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	Cleavage (crystal) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Basal cleavage: cleavage parallel to the base of a crystal, or to the plane of the lateral axes.
		Diagonal cleavage: cleavage parallel to a diagonal plane.
		Prismatic cleavage, cleavage parallel to a vertical Prism.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cleavage_(crystal) (295 words)

	Activity 21: Cleavage and Fracture - Maine Geological Survey
		Cleavage is the property of a mineral that allows it to break smoothly along specific internal planes (called cleavage planes) when the mineral is struck sharply with a hammer.
		Thus a mineral's cleavage may be described as perfect three plane cleavage, in which case the mineral breaks with almost mirror-like surfaces along the three dimensional axes; the mineral calcite exhibits such cleavage.
		Cleavage tendencies and patterns are also useful in the cutting of gem stones, the growth and utilization of silicon chips, and the production of synthetic crystals for use in lasers.
	www.state.me.us /doc/nrimc/mgs/education/lessons/act21.htm (1146 words)

	Mineral Gallery - the property of CLEAVAGE
		Cleavage is said to be basal when it occurs perpendicular to the major axis of the mineral and prismatic when it occurs parallel to the major axis.
		Multiple cleavages that produce geometric polygons are referred to using the name of the geometric polygon, such as octahedral cleavage in the mineral fluorite, cubic cleavage in the mineral halite or rhombohedral cleavage in calcite (pictured).
		To identify cleavage in a mineral remember that it is always parallel to a possible crystal face, it is reproducible over and over again and that it may be seen as internal reflection planes.
	mineral.galleries.com /minerals/property/cleavage.htm (682 words)

	Wafer of semiconductors - Patent 4630093 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Among the four cleavage planes which are perpendicular to the surface of a (100) wafer, two cleavage planes which are parallel to one another are equivalent.
		In the etching process, the etching planes are represented by (1.+-.1.+-.1), because the etching was done along the periphery of a small rectangular part having four sides parallel with the cleavage planes.
		According to the mentioned classification of (i) and (ii), (111) plane is equivalent with (111) plane, and (111) plane is equivalent with (111) plane.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4630093.html (4252 words)

	[No title]
		For a branching plane inclined at an angle to the original cleavage plane, both cleavage and emission (which blunts the crack) can be described as a balance between an elastic driving force and a lattice resistance for the event.
		Both branching cleavage and blunting emission can be described in terms of a stability diagram in the space of the remote stress intensity factors, and the competition between events on the initial cleavage plane and those on the branching plane can be described by overlays of the two appropriate stability diagrams.
		Since branching is a cleavage process, the driving force must be the standard energy release rate on the branching plane, written in terms of the local stress intensity factors, $k_i$, for the branching crack in the limit of zero length for the kink.
	www.ctcms.nist.gov /~robb/stability/6806_ (6082 words)

	First cleavage plane of the mouse egg is not predetermined but defined by the topology of the two apposing pronuclei : ...
		reporting that the embryonic−abembryonic axis of the blastocyst arises perpendicular to the first cleavage plane, and hence to the animal−vegetal axis of the zygote, have led to the claim that the axis of the mouse embryo is already specified in the egg.
		The first cleavage plane coincides with the plane defined by the two apposing pronuclei once they have moved to the centre of the egg.
		Pronuclear transfer experiments confirm that the first cleavage plane is not determined in early interphase but rather is specified by the newly formed topology of the two pronuclei.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/nature02595 (295 words)

	Mineralogy - LoveToKnow 1911 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		This property of " cleavage " (see Crystallography) is an important essential character of minerals, and one which is often of considerable assistance in their recognition.
		For example, calcite, with its three directions of perfect cleavage parallel to the faces of a rhombohedron, may always be readily distinguished from aragonite or quartz; or again, the perfect cubical cleavage of galena renders this mineral always easy of recognition.
		Planes of parting, etching figures, pressureand percussionfigures are sometimes characters of importance in describing and distinguishing minerals.
	www.1911ency.org /M/MI/MINERALOGY.htm (7255 words)

	USGS B 2123 -- Structural Geology
		Cleavage in the gneiss, dikes, and cover rocks is coplanar and supports other field evidence that the basement and cover rocks were deformed together (fig.
		Cleavage that formed during Paleozoic deformation cuts the gneissic foliation and is marked by biotite, sericite, chlorite, and recrystallized quartz in thin ductile-deformation zones (Mitra, 1978).
		Quartz grains are elongated and flattened in the cleavage plane.
	pubs.usgs.gov /bul/b2123/structure.html (3052 words)

	Graphite - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The acoustic and thermal properties of graphite are highly anisotropic, since phonons propagate very quickly along the tightly-bound planes, but are slower to travel from one plane to another.
		When a large number of crystallographic defects bind these planes together, graphite loses its lubrication properties and becomes what is known as pyrolytic carbon, a useful material in blood-contacting implants such as prosthetic heart valves.
		Natural and crystalline graphites are not often used in pure form as structural materials due to their shear-planes, brittleness and inconsistent mechanical properties.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Graphite (831 words)

	ZFIN Cleavage Stages
		Their complete cleavage occurs near the end of the 16-cell stage because of the way the cleavage furrows undercut the blastodisc from the center, going outwards towards the blastodisc margin.
		This is because the plane of the blastodisc is curved; marginal cells are more vegetal, and they lie partly in front of the nonmarginal ones positioned closer to the animal pole.
		During the same cleavage the horizontal divisions of marginal blastomeres present at cycle 6 produce two EVL sister cells, and in a face view of the 64-cell stage one sees three tiers of EVL cells (Fig.
	zfin.org /zf_info/zfbook/stages/cleave_stgs.html (812 words)

	ScienceWeek
		During cleavage, almost no growth occurs between consecutive divisions, and the total volume of the embryo does not substantially change: the size of the cells is reduced by almost half at each division.
		The second cleavage plane is again vertical but at right angles to the first, producing 4 equal cells arranged around the main axis of the egg.
		Although the shape and volume of the embryo do not change during cleavage, an important change in gross organization occurs: as the blastomeres are produced, they move outward, leaving a centrally-located fluid-filled cavity, and the embryo at this stage approximates a hollow ball and is known as a "blastula".
	scienceweek.com /2001/sw010309.htm (14185 words)

	Plane of Cell Cleavage and Numb Distribution during Cell Division Relative to Cell Differentiation in the Developing ...
		Cells were considered to have a perpendicular or parallel cleavage plane when their axis was within 30° of the major axis; cells outside this range were considered to have an intermediate cleavage plane.
		Cells with a cleavage plane within 30° of perpendicular or parallel to the surface of the retina were grouped; cells outside this range were not classified.
		Chenn A, McConnell SK (1995) Cleavage orientation and the asymmetric inheritance of Notch1 immunoreactivity in mammalian neurogenesis.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/17/7518 (5993 words)

	Deviation of the Blastocyst Axis from the First Cleavage Plane Does Not Affect the Quality of Mouse Postimplantation ...
		The first cleavage plane is identified as the boundary between the progeny of DiI-labeled and nonlabeled blastomeres of the two-cell stage.
		When the angle between the first cleavage plane (dotted white line) and the cavity floor was within 30°, the blastocyst was scored as orthogonal (B and C).
		cleavage plane to the Em-Ab axis of the blastocyst influences
	www.biolreprod.org /cgi/content/full/69/4/1208 (2994 words)

	Physical Characteristics of Minerals
		A cleavage plane is a plane of structural weakness along which a mineral is likely to split.
		Cleavage is the result of weaker bond strengths or greater lattice spacing across the plane in question than in other directions within the crystal.
		Cleavage planes, if they exist, are always parallel to a potential crystal face.
	dave.ucsc.edu /myrtreia/physical_character.html (5718 words)

	Evidence for Directed Mitotic Cleavage Plane Reorientations During Retinal Development within the Zebrafish -- Link 201 ...
		plane relative to the plane formed by the cellular sheet (2,3).
		To assess metaphase chromosomal plane orientations in a vertebrate
		of cell division was perpendicular to the plane of the neuroepithelial
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/201/2/254 (696 words)

	Model of Magnetic Field-Induced Mitotic Apparatus Reorientation in Frog Eggs -- Valles 82 (3): 1260 -- Biophysical ...
		The well-described, nominal geometry of the early cell divisions or cleavages of amphibian eggs is beautifully symmetric and
		A rotation of the axes by magnetic field after first cleavage, as shown in the magnetic field exposed column, leads to a reorientation of the axes at second and third cleavage.
		Note, however, that the orientation of the second cleavage plane does not differ from the control, whereas the orientation of the third cleavage plane is perpendicular to the control.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/82/3/1260 (2778 words)

	GG 101 Lab "Minerals: Cleavage"
		Although cleavage can be difficult to identify, the trained eye learns to recognize it by the way light is reflected from the broken surface of the crystal.
		Cleavage Surface: Since the apparently irregular surface is really made of flat, parallel surfaces, light rays are reflected in the same direction, so the surface looks shiny like a mirror, and gives a 'flash' when turned in the direction that catches the light in just the right way.
		This is an mpg movie that shows the two direction of cleavage in speciman A. Watch for the slight 'flash' as the crystal is rotated first in one direction, the moved to show the surface shown in the above photos.
	honolulu.hawaii.edu /distance/geolab/cleavage.html (811 words)

	A small, physiological electric field orients cell division -- Zhao et al. 96 (9): 4942 -- Proceedings of the National ...
		epithelium by altering the axis of cleavage by 90° (1).
		The angle formed by the cleavage plane and the vector of the electric field was used to calculate the polarization of cleavage angle (for details see Materials and Methods).
		F-actin is concentrated at the cleavage plane (white arrowhead).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/96/9/4942 (3179 words)

	Diamond - MSN Encarta
		Crystals tend to cleave, or split, along lines called cleavage planes between layers of atoms.
		The cutter determines where cleavage planes lie and decides how the stone can best be divided by cleaving and sawing.
		A light blow of a hammer on the cleaving iron, which is held against the diamond parallel to the cleavage plane, cleaves the stone.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761557986/Diamond.html (1548 words)

	Crystals and Cleavage
		This is a cleavage plane: A weakness in one directly that occurs throughout the mineral because of its internal crystal structure.
		If the plane is very smooth and glassy, the mineral has "perfect cleavage." Some minerals have cleavage in one, two and even three directions.
		Cleavage planes are always parallel to a crystal face or a potential crystal face in a crystal.
	borntoexplore.org /ryan/crystals.htm (598 words)

	Polarity of the mouse embryo is established at blastocyst and is not prepatterned -- Motosugi et al. 19 (9): 1081 -- ...
		Davies, T.J. and Gardner, R.L. The plane of first cleavage is not related to the distribution of sperm components in the mouse.
		The early blastocyst is bilaterally symmetrical and its axis of symmetry is aligned with the animal–vegetal axis of the zygote in the mouse.
		Hiiragi, T. and Solter, D. First cleavage plane of the mouse egg is not predetermined but defined by the topology of the two apposing pronuclei.
	www.genesdev.org /cgi/content/full/19/9/1081 (6606 words)

	Chen, Mol Vis 2006; 12:196-204.
		The results indicated the cleavage plane of RCE was located at collagen VII layer, between basement membrane and Bowman's layer.
		The reason that we employed various types of controls in the current study is to avoid the confounding factor that the cleavage plane of RCE might arise from artefacts of mechanical separation during the surgery.
		Intriguingly, we found that the splitting plane in mechanically separated epithelial sheets from normal individuals was actually located below anchoring fibrils and above Bowman's layer, as the immunostaining of collagen VII deposited in a continuous and linear fashion along the basal side of epithelial sheets (Figure 5C).
	www.molvis.org /molvis/v12/a22 (3763 words)

	Lecture: Developmental Potential (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Cleavage then began on one side, whereupon Spemann tightened the lasso until the two halves were completely separated.
		However, should this cleavage plane be aberrant (either naturally or in experiment), the gray crescent material passes into only one of the two blastomeres.
		One possibility was that when the egg was divided perpendicular to the first cleavage plane, some cytoplasmic substance was not equally distributed into the two halves.
	morgan.botany.uga.edu /devbio/syllabus/lecdevpot.htm (3468 words)

	UW Anatomy Department
		We are interested in how the cleavage plane is specified, how the contractile ring forms and how the daughter cells finally become pinched off.
		In the course of this work we revealed a mechanism that orients the mitotic spindle and hence the cleavage plane during determinative divisions and how polarity gets established in early blastomeres.
		In the course of this study we demonstrated that directed secretion is necessary for the terminal phase of cytokinesis and that furthermore, this phase of cytokinesis is similar the cleavage mechanism used by plant cells (Skop et al., 2001).
	www.anatomy.wisc.edu /faculty_white.html (579 words)

	April 5 notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Axial surface cleavage - the cleavage is parallel to the axial surface of the fold.
		In the hinge area (area 1), the cleavage is nearly perpendicular to bedding.
		Trend and plunge of the intersection line between cleavage and bedding is the same as the trend and plunge of the fold hinge line.
	www.mines.utah.edu /~rlbruhn/gg3060/matts_notes/Apr_5_notes.html (204 words)

	Cardiac Microstructure: Implications for Electrical Propagation and Defibrillation in the Heart -- Hooks et al. 91 (4): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		B, Superimposed on the tissue image of Figure 1 is a cross section through the bilinear finite element description of cleavage planes (shown in yellow) used in the model, with the corresponding regions of removed intracellular elements (shown in green).
		The cleavage plane obstacles in panel A lead to a highly discontinuous form of propagation that is, however, approximated well by the continuous model, in terms of global directions and rates of propagation.
		In the discontinuous model, cleavage plane obstructions to intracellular current flow lead to multiple inflections on the potential profile, and depolarized regions exist throughout most of the tissue volume.
	circres.ahajournals.org /cgi/content/full/91/4/331 (4709 words)

	Sodium Chloride Crystal Cleavage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A knife is placed on a large sodium chloride crystal parallel to a cleavage plane.
		When one of these crystals is tapped with the knife at an angle, it shatters, breaking along a cleavage plane rather than parallel to the knife blade.
		Based on this animation, describe in words why the crystal of sodium chloride shattered when the knife blade was placed at a 45-degree angle to a face and tapped with a hammer.
	jchemed.chem.wisc.edu /JCESoft/CCA/CCA2/MAIN/CLEAVE/CD2R1.HTM (381 words)

	Asymmetric p38 Activation in Zebrafish: Its Possible Role in Symmetric and Synchronous Cleavage -- Fujii et al. 150 ...
		Incomplete cleavages (arrows, the end of the cleavage furrow ingression) were observed in the intermediate region between the first and second cleavage planes (J).
		Immunostaining of the embryos by either anti-p38 antibody (A and C) or anti–dp-p38 antibody (B and D) after UV irradiation (312 nm) for 10 min from 10 mpf (A and B) or from 25 mpf (C and D) was viewed using a confocal microscope.
		The asymmetric p38 activation is required for symmetric and synchronous cleavage in zebrafish.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/full/150/6/1335 (6795 words)

	NMBGMR Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A second period of deformation, in which the first deformation axial-plane cleavage is folded, produced nearly isoclinal similar folds overturned to the northeast with gently doubly plunging, northwest-trending axes.
		Second deformation axial-plane flow, fracture, and slip cleavage transect the first deformation axial-plane cleavage and form a prominent lineation parallel to second deformation fold axes.
		Fracture cleavage and slip cleavage are the usual types of axial-plane cleavage in these folds, but locally, slip cleavage grades into axial-plane flow cleavage.
	geoinfo.nmt.edu /publications/bulletins/80/home.html (504 words)

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