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Topic: Clericis Laicos

	Clericis laicos - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Clericis laicos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clericis laicos was a Papal bull issued on February 25, 1296 by Pope Boniface VIII in an attempt to prevent the secular states of Europe, in particular France and England, from appropriating church revenues without the express prior permission of the pope.
		The reader may judge the accuracy of this representation of Clericis laicos.
		The unscrupulous advisers of Philip were quick to take advantage of the Pope's hasty language and, by forcing him to make explanations, put him on the defensive and weakened his prestige.
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Clericis-laicos.html (273 words)

	Unam sanctam - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Boniface's stringent reaction was the fierce bull Clericis laicos of 1296.
		In England, Edward I withdrew the protection of the English Common Law from the clergy, an action with fearful possibilities.
		Then, at the end of the year, Boniface, with his customary tactlessness having criticized Philip for his personal behavior and the unscrupulousness of his ministry (that being an assessment with which many modern historians would agree), summoned a council of French bishops for November 1302, intended to reform Church matters in France— at Rome.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Unam_sanctam (986 words)

	The Preceptory Chapel, created June 95, revised Apr 96
		Pious though he was, he could not bear the idea that he was subject to the Pope in any other sense than spiritual.
		Thus, when Pope Boniface VIII issued the bull Clericis Laicos, in which he forbade the clergy to pay taxes to any prince without papal consent, Philip was very much annoyed.
		He saw that Philip was ousting the bishop for purely political reasons, and therefore declined to degrade the bishop, even when presented with a very creative list of vices Philip had compiled of the bishop's doings.
	www.webpages.free-online.co.uk /portcull/chpphili.htm (919 words)

	Pope Clement V - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At Bordeaux, Bertrand was formally notified of his election and urged to come to Italy; but he selected Lyons for his coronation, November 14, 1305, which was celebrated with magnificence and attended by Philip, and among his first acts was the creation of nine French cardinals.
		Early in 1306, Clement explained away those features of the bulls Clericis Laicos that might seem to apply to the king of France and essentially withdrew Unam Sanctam, the two bulls of Boniface which were particularly offensive to Philip's ambitious ministry.
		He appears to have conducted himself throughout his pontificate as the mere tool of the French monarchy, a radical change in papal policy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Clement_V (856 words)

	Philip IV, king of France. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Philip asserted his right to tax the clergy for the defense of the realm, thus making permanent a special tax permitted by the popes for support of crusades.
		Pope Boniface VIII opposed this measure by the bull Clericis laicos (1296), but when threatened with loss of revenues from France he capitulated (1297).
		The conflict was revived by the arrest and condemnation by the king’s court (1301) of Bishop Bernard Saisset.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/65/ph/Philip4-Fr.html (452 words)

	Conflicts with Philip IV of France. (from Boniface VIII) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online ...
		Philip IV countered or even forestalled the publication of Clericis Laicos with an order forbidding all export of money and valuables from France and with the expulsion of foreign merchants.
		The necessity of coming to terms was primarily the result of an insurrection against Boniface by a section of the Colonna family, a powerful anti-papal Roman family that included two cardinals, culminating in the armed robbery of a large amount of papal treasure in May 1297.
		They were absolved from excommunication but were not reinstated in their offices and possessions; they therefore rebelled again and fled; some of them went to Philip, with whom they had conspired, perhaps, even before the issue of Clericis Laicos.
	www.britannica.com /ebc/article-8310?tocId=8310 (1085 words)

	Pope Boniface VIII biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He was born at Anagni, and was elected Pope on Dec.
		In 1296 Boniface issued his bull Clericis Laicos, forbidding the payment or collection of taxes on ecclesiastical property without the consent of the holy see.
		He failed in his attempts to assert a feudal superiority over Sicily and to exercise his papal authority in the disputes between France and England.
	www.dromo.info /bonifaceviiibio.htm (156 words)

	A HISTORY OF THE CHURCH To the Eve of the Reformation : L.0, C.5.
		The pope did not retreat from the principles then laid down, but he did the cause of the monarchy a great favour and, very skilfully, he did this by virtue of those very principles.
		The penalties of Clericis Laicos against lay oppressors of Church revenues were maintained, but those which awaited the clerics who submitted to such oppression were modified, so that they no longer fell automatically on such transgressors.
		Already, twelve months earlier, the pope had, with certain reservations on the principles, withdrawn the two great bulls of his predecessor, Clericis Laicos and Unam Sanctam (1 February, 1306) [ ] and the king had, thereupon, ceased his demand for the dead pope's trial.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/hu/hc0-5.htm (5722 words)

	Book 2: Relations with the State, Chapter 3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The mortmain lands held by the Church were exempt from both taxation and military service and, though Philip V, in the Concordat of 1737, obtained the privilege of taxing such as might subsequently be acquired, the repeated decrees for its enforcement show the impossibility of enforcing it.
		The complete immunity of ecclesiastics from taxation was emphatically asserted by Boniface VIII in the bull Clericis laicos and, although this was revoked by the Council of Vienne in 1312, care was taken to enunciate the principle as still in vigor.
		Yet in the kingdoms of Aragon they were subject to all imposts on sales, to import and export dues and other local taxation and, when resistance was offered to this, Charles V procured from Adrian VI, in 1522, and from Clement VII, in 1524, briefs confirming their liability.
	libro.uca.edu /lea1/2lea3.htm (13306 words)

	Decline of the medieval church (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		And Boniface issued papal bull (a decree to be obeyed as law) Clericis laicos, which basically stated that the temporal (secular) powers—kings—had zero authority over the church, let along the right to tax it.
		Boniface, the shrewd businessman he was, issued several conciliatory letters and bulls that basically retracted everything he had said in Clericis laicos (Flick 20-23).
		His reign only lasted a mere eight months, but during that time, he promptly revoked Clericis laicos and Unam sanctum (Schlect).
	www.stark.kent.edu /~jmoneysmith/gbi/ourweb/myers.htm (694 words)

	History Source (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Clericis Laicos: Pope forbids taxation of English church.
		Archbishop Winchelsey refuses clerical tax on grounds of Clericis Laicos.
		Edward threatens the clergy with out1awry and confiscation of their property, and they are forced to give in (Later in year another papal bull, Etsi de Statu, allows clerical taxation in an emergency).
	www.historysource.co.uk /Timelines/ei.php (846 words)

	Edward I. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		By his Statute of Mortmain (1279), Edward prohibited grants of land to the church without the king’s permission.
		In turn the English clergy, backed by Pope Boniface VIII’s bull Clericis laicos (1296), refused in 1297 to contribute to Edward’s campaign against the French until the king boldly denied protection to them and their goods and even threatened to confiscate all church property.
		This action was mainly prompted by his need for funds, as was his expulsion (1290) of the Jews from England (which enabled him to seize their property).
	www.bartleby.com /65/ed/Edward1.html (777 words)

	BONIFACE VIII
		Complaints started coming in from bishops who felt that the Church was being squeezed unfairly, and Boniface came to their rescue.
		In the bull "Clericis laicos" he forbade churchmen to grant money to kings without papal permission.
		Philip forbade the export of gold, a shrewd blow because much papal revenue came from France.
	www.cfpeople.org /books/pope/POPEp191.htm (582 words)

	History
		The Pope also sought to end hostilities between Phillip I of France and Edward I of England, so that he could proceed with plans for a future reconquest of the Holy Land.
		When French and English preparations for war resulted in a heavy tax burden for both laypeople and the clergy, Boniface issued the bull Clericis laicos (1296), which forbade civil authorities from taxing the clergy without permission from the pope.
		Boniface was forced to soften his position in order to avoid open conflict with the French king, Phillip IV, for as long as possible.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Italian_Studies/dweb/history/characters/boniface_viii.shtml (396 words)

	Boniface VIII. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Boniface’s contest with Philip IV of France was the principal feature of his career.
		The pope tried to stop Philip from his illegal levies on the clergy by the bull Clericis laicos (1296), enunciating the principle that laymen could not tax clerics without the consent of the Holy See.
		Philip retaliated by cutting off the contributions of the French church to Rome.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/Bonifc8.html (470 words)

	[No title]
		Boniface also tried to stop English and French taxation of clergy through the bull Clericis laicos (1296), but both kings challenged Boniface and forced him to back down.
		The modern world also broke with the three-fold division of the medieval world's social classes and rejected the personal and customary character of feudal law.
		Names and Terms to Remember Black Death Joan of Arc Hundred Years War Boniface VIII Valois kings Unam Sanctum Edward III Clericis laicos Flanders Philip the Fair Henry V Avignon Babylonian Captivity Marsiglio of Padua Great Schism Council of Constance Conciliar Movement John Wycliffe John Huss
	wiw.org /~dman/H111P12 (1485 words)

	Hist of Christ'n Church 6 (ii.ii.iii)
		The conflict between Boniface and Philip passed through three stages: (1) the brief tilt which called forth the bull Clericis laicos; (2) the decisive battle, 1301–1303, ending in Boniface’s humiliation at Anagni; (3) the bitter controversy which was waged against the pope’s memory by Philip, ending with the Council of Vienne.
		They carried their complaints to Rome, and Boniface justified their contention in the bull Clericis laicos, 1296.
		He was probably the author of the anti-papal tract beginning Antequam essent clerici, the text of which is printed by Dupuy, pp.
	www.ccel.org /ccel/schaff/hcc6.ii.ii.iii.html (4836 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Clement V, Pope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		At Philip's request he began the condemnation of Boniface VIII, suppressed the Templars, withdrew the Bull "
		Clericis Laicos," and absolved Philip from guilt in Nogaret's violences.
		He excommunicated Robert Bruce for his share in the murder of John Comyn, and completed the "
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd02080.htm (102 words)

	Hist 121
		but Boniface needs money for the papal bureaucracy, so he issued the papal bull Clericis Laicos in 1296 - this bull expressly forbade lay taxing of the clergy 7.
		Edward levied a 10% tax on the clergy; they refused to pay; he outlawed the clergy and threatened to seize their property; they submitted and agreed to a 20% fine, which was not addressed in Clericis Laicos, so the pope couldn't do anything about it 8.
		Philip forbade the export of gold and silver from France; he also spread rumors about Boniface's morals and the validity of his election 9.
	courses.wccnet.edu /~jrush/121outline19.htm (717 words)

	ChurchRodent: Philip the Fair (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The king of France during the turn of the 14th century.
		In 1296, Pope Boniface VIII issued a Clericis Laicos threatening excommunication for any lay ruler who taxed the clergy and any churchman who paid those taxes without papal consent.
		But Philip, with King Edward of England, resisted and he put an embargo on the export of all gold, silver, and jewels from his domains, depriving the papal treasury of a major source of revenue from church collections in France.
	tatumweb.com /churchrodent/terms/philipfair.htm (116 words)

	Robert of Winchelsea (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		As Archbishop, he immediately fell afoul of King Edward I over the division of ecclesiastical law and secular law.
		In particular, Edward sought to tax the clergy, but Robert cited the bull of Pope Boniface VIII Clericis laicos (1297).
		Thus, Robert denied Edward monetary support for the war in France.
	www.worldhistory.com /wiki/R/Robert-of-Winchelsea.htm (368 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: William of Hundlehy: The Outrage at Anagni (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		His downfall came through his struggle with Philip IV of France.
		Boniface tried to prevent Philip from his illegal levies on the clergy with the bull Clericis laicos (1296), but had to to back down.
		The struggle was renewed after new troubles, and Boniface issued Ausculta fili (1301) and Unam sanctam (1302), the latter an extreme statement regarding the duty of princes to be subject to the pope.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/1303anagni.html (643 words)

	Quia - AP Chapter 9: 14th Century Terms
		French Parliament that gained expanded rights during the 100 Years' War; but was too divided to be very effective
		Pope who issued the Clericis Laicos and the Unam Sanctum
		King who chose to challenged the pope by taxing the French clergy
	www.quia.com /jg/52338list.html (684 words)

	Aumann: The Christian Laity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Moreover, the seminarians were classified as clerics when they received the tonsure, although tonsure was not recognized as one of the seven stages of holy orders.
		Thus, we read in the 1917 Code of Canon Law: "Qui divinis ministeriis per primam saltem tonsuram mancipati sunt, clerici dicuntur" (Canon 108, §1).
		And since the functions of acolyte and lector are no longer reserved exclusively to the clergy, these ministries may now be committed to lay Christians.
	www.op.org /domcentral/study/aumann/xianlaity.htm (4872 words)

	webGED: The Bement Family Data Page
		The great event of Philip's reign was his struggle with Pope Boniface VII, which grew out of Philip's attempt to levy taxes against the clergy.
		By the bull Clericis Laicos (1296) Boniface forbade the clergy to pay taxes to a secular power, and Philip replied by forbidding the export of coins, thereby depriving the pope of French revenues.
		A temporary reconciliation was ended by a fresh outbreak of the quarrel when Philip arrested the papal legate in 1301 and summoned the first French Estates-General.
	www.bementfamily.com /webged/bement.wbg/wga44.html (2410 words)

	Slaves of the Immaculate Heart of Mary : Chapter VIII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		And the Pope issued a brief, in 1297, allowing Philip the tithes of the French Church for three years.
		Philip never for an instant complied with the conditions set down in Clericis laicos.
		It had never been his intention to acknowledge the Pope as the head of Christendom, and neither the Pontiff's favors nor his censures moved him.
	www.catholicism.org /popes-chap8.html (7157 words)

	Europe's 13th-Century Progress by Sanderson Beck
		Philip made more concessions the next year by freeing Flemish cloth from foreign competition and declaring a two-year moratorium on debts of Flemish burghers and on Count Guy's debt to France.
		In February 1296 Pope Boniface VIII issued the bull Clericis Laicos forbidding lay taxation of the clergy without papal authorization.
		The French king had to concede more privileges to the Church in order to gain another tenth that year, and in August he issued an ordinance prohibiting the export of arms, horses, war equipment, and money, the ban on gold and silver especially affecting the Pope.
	www.san.beck.org /AB21-Europe13thCentury.html (23862 words)

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