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Topic: Climate of Antarctica

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West Antarctic Ice Sheet

Ice sheet

Geography of Antarctica

Coldest place on earth

Antarctica

History of Antarctica

Polar climate

Antartica

Climate

Sea level rise

Ecology of Antarctica

Life in the Freezer

Weddell Sea

Vostok, Antarctica

Oceanic climate

	Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antarctica is home to more than 70 lakes that lie thousands of metres under the surface of the continental ice sheet.
		West Antarctica was partially in the northern hemisphere, and during this period large amounts of sandstones, limestones and shales were deposited.
		Glaciologists in Antarctica are concerned with the study of the history and dynamics of floating ice, seasonal snow, glaciers, and ice sheets.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antarctica (4670 words)

	Climate of Antarctica - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on earth, with the lowest temperature ever recorded on earth being -89.6 °C (-129 °F) at Vostok Station.
		Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet that is, on average, 2.5 kilometres thick.
		Climate models predict more snowfall than ice melting during the next 50 years, but models are not good enough for them to be confident about the prediction.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Climate_of_Antarctica (1408 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Climate of Antarctica
		Its climate was much warmer before it was finally separated from South America (A continent in the western hemisphere connected to North America by the Isthmus of Panama) and the Drake Passage (additional info and facts about Drake Passage) opened roughly 30 million years ago.
		The climate of Antarctica is the coldest on earth, with the lowest temperature ever recorded on earth being -89.4 Â°C (-129 Â°F) at Vostok Station.
		Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the “average weather”, or more rigorously, as the statistical description in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of years.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Climate-of-Antarctica (417 words)

	Antarctica: Fact Sheet
		Antarctica also is the highest continent on earth, with an average elevation of 7,380 feet.
		Antarctica is considered to be part of the theoretical super-continent known as Gondwanaland, which separated near the end of the Paleozoic era and consisted of South America, Africa and Australia.
		The prospect that Antarctica's fragile wildnerness could be tainted as a result of oil exploration and drilling activities resulted in the mobilization of several conservation groups who were intent on preserving the continent's status as the most pristine in the world.
	www.eia.doe.gov /emeu/cabs/antarctica.html (1828 words)

	Project Explore
		Antarctica is known as the world's largest desert because it receives an average of 2" of snow per year in the interior.
		CLIMATE OF ANTARCTICA Climate is defined as the average weather for a region over a period of time with the two main features being temperature and precipitation.
		The climate of Antarctica is vastly different from the climate of the rest of the Earth.
	www.globalclassroom.org /antarct2.html (3338 words)

	Climate of Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Surface temperature of Antarctica in winter and summer The climate of Antarctica is cold and dry.
		Its climate was much warmer before it was finally separated from South America and the Drake Passage opened roughly 30 million years ago.
		Map of annual snow accumulation on Antarctica Nearly all of Antarctica is covered by an ice sheet that is, on average, 2.5 kilometres thick.
	climate-of-antarctica.ask.dyndns.dk (740 words)

	Antarctica
		Antarctica (“opposite to the Arctic”) is fifth in size among the world's continents.
		Antarctica is effectively divided into 2 parts: the larger, East Antarctica, is largely a high, ice-covered plateau, whilst the smaller West Antarctica consists of mountainous islands covered and fused together by ice.
		Antarctica is the only continent which remained unknown to man until 200 years ago, when a spirit of adventure and scientific curiosity first attracted the early explorers.
	www.antarcticadiscover.com /info.htm (968 words)

	Climate Conditions - Weather in Antarctica - Antarctic Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Antarctic polar climate boundary -- the 50° F (10°C) isotherm for the warmest month -- encompasses about 12 percent of the surface of the globe, an area twice as large as that of the Arctic.
		Climate is defined as the average weather for a region over a period of time with the two main features being temperature and precipitation.
		Antarctica can be classified as a true desert; in the interior the average annual precipitation (in water) is only about 50 mm (about 2 in).
	www.antarcticconnection.com /antarctic/weather/climate.shtml (961 words)

	Eugene Linden ANTARCTICA: endangered animals, rapid climate change, global deforestation, fragging
		A "flickering climate" (as it was dubbed by Taylor and his colleagues) would be a biblical disaster in today's crowded world.
		For all its importance, however, it is on average less than 2 ft. thick, and its stability depends on a precarious balance of factors ranging from air temperature to the salinity and temperature of the water.
		The climate record shows that the whole 8,000-year span of human civilization, from the dawn of cities to space flight, has taken place during a period of extraordinary warmth and stability.
	www.eugenelinden.com /ANTARCTICA.html (2298 words)

	The Climate of Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Antarctica also plays a role in atmosphere and ocean circulation and thus needs to be taken in account by global models.
		The scientific evidence that humans are affecting the climate with CO2 is as clear as day, and scientists who say otherwise are hired by special interest groups or oil companies.
		The pole of the cold is the coldest area on the planet, somewhat between Dome A (highest dome of Antarctica), the south pole and the inaccessibility pole.
	www.gdargaud.net /Antarctica/MeteoDdU.html (3976 words)

	Antarctica Climate Conservation Information
		Knowledge of Antarctica's climate is relatively recent, and detailed, long-term studies did not really start until the establishment of the first permanent scientific research stations, and especially the activities surrounding the International Geophysical Year of 1957-58.
		The main factors influencing the climate of Antarctica are the waters of the Southern Ocean, the seasonal variations of sea ice, the ice sheet that covers the continent itself, and its high altitude and high (southern) latitude.
		Antarctica Notes: The glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula are in rapid retreat
	www.argentinianexplorer.com /english/antarctica-climate.asp (1167 words)

	Weather and Climate Basics
		Climate is the average weather pattern in a place over many years.
		So, the climate of Antarctica is quite different than the climate of a tropical island.
		It may, however global climate change is actually much more complicated than that because a change in the temperature can cause changes in other weather elements such as clouds or precipitation.
	eo.ucar.edu /basics (237 words)

	Explore Antarctica \| Changing Climate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Today Antarctica's climate varies from extremely cold and dry on the inland plateau to milder, moister conditions along the coast.
		Fossil evidence suggests that during the last one billion years, the climate of Antarctica has varied from subtropical to freezing.
		Unraveling the geologic and glacial history of Antarctica is not easy but it may provide insight into the causes of ice ages and warming trends.
	www.secretsoftheice.org /explore/climate.html (225 words)

	Polar Meltdown: Climate Change and Antarctica
		Climate scientists have long predicted that the increase in greenhouse gases from human activities would cause the most rapid and dramatic climatic changes in polar regions.
		The full effects of the warming on the Antarctic climate are complex and not yet fully understood.
		Antarctica, our wilderness continent, is providing us with a warning of global climatic change.
	archive.greenpeace.org /comms/climate/polartour/pt05.html (822 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The most well-known explanation is that Antarctica isn't where it used to be, and that it has collected ice since it moved to the South Pole from the lower latitudes which are also associated with geologic change could be massive volcanic activity.
		Another possibility is the effect that animals and plants have on the climate by changing the concentrations of certain things in the oceans and the atmosphere.
		In Antarctica not only is there very little moisture in the air, but temperature gradients do not ever get to the extremes that you need to start the process that creates a tornado.
	quest.arc.nasa.gov /antarctica/QA/climate/Climate,Temp,Weather (3535 words)

	Polar climate - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The less severe of the two is the tundra climate, where at least one month has an average temperature of above freezing, while the colder one — known by various names including the ice cap climate and the perpetual frost climate — features sub-freezing average temperatures year-round.
		Polar climates result in the absence of trees in such places, which may also be covered with glaciers or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice.
		In other parts of the world, many mountains have a climate where no month having an average temperature of 10 °C or higher, but as this is due to elevation, this climate is referred to as Alpine climate.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Arctic_climate (319 words)

	Climate of Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The climate of Antarctica is cold high and dry.
		The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 14.6 C (58.3 F) in Bay.
		Antarctica and Environmental Change: Proceedings of a Royal Society Discussion Meeting Held on 20 and 21 May 1992 (Oxford science publications)
	www.freeglossary.com /Climate_of_Antarctica (320 words)

	RealClimate » Antarctic cooling, global warming? Refroidissement de l’Antarctique, réchauffement global ?
		Thompson and Solomon (2002) showed that the Southern Annular Mode (a pattern of variability that affects the westerly winds around Antarctica) had been in a more positive phase (stronger winds) in recent years, and that this acts as a barrier, preventing warmer air from reaching the continent.
		There are also some indications from models that this may have been caused by a combination of stratospheric ozone depletion and stratospheric cooling due to CO (Gillett and Thompson, 2002 ; Shindell and Schmidt, 2004).
		It is important to note, though, that there is evidence from tree-ring based climate reconstructions that the phase of the Southern Annular Mode has changed similarly in the past (Jones and Widman, 2004).
	www.realclimate.org /index.php?p=18 (1056 words)

	PONDERING A CLIMATE CONUNDRUM IN ANTARCTICA
		The findings are puzzling because many climate models indicate that the Polar regions should serve as bellwethers for any global warming trend, responding first and most rapidly to an increase in temperatures.
		The Dry Valleys are the largest ice-free area in Antarctica, a desert region that encompasses perennially ice-covered lakes, ephemeral streams, arid soils, exposed bedrock and alpine glaciers.
		The team argues that the cooling trend could adversely affect the unique ecosystems in the region, which live in a niche where a delicate balance between freezing and warmer temperatures allows them to survive and where liquid water is only available during the very brief summer.
	huey.colorado.edu /LTER/news/NaturePaperReport_011302.html (981 words)

	Climate Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Earth's climate may respond dramatically and unexpectedly; for example, changes in the extent of sea ice and Antarctica's ice shelves may possibly disrupt the Gulf Stream.
		On the land biologists study the impact on organisms, already stressed by cold and desication, of enhanced ultra-violet radiation due to the presence of the seasonal ozone hole.
		Long-term monitoring is crucial for assessing the scale of climate change, because most changes to climate are cyclical, such as the "El-Niño".
	www.antarctica.ac.uk /Key_Topics/Climate_Change (307 words)

	Antarctica press releases
		The core from Dome C, high on East Antarctica’s plateau, contains snowfall from the last 740,000 years and is by far the oldest continuous climate record obtained from ice cores so far.
		By comparing the pattern of this past climate with global environmental conditions today the scientists conclude that, without human influence, we could expect the present warm period to last at least another 15 000 years.
		The EPICA research team is using the unique climate record from ice cores to investigate the relationship between the chemistry of the atmosphere and climate changes over the past 740,000 years, especially the effects of carbon dioxide, methane and other components of the atmosphere.
	www.coolantarctica.com /News/antarctica_press_release.htm (756 words)

	Antarctica and climate change - representatives of 32 nations decide on research focus programmes for the exploration ...
		Exploration of Antarctica is of great significance in the context of discussions about global climate change.
		Antarctica is not strictly isolated from the rest of the planet, but is closely linked to the global climate system.
		This focal programme is devoted to interdisciplinary study of past climate, its fluctuations and the history of glaciation in Antarctica.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/earth_sciences/report-35153.html (775 words)

	Antarctic Climate
		The climate differs dramatically between the coast and the high interior plateau.
		The surface temperature at night (or in winter in Antarctica) is determined by a balance of the infrared light emitted by the surface and that reaching and being absorbed by the surface.
		In most places in Antarctica the warmest day is usually just a week or two after the solstice, compared to a month after the solstice in many mid-latitude areas and up to two months in mid-latitude locations that are strongly influenced by the ocean.
	students.washington.edu /srh13/SPole/Climate.html (2557 words)

	Reading the Climate Record in Ice: The Taylor Dome Ice Core Project, Antarctica
		Clues to climate conditions from ages past may be found in ice cores, the cylindrical columns of ice drilled and removed from glacier ice.
		For three years, the team studied the weather and snowfall patterns, the quality of preservation of climate signals in the snow and ice, the ice thickness, and the ice flow patterns.
		The earth's climate is a very complicated thing, and the data on paleoclimate must come from many places as well as from many eras in time before climate change can be understood." The Taylor Dome ice core essentially doubles the data coverage in Antarctica throughout much of the last ice age.
	www.washington.edu /research/pathbreakers/1990f.html (992 words)

	NASA Survey Confirms Climate Effect on Polar Ice Sheets - US Department of State
		Antarctica lost much more ice to the sea than it gained from snowfall, resulting in an increase in sea level.
		Washington -- In the most comprehensive survey ever undertaken of the massive ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica, NASA scientists confirm that climate warming is changing how much water remains locked in Earth's largest storehouses of ice and snow.
		But the new survey is the first to inventory the losses of ice and the addition of new snow on both continents in a consistent and comprehensive way throughout an entire decade.
	usinfo.state.gov /gi/Archive/2006/Mar/10-777019.html?... (706 words)

	The Southern Ocean and global climate-Key text
		This topic is sponsored by the Cooperative Research Centre for Antarctica and the Southern Ocean and the Australian Government's National Innovation Awareness Strategy.
		The waters of the Southern Ocean circle Antarctica and wash the shores of southern Australia, New Zealand, South Africa and South America.
		Indeed, the current is so vast it carries 150 times more water around Antarctica than the flow of all the world's rivers combined (Box 1: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current).
	www.science.org.au /nova/018/018key.htm (908 words)

	NPR's Morning Edition -- Antarctica's Climate Changes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The region, one of the few areas in Antarctica that isn't entirely blanketed by snow and ice, is a stark but beautiful landscape of ice-covered lakes, ephemeral streams, exposed bedrock and alpine glaciers.
		He reports from Antarctica by e-mail that this summer -- underway right now in Antarctica -- the weather is so unseasonably warm he has to use a boat to get out to the ice floating on the lake.
		Last year, Richard Harris made a trip to Antarctica to see first-hand what researchers were finding out about the continent.
	www.npr.org /programs/morning/features/2002/jan/antarctica/020118.antarctica.html (823 words)

	Climate of Antarctica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The highest temperature ever recorded in Antarctica was 14.6 C (58.3 F) in Hope Bay.
		After splitting from Gondwana, Antarctica drifted slowly to its present positionover the South Pole.
		Its climate was much warmer until its arrival around thepole.
	www.therfcc.org /climate-of-antarctica-93635.html (227 words)

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