health and securing our economic future.
		In 25 years, the Clean Water Act has stopped billions of pounds of pollution from flowing into our rivers, lakes, and streams, and doubled the number of waterways that are safe for swimming and fishing.
		Agencies must bring to these challenges a new vision, one which ensures that the level of effort is commensurate with the importance of clean water to the health and well-being of every community.
	www.libertymatters.org /ahri-cleanwateract.htm (1762 words)

	Clean Water Act
		The regulation will not only remove ambiguity from Clean Water Act's regulations, but also enhance environmental protection of our wetlands and streams by prohibiting the dumping of trash or garbage in them.
		EPA is responsible for the development and approval of the standards, criteria, and effluent guidelines that govern impacts to the Nation's waters under the Clean Water Act.
		EPA approves state water quality standards in accordance with the Act, which are achieved primarily through programs administered by the states.
	www.hq.usace.army.mil /cepa/releases/cleanwater.htm (769 words)

	EEK! - Our Earth - Happy Birthday Clean Water Act
		Many of Wisconsin's industries, the dairies, breweries, papermakers, and vegetable canneries were big water users that also sent their wastes into Wisconsin waters.
		The goals of the Clean Water Act were simple--water should be clean enough for fishing, swimming and other recreational uses.
		The Clean Water Act went a long way in cleaning up our lakes and rivers, but there's still more to be done.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/caer/ce/eek/earth/cleanWaterActBirthday.htm (355 words)

	Clean Water America
		Despite the progress made since enactment of the Clean Water Act in 1972, 45% of America’s rivers, lakes, streams and bays are still impaired.
		Federal investment in clean water has declined from 75% in the 1970s to under 5% today.
		Thanks to hard work of Clean Water America along with its hundreds of thousands of supporters and allies, the Water Quality Financing Act of 2007 (HR 720) will be voted on by the U.S House of Representative no later than February 16.
	www.cleanwateramerica.org /takeaction/index.cfm?ID=19 (391 words)

	The Blog \| Robert F. Kennedy Jr.: Destroying the Clean Water Act \| The Huffington Post
		After twenty two years as a clean water advocate using the Clean Water Act to protect America's waterways and the communities that rely upon them, it's been a difficult five years watching the White House systematically dismantle that popular and fantastically successful statute.
		Recognizing that water is a continuum, and that the purposes of the law would be easily circumvented if polluters could simply relocate their discharge pipes into smaller tributaries, drainage ditches and wetlands, the courts have consistently defined "Waters of the United States" broadly to include all tributaries and wetlands that flow into larger navigable waterbodies.
		When they hold the glasses of water scooped from these very tributaries to the mouths of their family members, we will know they cannot identify a problem when it is staring them in the face.
	www.huffingtonpost.com /robert-f-kennedy-jr/destroying-the-clean-wate_b_16195.html (2566 words)

	Water Laws - Clean Water Act
		Does a discharge of phosphorus from a new municipal wastewater treatment plant contribute to the impairment of listed impaired waters in violation of Clean Water Act regulations when the phosphorus increase from that discharge is offset by reduction from other sources?
		Is a citizen plaintiff's claim to assess civil penalties moot once the defendants obtain an npdes permit and are reasonably unlikely to commit future violations of the Clean Water Act?
		When is an oil discharge to a navigable waterway "reasonably forseeable" so as to require a spill prevention control and countermeasures plan under the Clean Water Act?
	www.waterlaws.com /court_cases/CleanWaterAct/cleanwateract.html (255 words)

	US CODE: Title 33,1251. Congressional declaration of goals and policy
		The objective of this chapter is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the Nation’s waters.
		It is the national policy that to the maximum extent possible the procedures utilized for implementing this chapter shall encourage the drastic minimization of paperwork and interagency decision procedures, and the best use of available manpower and funds, so as to prevent needless duplication and unnecessary delays at all levels of government.
		It is the policy of Congress that the authority of each State to allocate quantities of water within its jurisdiction shall not be superseded, abrogated or otherwise impaired by this chapter.
	www.law.cornell.edu /uscode/33/1251.html (641 words)

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