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	Clergy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clergy is the generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion.
		In some cases clergy are financed (or co-financed) by the state, but usually they are financially supported by the donations of individual members of their religion.
		The original Buddhist clergy were the Sanghas, the order of monks and the order of nuns, which were founded by Gautama Buddha during his lifetime of missionary work in the 5th century BCE.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clergy (3387 words)

	Sample Chapter for Jaffe, R.: Neither Monk nor Layman: Clerical Marriage in Modern Japanese Buddhism.
		Written by a Buddhist priest, the book is an instruction manual for temple wives, providing basic information concerning the role of the temple in the local community, the training of one's son to be a future abbot, management of the temple cemetery, and basic Buddhist teaching.
		The Japanese Buddhist clergy are unique among Buddhist clerics in that the vast majority are married, but they continue to undergo clerical ordination and are considered members of the sangha (sogya) by both the Buddhist establishment and parishioners alike.
		Ultimately, the emergence of a predominantly married Buddhist clergy in Japan was a result of practical problems, rank-and-file clerical choices, and inability to discipline clerics at the local temple level, rather than a deliberate doctrinal shift mandated by Buddhist leaders.
	www.pupress.princeton.edu /chapters/s7171.html (3166 words)

	Buddhist Monks and Politics in Sri Lanka - 1987
		A major goal of this study was to use this Gramscian concept of organic plebian clergy to examine the political and economic role of Buddhist monks in rural Sri Lanka.
		Conversely, the plebian clergy, educated in traditional pirivena environments, are the most thoroughly steeped in the Mahavamsist world-view, which patterns their insurgent tendencies.
		The Dept. of Buddhist Affairs had registered 20,690 bhikkhus as of 1971, and 23,134 bhikkhus as of 1982, from which must be subtracted deaths and disrobings, and to which must be added unregistered bhikkhus.
	www.changesurfer.com /Bud/Sri/Sri.html (12849 words)

	Chin Human Rights Organization - CHRO - International Religious Freedom Report
		The State's relations with the Buddhist clergy and Buddhist schools are handled chiefly by the Department for the Perpetuation and Propagation of the Sasana (DPPS--"Sasana" means Buddhist doctrine) in the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
		Buddhist groups are not known to have experienced similar difficulties in obtaining permission to build pagodas or monasteries.
		There are social tensions between the Buddhist majority and the Christian and Muslim minorities, largely due to preferential treatment by the Government, both in hiring and other areas, in practice (although not in law) both for non-Buddhists during British colonial rule and for Buddhists since independence.
	www.chro.org /index.php/religious_persecution_reports/101 (6265 words)

	Buddhist Bioethics
		Buddhist clergy and laity have been involved with the care of the sick for over two thousand years.
		Buddhists have thus far given little thought to the third important question, the connection between morality and law, specifically how, and on what grounds, the state should regulate abortion.
		Buddhist literature emphasises the importance of meeting death mindfully since the last moment of one life can be particularly influential in determining the quality of the next rebirth.
	www.changesurfer.com /Bud/BudBioEth.html (4426 words)

	Sinhala Buddhist Chauvinism - Brian Seneviratne (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		SinhaleseBuddhist ethnoreligious chauvinism and its strongest advocates, the Buddhist clergy, are the most important factors that prevent a solution to the Sri Lankan ethnic conflict.
		Aside from the Buddhist clergy, extremists in the JVP and political opportunists there is an alarming drift in the Sinhalese community towards ethnoreligious chauvinism.
		In a Buddhist country, it is surprising that in the past few years the view has been gaining ground that it is permissible to kill provide the victim is a Tamil.
	www.tamilnation.org /conferences/cnfUK88/brian.htm (3475 words)

	Annual Report on International Religious Freedom for 1999: Burma
		The State's relations with the Buddhist clergy and Buddhist schools are handled chiefly by the Department for the Perpetuation and Propagation of the Sasana (DPPS-"sasana" means Buddhist doctrine) in the Ministry of Religious Affairs.
		Buddhist monks, including novices, number more than 300,000, roughly 2 percent of the male Buddhist population, and depend for their material needs entirely on alms donated by the laity, including daily donations of food.
		Buddhist doctrine is part of the state-mandated curriculum in all elementary schools; however, individual children may opt out of instruction in Buddhism.
	www.cesnur.org /testi/irf/irf_burma99.html (7057 words)

	A Basic Buddhism Guide: Buddhist Ethics
		Essentially, according to Buddhist teachings, the ethical and moral principles are governed by examining whether a certain action, whether connected to body or speech is likely to be harmful to one's self or to others and thereby avoiding any actions which are likely to be harmful.
		The Buddhist clergy, known as the Sangha, are governed by 227 to 253 rules depending on the school or tradition for males or Bhikkhus and between 290 and 354 rules, depending on the school or tradition for females or Bhikkhunis.
		As may be seen from the foregoing, Buddhist ethical principles are very noble and in an ideal world their practice would lead to peace and harmony but, unfortunately, as the Buddha has taught, people are motivated by greed hatred and delusion - even Buddhists.
	www.buddhanet.net /e-learning/budethics.htm (2695 words)

	Online edition of Daily News - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The All Island Clergy Organization (AICO) yesterday vehemently opposed the decision by a section of the Maha Sangha to contest at the General Election under the banner of the Jathika Hela Urumaya (JHU) and claimed it was a well-conceived plot to cause damage to Buddhism.
		He said the Mahanayake Theras or other leading members of the Buddhist clergy have not given their assent or approval for Buddhist monks to contest the election.
		Kumburugamuwe Vajira Thera said the Buddhist monk's duty is to safeguard the country and its culture.
	www.dailynews.lk /2004/02/26/new25.html (626 words)

	CHAPTER ELEVEN - PART II - THE CLERGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The traditional training of the clergy which was restricted to special institutions has changed and the clergy now access education and employment in multi cultural institution.
		Not only did this create a different awareness within the clergy but also this was the opportunity for interaction between the clergy and the community at a completely different level from the historic role played by the clergy.
		Monks who were of the opinion that the clergy needed to respond as an organisational collective to the threat posed, had organised themselves into the Manawa Hithawaadee Bhikku Peramuna to raise the voice of the monks on these issues.
	www.disappearances.org /mainfile.php/frep_sl_western/42 (1714 words)

	Srilanka2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The monks say about 23,000 Buddhists are being converted to Christianity each year and proselytisers have targeted 5,000 out of the 25,400 villages in the country for their activities.
		Buddhists will be advised on how they could counter these anti-Buddhist activities and they will be apprised on how they can operate to protect themselves and their religion under the fundamental rights enshrined in the constitution.
		Buddhists are 69.3 percent, followed by Hindus at 15.4 percent.
	www.hrwf.net /html/srilanka2001.html (1300 words)

	Burma
		Buddhist monks, including novices, number more than 300,000 persons, roughly 2 percent of the male Buddhist population, and depend for their material needs entirely on alms donated by the laity, including daily donations of food.
		Theravada Buddhism is the dominant religion among the majority Burman ethnic group, and among the Shan and Mon ethnic minorities of the eastern and southern regions.
		For example, on December 15, 2000, junta military officers allegedly shot and killed the local imam of a mosque in Karen State for asking the authorities to spare him from portering, as it was the Islamic fasting month of Ramadan.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/irf/2001/index.cfm?docid=5581 (5678 words)

	FEATURES
		The most obvious problem is that the Buddhist clergy seems to lever considerable influence over the Sinhalese leadership and the wider Sinhala-Buddhist populace.
		One recent example was the call by some Buddhist clergy for new laws to ban conversion to Christianity in Sri Lanka.
		At a first glance, it would seem that much of the Buddhist clergy is out of touch with the hopes and aspirations of the majority of people on the island.
	www.tamilguardian.com /tg148/features.htm (2197 words)

	deba01
		His accusers were two women who came to him for astrological chart readings, and then returned for his counseling and assistance related to problems he had identified in the readings, including health and relationship concerns.
		Both had trusted his role as a monk and his respected reputation in the community, and thus were more susceptible to his sexual behaviors that, while contrary to the Buddhist monastic vows, he rationalized by reassuring references to his monk’s role.
		It is the motivation behind a sexual act that determines whether the precept has been broken.” Reports on an instance of her being sexually harassed by a Zen teacher during a seven-day retreat, and its impact on her.
	www.trimondi.de /EN/deba01.html (1791 words)

	The Hindu : International : Chandrika meets Buddhist clergy
		COLOMBO: The Sri Lankan President, Chandrika Kumaratunga, on Friday met leaders of the Buddhist clergy, even as sections of hard-line opponents stepped up their opposition to her proposal for an administrative mechanism with the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam for post-tsunami reconstruction.
		During her meeting with leaders of three Buddhist sects who were flown down to Colombo from Kandy in central Sri Lanka, Ms.
		The protestors, including Buddhist monks from the Jathika Hela Urumaya had gathered on a road near the President's official residence, demanding the withdrawal of the proposal.
	www.hindu.com /2005/06/11/stories/2005061104991600.htm (305 words)

	TAMILiNK » The fear of the demand for one country, two states, and equal individual opportunity
		In the Tamil perspective, the Buddhist talk about the unity and territorial integrity of the country appears hypocritical because the proper course for establishing the unity of the country is to win over all sections of the people of the country.
		The Buddhist clergy was at the fore-front, demanding the rejection of the bill.
		No Buddhist leader of consequence has said till now that he is prepared to accept federalism, even though it is well-known that federalism preserves unity, integrity and sovereignty of many countries.
	tamilink.org.uk /tl/?page_id=370 (7656 words)

	Buddhist Channel \| Asian Tsunami Disaster \| Buddhist clergy invites LTTE for joint program to build 10,000 houses
		Buddhist clergy invites LTTE for joint program to build 10,000 houses
		Colombo, Sri Lanka -- Members of the Buddhist clergy yesterday invited the LTTE to join in a programme launched by them to build 10,000 houses destroyed in Sunday's tidal wave.
		The members of Sangha made this invitation at a press conference held at the Asapuwa at Sulaiman Terrace, where they announced the launching of a program to build 10,000 houses for tsunami victims.
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=23,506,0,0,1,0 (384 words)

	Tamil Guardian Archives - APRIL 08 , 2000 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Sri Lanka's Buddhist clergy this week demonstrated their inescapable influence in national politics with an organised series of protest actions which successfully mobilised Sinhala nationalist sentiment against the government's controversial constitutional reform bill.
		The Buddhist clergy, who wield considerable influence among the 70 percent Buddhist population in Sri Lanka, argue that the bill will lead to the eventual division of the island.
		Their racial supremacist ideology has escalated the war to ever-rising levels of brutality and intensity -the most shocking aspect of the 1983 anti-Tamil pogrom was the emergence of Buddhist monks to appeal to the Sinhala mobs not for mercy but to put all the Tamils to death.
	www.tamilguardian.com /aaug1200.htm (14147 words)

	Buddhist Channel \| Sri Lanka \| United States to support training of Buddhist clergy in English, Tamil and IT
		In a statement, it said, “The United States is working to help build the capacity of monks dedicated to opening dialogues and finding non-violent solutions to the conflict.
		The Buddhist ethical principles of non-violence and peaceful co-existence can play a positive role in the formation of a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and pluralistic Sri Lanka.
		The Buddhist clergy will have tremendous influence in educating and shaping the attitudes of Sri Lankans about peace and inter-ethnic relations.”
	www.buddhistchannel.tv /index.php?id=1,2946,0,0,1,0 (166 words)

	Feminist Daily News 3/19/1998: Sri Lankan Nuns Ordained as Buddhist Clergy
		Sri Lankan nuns were admitted into the Buddhist clergy for the first time in 1,500 years.
		Women’s rights activist Sunila Abesekera said that the nun’s order was a victory but that significant Buddhist leaders still refuse to accept women as part of the clergy.
		Abesekera said, “It is important for people to invite these nuns for religious services at their homes and recognize them as part of the clergy....
	www.feminist.org /news/newsbyte/uswirestory.asp?id=3093 (341 words)

	Buddha and Sinhalese Buddhists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The Buddhist clergy has come forward to fast unto death in protest over the JM.
		However, in this instance, the Buddhist clergy has come forward to fast unto death to drive the Tamils to death by starvation.
		Therefore it is quite evident how the Sri Lankan government and the Buddhist hierarchy have manipulated the Buddha, who epitomized kindness, fought for equal rights, had a clear linguistic policy, supported the Dravidians against the Aryans and rebelled against injustices, to serve their own needs and ends.
	sibernews.com /the-news/.../buddha-and-sinhalese-buddhists-200507091231 (824 words)

	LankaWeb News
		Already there are signs that the President is re-thinking her move to go it alone in signing the JM with the LTTE terrorists as she has indicated to the media that no agreement will be signed without the consensus of the High Buddhist Clergy.
		In stoic determination and assertion of their influence within Sri Lanka as a guiding force, the Maha Nayaka Theras of All Chapters of the High Buddhist Clergy have been in total agreement thatThe Tsunami disaster has affected all Sri Lankans alike.
		In the usual erudite wisdom of their high Buddhist intellect they have calmed the impending turmoil within the Nation in asserting that it is inaccurate to assume that only the North and East suffered the tsunami disaster and only the North and East merits reconstruction and rehabilitation.
	www.lankaweb.com /news/items05/110605-1.html (278 words)

	Sri Lanka, 7 - 21 - 2006: United States to support training of Buddhist clergy in English, Tamil and IT
		Sri Lanka, 7 - 21 - 2006: United States to support training of Buddhist clergy in English, Tamil and IT Sri Lanka::
		* United States to support training of Buddhist clergy in English, Tamil and IT Friday, July 21, 2006, 13:17 GMT, ColomboPage News Desk, Sri Lanka.
		July 21, Colombo: The United States today announced that it will provide technical assistance to create a language and information technology (IT) resource center to train 400 members of the Buddhist clergy in the English and Tamil languages and IT, as well as to introduce peace-building tools and techniques.
	www.colombopage.com /archive/July21131738JV.html (248 words)

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