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	Clifford G. Shull (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Shull is perhaps best known as the co-recipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in physics, along with Professor Bertram S. Brockhouse of McMaster University in Canada, for his pioneering research into thermal neutron scattering.
		Shull went to Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1946, where he and the late Ernest Wollan developed ways to use neutrons produced by nuclear reactors to gain information about the positions of hydrogen in organic molecules.
		Shull was born in Pittsburgh, Pa. and received his SB in physics from Carnegie Institute of Technology, now Carnegie Mellon University, in 1937.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V121/N15/15shull.15n.html (539 words)

	Clifford G. Shull Wins Physics Nobel Prize
		Shull is the fourth member of the MIT physics faculty to win the prize.
		Shull's most important work was done at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee from 1946-51, said Robert J. Birgeneau, dean of the school of science.
		From 1941-46, Shull worked as a research physicist with the Texas Co. in Beacon, N.Y. Shull moved to Oak Ridge in 1946, and came to MIT as a full professor in 1955.
	www-tech.mit.edu /V114/N48/shull.48n.html (670 words)

	AllRefer.com - Clifford Shull (Physics, Biography) - Encyclopedia
		Pittsburgh, Pa. Educated at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and New York Univ. (Ph.D., 1941), Shull was on the staff of the Texas Company (1941–46) and the Clinton Laboratories (1946–55; Oak Ridge National Laboratory after 1948) before joining the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1955–86).
		While at Oak Ridge he showed that a beam of neutrons directed at a sample of a given material is scattered by the atoms in the material, and that a diffraction pattern can be obtained that indicates the positions of the atoms.
		Determining the locations of the atoms in a material and their interactions with one another is vital to an understanding of the properties of that material.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/S/ShullClif.html (245 words)

	Oak Ridge Pays Tribute to its Nobel Prize Winner
		Shull and Wollan used neutron scattering to determine where atoms are in a crystal, and Brockhouse used this tool to learn how atoms move in a material.
		Sharing the stage was the original neutron diffractometer that Shull had used for his prize-winning research and that was brought to Oak Ridge from the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., as a new exhibit for the museum's future ORNL room.
		Shull's Nobel Prize also raised the hope that the Advanced Neutron Source research reactor to be built at ORNL would stay in the president's budget as a construction item and receive congressional funding.
	www.ornl.gov /ORNLReview/rev28-1/text/tri.htm (1456 words)

	Carnegie Mellon News Online Edition: April 18, 2001: Obituaries: Whitaker and Shull
		Clifford G. Shull (S 1937), a 1994 Nobel Prize winner in physics and professor of physics emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), died on March 31 at Lawrence Memorial Hospital in Medford, Mass., at the age of 85.
		Shull was awarded the Nobel Prize for his pioneering work in neutron scattering, a technique that reveals where atoms are within a material.
		Shull was the fourth member of the MIT physics faculty to receive the Nobel Prize in physics and the 15th present or former faculty member at the institute to receive a Nobel Prize.
	www.cmu.edu /cmnews/041801/041801_obits.html (695 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for clifford
		Clifford of Chudleigh, Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGH, THOMAS CLIFFORD, 1ST BARON [Clifford of Chudleigh, Thomas Clifford, 1st Baron], 1630-73, English statesman.
		The fall of Clark Clifford; the portrait of a fixer.
		John Clifford and open church membership: the ecclesiology behind the policy.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=clifford (603 words)

	Carnegie Mellon University receives Nobel Laureate Clifford Shull papers
		Shull was born in Pittsburgh, Pa., in 1915.
		Shull always cited Tech physics professors Harry Hower and Emerson Pugh as influential mentors; Pugh specifically for assisting in his application to and being accepted by New York University for graduate studies in physics in 1937.
		Shull and Wollan built on Wollan's initial experiments to measure neutron coherent scattering amplitudes of practically all the known elements, extending the work to the study of magnetic materials.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-03/cmu-cmu031504.php (588 words)

	TN Encyclopedia: CLIFFORD GLENWOOD SHULL
		A Nobel laureate who pioneered neutron diffraction research at Oak Ridge, Clifford Shull was born at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, in 1915.
		Shull joined the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) as a senior physicist in 1946, when the field of neutron diffraction was novel.
		Shull became professor of physics in 1955 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he and his students continued to use neutron scattering techniques for research in solid state and neutron physics.
	tennesseeencyclopedia.net /imagegallery.php?EntryID=S038 (254 words)

	Clifford Glenwood Shull Biography / Biography of Clifford Glenwood Shull History of Invention Biography
		Clifford Glenwood Shull was born on September 23, 1915, in the Glenwood section of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
		Shull and Wollan discovered that neutrons, upon hitting the atoms within a fluid or solid sample, ricochet in a characteristic fashion.
		Shull left the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in 1955 to become a professor of physics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, retiring as emeritus professor in 1986.
	www.bookrags.com /biography-clifford-glenwood-shull-woi (679 words)

	Obituary Clifford Shull (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Professor Shull's prize was awarded for his pioneering work in neutron scattering, a technique that reveals where atoms are within a material like ricocheting bullets reveal where obstacles are in the dark.
		Professor Shull was the fourth member of the MIT physics faculty to receive the Nobel Prize in physics and the 15th present or former faculty member to receive a Nobel Prize.
		Professor Shull is survived by his wife of 60 years, Martha-Nuel Summer; three sons: John C. of Texas, Robert D. of Maryland, and William F. Shull of South Carolina; and five grandchildren.
	img.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /bca/Obits/CGS.html (1146 words)

	Clifford G. Shull, Neutron Diffraction, Hydrogen Atoms, and Neutron Scattering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Clifford G. Shull was awarded the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique".
		Professor Shull came to MIT as a full professor in 1955 and retired in 1986, though he continued to visit and to "look over the shoulders" of students doing experiments in the "remnants of my old research laboratory."...
		Professor Shull's awards include the Buckley Prize, which he received from the American Physical Society in 1956, and election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1956) and to the National Academy of Sciences (1975).
	www.osti.gov /accomplishments/shull.html (798 words)

	Nobelist Clifford Shull is dead at 85 - MIT News Office
		Professor Shull received the prize for his pioneering work in neutron scattering, a technique that reveals where atoms are within a material, like ricocheting bullets reveal where obstacles are in the dark.
		Professor Shull teamed up with the late Ernest Wollan, and for the next nine years they explored ways of using the neutrons produced by nuclear reactors to probe the atomic structure of materials.
		Professor Shull was the fourth member of the MIT physics faculty to receive the Nobel Prize in physics and the 15th present or formerfaculty member to receive a Nobel Prize.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/2001/shull-0404.html (1038 words)

	Shull Fellowship Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		The Clifford G. Shull Fellowship Program honors Clifford G. Shull, corecipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (1994), for his pioneering contributions to the development of neutron diffraction techniques for the studies of condensed matter.
		The Shull Fellowship Program is directed to recent doctoral-degree recipients of exceptional ability who show clear and definite promise of becoming outstanding leaders in scientific research and development.
		Appointment of the Shull Fellowship may be made conditionally before actual conferral of the doctorate, provided the candidate has a reasonable expectation of completing all requirements for the degree before the anticipated date of hire.
	www.sns.gov /shullfellowship/overview.shtml (476 words)

	Clifford G. Shull, Nobel Winner in Physics, Dies at 85 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Clifford G. Shull, who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1994 for developing a technique to probe the molecular structure of materials by bouncing neutrons off them, died on Saturday at Lawrence Memorial Hospital in Medford, Mass.
		Dr. Shull developed a method to select neutrons traveling at a specific velocity and to aim them at the material he wanted to study.
		Born in Pittsburgh on Sept. 23, 1915, Clifford Shull received his undergraduate degree from the Carnegie Institute of Technology in 1937 and received a doctorate in physics from New York University in 1941.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/0104/msg00035.html (573 words)

	History: Clifford G. Shull; Shared a Nobel Prize for atomic particle wor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Shull's Nobel Prize, which he shared with Professor Bertram S. Brockhouse of McMaster University in Canada, was awarded for pioneering work in neutron scattering -- a technique that reveals where atoms are within a material, just as ricocheting bullets reveal where obstacles are in the dark.
		Shull's work have been used to study ceramic superconductors and the structure of viruses.
		Shull was a professor emeritus at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
	www.vanderbilt.edu /radsafe/0104/msg00152.html (183 words)

	Shull joins ranks of MIT's Nobelists - MIT News Office
		Professor Emeritus Clifford G. Shull has won the 1994 Nobel Prize in physics for pioneering work he did almost 50 years ago on neutron diffraction, a technique that probes how atoms in a material are arranged.
		When a beam of neutrons is directed at a given material, they "bounce against (are scattered by) atoms in the sample being investigated [and] their directions change, depending on the atoms' relative positions," the Nobel citation said.
		Through these initial experiments "Shull opened what was to become a very large field for finding out how hydrogen is bound in, for example, ice, metallic hydrides and organic compounds," the Nobel citation said.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/1994/shull-1019.html (1356 words)

	Physics Today October 2001
		Clifford Glenwood Shull, a 1994 Nobel Prize winner in physics for his pioneering work in neutron scattering, died of kidney failure on 31 March 2001 in Lexington, Massachusetts.
		When Shull arrived, Wollan had already assembled a two-axis neutron diffractometer, using a large NaCl crystal as a monochromator along with the Compton-designed sample table and counter arm that Wollan had used in his thesis work at the University of Chicago.
		Early in this work of building a library of neutron scattering amplitudes, Shull and Wollan determined the hydrogen and deuterium amplitudes (both fairly large and opposite in sign) by measuring the diffraction patterns of sodium hydride and sodium deuteride.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-54/iss-10/p86b.html (1160 words)

	Obituaries: 4/5/01
		Clifford G. Shull, who earned a Nobel Prize in physics almost half a century after he began his pioneering work in neutron scattering, which opened up a new area of research, has died.
		Although Shull continued his work during his 1955-1986 tenure as physics professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Wollan died a decade before the Nobel was awarded.
		Shull is survived by his wife, Martha-Nuel Summer; three sons, John, Robert and William; and five grandchildren.
	www.s-t.com /daily/04-01/04-05-01/zzzddobi.htm (3040 words)

	Physics Today June 2002
		Shull's obituary, in which he is consistently called "Cliff," says that Shull confirmed antiferromagnetism in manganese oxide, presumably after 1938 (after the "war ended") and confirmed the Néel model for ferrimagnetism for magnetite, probably around 1950, as I interpret it.
		It was Clifford Shull who did the first neutron diffraction experiments confirming Néel's ideas on antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism.
		The first determination of such a structure by neutron diffraction was reported by Shull and colleagues in their work on manganese oxide.
	www.physicstoday.org /vol-55/iss-6/p10c.html (535 words)

	Clifford Glenwood Shull
		Shull graduated from the Carnegie Institute of Technology (B.S., 1937) and from New York University (Ph.D., 1941) and began a career as a research physicist.
		Neutrons hitting atoms of the target material are scattered into a pattern that, when recorded on photographic film, yields information about the relative positions of atoms in the material.
		Shull was also one of the first to demonstrate magnetic diffraction, and he helped to develop instrumentation for the routine crystallographic analysis of neutrons.
	physics.nobel.brainparad.com /clifford_glenwood_shull.html (235 words)

	AIP International Catalog of Sources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Shull, Clifford G. (Clifford Glenwood), 1915- -- Archives.
		Unique to this collection is information pertaining to the work Shull did with Wollan and others as part of "Atoms for Peace," a government initiative to find peaceful uses for nuclear technology.
		Records involving refereeing of manuscripts for publication or review of government proposals are unavailable to the genereal public for twenty years from receipt by the Carnegie Mellon University Archives.
	www.aip.org /history/catalog/icos/27930.html (201 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - Shull, Clifford (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		SHULL, CLIFFORD [Shull, Clifford] 1915-2001, American physicist, b.
		Pittsburgh, Pa. Educated at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now Carnegie Mellon University) and New York Univ. (Ph.D., 1941), Shull was on the staff of the Texas Company (1941-46) and the Clinton Laboratories (1946-55; Oak Ridge National Laboratory after 1948) before joining the faculty at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1955-86).
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "Shull, Clifford" at HighBeam.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/s/shullc1lif.asp (229 words)

	Shull Fellowship (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-24)
		Corecipient of the 1994 Nobel Prize in physics, Shull began his work in 1946 at what is now ORNL.
		We’re looking for candidates with exceptional ability who are capable of developing innovative research programs and who show the promise of outstanding leadership.
		Shull fellows will be sponsored by the Spallation Neutron Source and High Flux Isotope Reactor facilities in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA.
	www.sns.gov /shullfellowship (206 words)

	[Neutron] message from Bob Shull on Clifford G. Shull's papers
		Dr Robert Shull, the scientist among the three sons of the late Nobel Laureate for neutron scattering Prof.
		Clifford G. Shull, asked me to spread in the neutron scattering community the announcement below.
		Shull (S'37) as a gift from the Shull family.
	www-llb.cea.fr /menl/neutronlist/msg00035.html (316 words)

	Carnegie Mellon Libraries: Giving Opportunities: Gift Chronology
		The university has received the papers of Nobel Laureate Clifford Glenwood Shull (S'37) as a gift from the Shull family, and the University Archives has received $8,000 from the American Institute of Physics to preserve and catalog the collection for research use.
		The Shull family will fund digitization to put the Clifford Shull Collection online in full-text -- as the Heinz, Newell and Simon archival collections are available today.
		In 1994 Shull and Canadian physicist Bertram N. Brockhouse received the Nobel Prize in Physics for their individual work with neutron-scattering techniques.
	www.library.cmu.edu /Libraries/Giving/chrono.html (3409 words)

	Clifford Glenwood Shull Collection
		Welcome to the full-text digital archive of Clifford Glenwood Shull, 1937 graduate of Carnegie Tech (now Carnegie Mellon University) and winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics.
		Shull’s pioneering work with Ernie Wollan in neutron scattering while a physicist at Oak Ridge from June 1946 through 1955 led to his Nobel Prize.
		Learn about Shull's background, those who influenced his life and work, and other interesting information.
	diva.library.cmu.edu /Shull (108 words)

	Clifford G. Shull Winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics
		Clifford G. Shull Winner of the 1994 Nobel Prize in Physics
		Clifford G. Shull, Nobel Winner in Physics, Dies at 85 (submitted by Jackson)
		Clifford G. Shull Biography from Encyclopedia Britannica (submitted by www.britannica.com)
	www.almaz.com /nobel/physics/1994b.html (140 words)

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