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Topic: Climate

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Oceanic climate

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	Climate - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the “average weather”, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.
		When the original conception of climate as a long-term average came to be considered, perhaps towards the end of the 19th century, the idea of climate change was not current, and a 30 year average seemed reasonable (note 1).
		Climate indices are generally identified or devised with the twin objectives of simplicity and completeness, and each typically represents the status and timing of the climate factor they represent.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Climate (1041 words)

	World Climates
		Climate is the characteristic condition of the atmosphere near the earth's surface at a certain place on earth.
		Characterized by grasslands, this is a semiarid climate.
		The climate of a highland area is closely related to the climate of the surrounding biome.
	www.blueplanetbiomes.org /climate.htm (2131 words)

	CICS - Canadian Institute for Climate Studies - Main Menu
		The Canadian Institute for Climate Studies' mission is: to further the understanding of the climate system, its variability and potential for change and to further the application of that understanding to decision making in both the public and private sectors.
		CICS is the secretariat for the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium (PCIC).
		Climate scenarios data and maps remain available from the Canadian Climate Impacts Scenarios project which ran from 1999-2004.
	www.cics.uvic.ca (211 words)

	CLIVAR - Climate Variability and Predictability
		Through these types of activity, CLIVAR will be seen to have risen to its challenge, not only to advance the science of climate variability and predictability, but also to ensure that this science benefits society in general.
		Climate models still suffer from substantial long-term biases, arising from uncertainty in the representation of computationally-unresolved scales.
		On the one hand observations are made locally, and the value of climate forecasts is determined by their influence on the lives of individuals.
	www.clivar.org (355 words)

	Climate - Teacher's Guide
		Climate is an interactive lesson that teaches kids about climate, the historical record and description of average daily and seasonal weather events in a certain region.
		When climate information is found, students can compare it with their information and see how accurate they were.
		They are to mention what kind of climates would their favorite weather be found it, where they can find that kind of climate, why they like the weather they chose, and what they would do if you moved to a climate with their favorite weather.
	weathereye.kgan.com /cadet/climate/teachers.html (476 words)

	Climate
		The climate scenarios that are incorporated into the project represent a range of scientists’ best estimates of future climate conditions.
		Figure 2 reflects a possible future climate if the temperature and precipitation trends were to continue as they have been over the last century, without major changes in the climate system.
		An assessment exercise such as the MEC study is useful in enabling preparedness for extreme climate events in the present as well as readiness for a changing future climate.
	metroeast_climate.ciesin.columbia.edu /climate.html (1198 words)

	NOAA Home Page - Climate
		On each Thursday, the NOAA Climate Prediction Center, together with the United States Department of Agriculture, the National Drought Mitigation Center in Lincoln, Nebraska, and the NOAA National Climatic Data Center issues a weekly drought assessment called the United States Drought Monitor.
		Climate Services Division at the NOAA National Weather Service provides the strategic vision for climate services and oversees the NWS climate services program.
		Ocean Climate Laboratory - develops improved ocean climatologies for annual, seasonal and monthly compositing periods; investigates interannual-to-decadal ocean climate variability using historical oceanographic data; builds scientifically, quality-controlled global oceanographic databases; facilitates international exchange of oceanographic data.
	www.noaa.gov /climate.html (714 words)

	ScienceDaily: Earth & Climate News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Rays And Mild Climate Deadly For Frogs (May 15, 2006) -- A Brisbane scientist has discovered that even small doses of ultra violet radiation during mild temperatures can be fatal for frogs.
		Pollutant Haze Heats The Arctic (May 10, 2006) -- Arctic climate already is known to be particularly prone to global warming caused by industrial and automotive emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.
		This survey is the first to weave together the three major intellectual revolutions in the Earth Sciences that have occurred in the last forty years--the theory of plate tectonics, the...
	www.sciencedaily.com /news/earth_climate.htm (1286 words)

	WWF \| Climate Change
		Climate change is among the most pervasive threats to the web of life, yet we have the power to address its root causes and limit its impact on the planet.
		Without action, climate change will cause the extinction of countless species and destroy some of the world's most precious ecosystems.
		WWF is a leader in the field of climate science and a persuasive advocate for emissions reductions and increases in the use of renewable energy resources and energy efficient technologies.
	www.worldwildlife.org /climate (173 words)

	The Environmental Literacy Council - Climate
		As opposed to weather, the short-term conditions that prevail in earth's atmosphere, the climate is the long-term (30 year) average state of weather conditions.
		The Earth's temperature is maintained within a range hospitable to life as the result of a naturally occurring phenomenon called the "greenhouse effect." The greenhouse effect is a natural warming of the Earth's surface that occurs because some gases in the atmosphere block the transmission of infrared radiation (or heat).
		Climate Models: How Reliable are Their Predictions?, by Eric J. Barron of Penn State University, provides a helpful explanation of how scientists arrive at predictions of human-caused climate change with the help of General Circulation Models (GCMs).
	www.enviroliteracy.org /subcategory.php/8.html (2204 words)

	Climate change: UNEP.Net, the Environment Network
		Climate and cholera: an increasingly important link researchers from the University of Michigan, the University of Barcelona and the International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research in Bangladesh have found evidence that El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) influences cycles of cholera.
		Climate Change May Become Major Player In Ozone Loss a NASA study finds that by the 2030s climate change may surpass chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) as the main driver of overall ozone loss.
		Vital Climate Graphics Africa indicate that temperature rise in Africa corresponds to global temperature rise, and that adverse impacts including extremes, are spread across the diverse environments of Africa, putting a huge proportion of African continent at great risk.
	climatechange.unep.net (603 words)

	Introduction to Climate: Background Material
		Dendrochronology is the study of past climate through tree rings and allows scientists to observe the direct impact of climate on annual tree growth patterns.
		Climate, on the other hand, is the general weather conditions over a long period of time.
		Climate is sometimes referred to as "average" weather for a given area.
	www.ucar.edu /learn/1_2_1.htm (1060 words)

	CICERO - Center for International Climate and Environmental Research – Oslo
		The level of conflict over climate policy is increasing in the European Union (EU).
		With the World Bank prepared to address clean energy and climate at its spring meeting this weekend, critics are taking aim at the bank's proposed "investment framework" that they say relies heavily on fossil energies and lacks ambition.
		Rimfrost is a website that is meant to provide experts and lay persons with access to the most reliable information as possible about climate change nationally, regionally and globally.
	www.cicero.uio.no /index_e.asp (288 words)

	ClimatePrediction.Net gateway
		To do this, we need people around the world to give us time on their computers - time when they have their computers switched on, but are not using them to their full capacity.
		Climate change, and our response to it, are issues of global importance, affecting food production, water resources, ecosystems, energy demand, insurance costs and much else.
		If you are in the climate research community and are interested in participating in the experiment in a research capacity, the research pages provide some basic background material.
	www.climateprediction.net (253 words)

	New Scientist Special Report on Climate Change
		Climatologists reporting for the UN Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) say we are seeing global warming caused by human activities and there are growing fears of feedbacks that will accelerate this warming.
		Climate predictions may have to be rethought, following the discovery that warming may have a bigger effect on air pressure than realised
		Climate change is a “serious long-term challenge” requiring “resolve and urgency”, the group agreed, but made no specific commitments to act
	www.newscientist.com /channel/earth/climate-change (3005 words)

	Climate Ark: Climate Change and Global Warming Portal
		Canadian environmentalists are calling for Ambrose to resign from the post, given her negative views on Kyoto which could harmfully influence other countries that are in favour of setting tougher targets for the protocol's second phase.
		When one factors in already apparent damages from rising seas, extreme weather and ecosystem collapse; it becomes apparent that risks associated with abrupt and runaway climate change is not being properly computed and mitigated against.
		Climate Ark is a climate change and global warming portal and search engine that promotes public policy that addresses global climate change through reductions in carbon dioxide and other emissions, renewable energy, energy conservation and ending deforestation.
	www.climateark.org (659 words)

	UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP)
		The climate change we expect in the next 30-40 years will be due to our past greenhouse gas emissions.
		Climate change later this century will be determined by the emissions we allow now.
		We need to adapt our way of life so that we can prepare for the changes that are already in the climate system, as well as limiting our future greenhouse gas emissions.
	www.ukcip.org.uk (148 words)

	Understanding climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Climate represents a long term average of various weather features such as temperature and precipitation.
		Climate determines how resources such as water and vegetation are distributed and, until the onset of technology, climate also determined where people lived and worked.
		Climate change today is often discussed in terms of human activities that are likely to affect the climate.
	www.usatoday.com /weather/wclimat0.htm (923 words)

	Met Office: Hadley Centre: Home page
		The Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, which is part of the Met Office, provides a focus in the United Kingdom for the scientific issues associated with climate change.
		These are used for monitoring the climate, in studies of the causes of climate change, and in climate modelling.
		The role of the carbon cycle in climate change, how the models represent it, and what the results are when these models are included in climate change simulations.
	www.met-office.gov.uk /research/hadleycentre (474 words)

	Climate
		We seek a better understanding of Earth's climate on all time scales, from daily, seasonal and interannual variability through changes on geologic time scales.
		We investigate atmospheric radiation, both as a driver for climate change and as a tool for the remote sensing of Earth's atmosphere and surface.
		As dust mixes into the clouds, however, it is thought to result in clouds with a relatively higher number of smaller droplets, thereby making the clouds appear brighter than their clean air equivalents.
	climate.gsfc.nasa.gov (542 words)

	Global Climate Change: Research Explorer- The Exploratorium
		Climate is the average pattern of weather over the long term.
		There’s no doubt that the climate is growing warmer currently; indications of that change are all around us.
		Though climate change isn’t new, the study of how human activity affects the earth’s climate is. The exploration of climate change encompasses many fields, including physics, chemistry, biology, geology, meteorology, oceanography, and even sociology.
	www.exploratorium.edu /climate (146 words)

	Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
		PIK is an international and independent research institute working on questions of climate change, climate impact and sustainable development.
		The IMCP was founded by Michael Grubb and John Schellnhuber; the design and execution was led by Ottmar Edenhofer and Kai Lessmann.
		The authors describe the fundamental mechanisms and impacts of anthropogenic climate change, but also point out how to solve the problem.
	www.pik-potsdam.de (234 words)

	Mars Exploration: Science
		A top priority in our exploration of Mars is understanding its present climate, what its climate was like in the distant past, and the causes of climate change over time.
		The current Martian climate is regulated by seasonal changes of the carbon dioxide ice caps, the movement of large amounts of dust by the atmosphere and the exchange of water vapor between the surface and the atmosphere.
		One of the most dynamic weather patterns on Mars is the generation of dust storms that generally occur in the southern spring and summer.
	mars.jpl.nasa.gov /science/climate (279 words)

	NCDC Climate Resources
		This section of the National Climatic Data Center web pages concentrates on the surface and upper air observations and products generated from these observations.
		Surface land observations contain various meteorological elements that over time can describe the nature of the climate of a location or region.
		Surface Marine observations contain various meteorological elements that over time can describe the nature of the climate of a location or region.
	www.ncdc.noaa.gov /oa/climate/climateresources.html (276 words)

	EPA : Global Warming : Climate
		Energy from the sun drives the earth’s weather and climate, and heats the earth’s surface; in turn, the earth radiates energy back into space.
		Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases are likely to accelerate the rate of climate change.
		Calculations of climate change for specific areas are much less reliable than global ones, and it is unclear whether regional climate will become more variable.
	yosemite.epa.gov /oar/globalwarming.nsf/content/Climate.html (660 words)

	David Suzuki Foundation: Climate Change
		Climate change is considered by many scientists to be the most serious threat facing the world today.
		In this groundbreaking new book, already met with international acclaim, scientist Tim Flannery argues passionately for the need to address — now — the implications of a global change that is damaging all life on earth and threatening our very survival.
		Science: The scientific consensus is clear: human-caused climate change is happening.
	www.davidsuzuki.org /Climate_Change (275 words)

	Climate Change Knowledge Network \| Home
		The Climate Change Knowledge Network brings together expertise, experience and perspectives from research institutes in developing and developed countries active in the area of climate change.
		It provides a forum for rigorous research on the issues within the international climate change structure and a means for furthering dialogue between countries as they undertake efforts to address climate change.
		Building coherent climate policy around the DRE option is a win-win opportunity that addresses the South's adaptation needs and the North's mitigation priorities.
	www.cckn.net (353 words)

	Climate Research
		As all life on Earth depends on a favorable climate to survive, that's an important question, a question that researchers at NOAA are trying to answer.
		These scientists want to improve their ability to predict climate variation in both the shorter term, like cold spells or periods of drought, and over longer terms like centuries and beyond.
		Using ever more powerful and sophisticated computer systems, NOAA researchers are working on numeric modeling of climate systems that will help improve the accuracy of climate forecasts.
	www.oar.noaa.gov /climate (285 words)

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