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Topic: Climax vegetation

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	Climax community - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term climax community is an outdated ecological term for a community of plants and animals which is the result of succession, where a biological system, a community, or a soil has reached a steady state.
		The idea of a single climatic climax originates with Frederic Clements' idea of the ecological community as an organic superorganism in which the various stages of successional development could be seen as analogous with the ontological development of an organism.
		Later developments in the field of ecology saw the decline of climax theory; theories which took into account the fact that the timelines required for the development of climax vegetation were unrealistically long, and most vegetation could better be explained by more stochastic factors.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Climax_(biology) (343 words)

	IRS - Forestry Info - Biogeoclimatic Zones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Vegetation - Native vegetation on zonal sites of the BG Zone is characterized by bunchgrasses, several low forbs and small grasses, scattered shrubs, and a crust of lichens, mosses and cyanobacteria on soil surfaces.
		Vegetation - The natural landscapes of the ICH Zone are dominated by mature and old forests of western red cedar, western hemlock, hybrid white spruce, subalpine fir, and douglas-fir.
		Vegetation - The SBPS landscape is dominated by extensive lodgepole pine forests and abundant wetlands.
	www.bcforestryinfo.com /forestry/cariboo_zones (1863 words)

	Succession (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		This states that every region has only one climax community, toward which all communities are evolving and that, given sufficient time and freedom from interference, a climax vegetation of the same general type will be produced irrespective of the earlier site conditions.
		Whereas the monoclimax theory allows one climatic climax in a region and the polyclimax theory allows several climaxes in the same area, the climax pattern hypothesis allows a continuity of climax types, varying gradually along environmental gradients and not neatly packaged into discrete climax types.
		The climax is recognised as a steady-state community in dynamic balance with the environment in all its gradients.
	scitec.uwichill.edu.bb /bcs/courses/Ecology/BL21B/succession.htm (1571 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Rangeland Health: New Methods to Classify, Inventory, and Monitor Rangelands (1994)
		Rangelands would be classified on the basis of differences in climax plant community composition and assessed on the basis of the divergence of the current plant composition from the climax plant community composition.
		Although Sampson acknowledged that the Watasch Mountain climax species were not found everywhere, he noted that the character of growth and the habitat requirements of the plants of the different stages were generally the same on native pasturelands.
		Pisser (1989) stated that the climax vegetation for a given site may not by the most productive or desirable type of vegetation for livestock forage production and that climax vegetation may not be the most appropriate goal of rangeland management if the management objectives include multiple uses or values.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309048796/html/51.html (7842 words)

	ECOSYSTEM MANAGEMENT AND RANGELAND CONDITION
		In this case the apparent climax is so extremely oppressive and of such low diversity that it does not facilitate classification, but has the opposite effect of covering up differences and making diverse lands look the same.
		Climax, pre-settlement, and "natural" are reference points in a range of conditions and values that can be considered in decisions of desired condition.
		The lack of understory vegetation and the large interspaces of bare soil seem to be accepted within desired condition based on values of these stands for birds.
	www.fs.fed.us /eco/emrange.htm (6794 words)

	Rangeland definitions
		Land on which the climax vegetation (potential natural plant community) is predominantly grasses, grasslike plants, forbs or shrubs suitable for grazing and browsing.
		Land on which the indigenous vegetation (climax or natural potential) is predominantly grasses grass-like plants, forbs, or shrubs and is managed as a natural ecosystem.
		Land on which the natural vegetation is predominantly native grasses, grasslike plants, forbs, or shrubs valuable for forage, not qualifying as timberland and not developed for another land use.
	www.pwrc.usgs.gov /brd/DefRangeland.htm (1691 words)

	Biomes in North America (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Successional (i.e., developmental or seral) vegetation is common where the climax vegetation is disturbed drastically.
		The effects of orographic precipitation are seen in the dramatic shifts in vegetation from the windward to leeward sides of mountain masses.
		In spite of the dominance of pines, the natural climax vegetation is considered to be hardwoods.
	www.fw.vt.edu /for3364/biomes.htm (5208 words)

	Rangeland Assessment and Monitoring Committee: Task Group Publications: New Concepts for Assessment of Rangeland ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Vegetation is rated as poor, fair, good, excellent (or as low seral, mid seral, high seral, potential natural) according to its similarity to the climax.
		The presumed pristine or climax vegetation is not necessarily "best" for any land use or ecological attribute and therefore is not a necessary, or even particularly useful, standard for setting management goals or assessing rangeland condition.
		Climax (Odum 1971) the final or stable biotic community in a successional series; it is self-perpetuating and in equilibrium with the physical habitat.
	www.rangelands.org /ram/newconcepts.shtml (7590 words)

	The Construction of Scrub in California and the Mediterranean Borderlands, Dr. C.M. Rodrigue, AGU 2004
		Authors discussing this vegetation in the California context accept that it is a natural response to the Mediterranean climates, with their late summer and fall fires, and steep terrain.
		The vegetation is capable of tolerating fires, which often take place in late summer or early fall with the advent of desiccating adiabatic winds coupled with ignitions set off by lightning or by human activities.
		The regional "climax" vegetation is characterized as oak-dominated forests and woodlands, which hang on as relict stands in a few scattered areas.
	www.csulb.edu /~rodrigue/agu04.html (4481 words)

	National Park Service: GRTE-N-1 (Study Area)
		Vegetation was classified during field inspections and by analyzing measurements of taxa in representative stands.
		Plants characterizing seral vegetation that could ultimately be replaced by climax stands are called a "stage." Plants characterizing stands modified by recent fires or animal use are called a "disclimax." The classification system represents a modification of criteria used by Weaver and Clements (1938) and Daubenmire (1953).
		The classifications of vegetation and judgments of successional patterns made during this study should be considered tentative.
	www.cr.nps.gov /history/online_books/fauna8/fauna1a.htm (835 words)

	Range Sites
		Climax cover in top range condition is made up principally of the decreaser grasses such as sand bluestem, little bluestem, and an increaser, sideoats grama.
		Climax vegetation on this site is composed primarily of little bluestem and sand bluestem, with an understory of sideoats grama and blue grama.
		Vegetation is a mixture of hardwood brush and tall prairie grasses.
	www.sprrs.usda.gov /range_sites.htm (9705 words)

	C1-Forest Ecology Working Group (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Others apply it to vegetation which they conceived to be stable only as long as the environment remains unchanged or to vegetation which changes only in response to changes in climate and/or soil substrate that are slow relative to the rate of plant succession.
		Vegetation classes where 75% or more of the diagnostic vegetation is made up of tree or shrub species that shed foliage simultaneously in response to an "unfavorable" season.
		A localized climax community, occurring within an area controlled by a single or a few dominant species, which is characterized by a single sub-dominate species.
	soilslab.cfr.washington.edu /S-7/EcolGlos.html (13256 words)

	Arizona Rangelands: Inventory and Monitoring: Range Condition
		In addition, range condition is used as a guide to ensure sustainable land use, to determine carrying capacity and adjust stocking rates, to identify potential responses to range improvement programs such as brush control or reseeding, and to evaluate the best locations of fences and water facilities to improve utilization within a pasture.
		This method compares species or species groups in the existing vegetation with that expected in the climax vegetation, to give a percentage reflecting the similarity between the two.
		A value close to 100% indicates that species composition of the existing vegetation closely reflects the composition of the climax vegetation, whereas lower values indicate a greater level of departure from perceived climax conditions.
	ag.arizona.edu /agnic/az/inventorymonitoring/rangecondition.html (1269 words)

	Unasylva - No. 112-113 - Management and utilization of the tropical moist forest - from the FAO Committee on forest ...
		The criteria mostly used were the physiognomy and structure (dense and open forest), the ecology (swamp forest, edaphic formations), the rhythm of the vegetation (evergreen, deciduous) and evolutionary aspects (primary and secondary forests).
		For this reason, a delimitation of the climax area of the tropical moist forests based alone on climatic criteria is not realistic and would indicate too large an area.
		Vegetation types included: Moist forests at low and medium altitudes, evergreen or partly evergreen; forest-savanna mosaic, patches of moist forests surrounded by savanna, probably a fire climax of the moist deciduous forests; coastal forest-savanna mosaic, resembling the preceding type.
	www.fao.org /docrep/k0050e/k0050e03.htm (8666 words)

	Natural regeneration
		The natural regeneration of vegetation is a dynamic process by which life recolonises land when the vegetation has been partially or totally destroyed.
		Ultimately, within the limitations of climate, soil and hydrology, the vegetation will reach the stage of maximum biomass per unit of surface and maximum stability, diversity and sustainability, which is called, by convention, climax vegetation.
		Due to his ignorance, man is weakening and destroying the process of natural regeneration of vegetation, especially threatening the climax species with the consequent loss of diversity.
	www.auroville.org /environment/env_regeneration.htm (1279 words)

	Unit 03 Section 03 Lesson 01 - Lesson notes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Climax Vegetation is the natural vegetation in the last possible stage of vegetation development.
		Climax vegetation is stable and in balance with the climatic conditions
		Ecosystems are largely defined by the climax vegetation that grows in it.
	www.cdli.ca /courses/geog3202/unit03/section03/lesson01/3-lesson-a.htm (613 words)

	Unasylva - Vol. 10, No. 4 - Study of tropical vegetation
		Following the presentation of the papers, conclusions and recommendations were formulated by the participants on such major topics as ecological factors, vegetation types and their methods of study, mapping, concept of climax in the tropics, and regimentation as a factor for judging the status of vegetation types.
		The dense population and consequent high degree of human interference in the Nigerian forest means that undisturbed climax forest is never met with, or very rarely; all stands of forest are a patchwork consisting of secondary communities of many different ages, i.e., a mosaic of seral stages.
		Secondly, there are several fairly complete schemes of classification of tropical vegetation in existence; all of these have their shortcomings and all are intended by their authors to apply to one region of the tropics alone.
	www.fao.org /docrep/x5381e/x5381e03.htm (3395 words)

	Free Essay Factors for Vegetation Evolution Over Time (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		The climatic climax vegetation is when the ultimate vegetation development has taken place and the environment has reached equilibrium e.g.
		Its development was rapid only taking twenty-five years to develop from the pioneer community to climatic climax vegetation because of the high humidity and temperatures and the rapid weathering of the volcanic rock.
		When a climatic climax occurs this means that the ecosystem or biome is in a state of equilibrium with a stability of transfers material and energy.
	www.echeat.com /essay.php?t=25526 (2072 words)

	Lg 13 Biomes
		Their distribution patterns are strongly related to regional climate patterns and identified according to the climax vegetation type.
		However, a biome is composed not only of the climax vegetation, but also of associated successional communities, persistent subclimax communities, fauna, and soils.
		The dominant vegetation is hardwood broadleaf evergreens-such as ebony, ironwood, and mahogany--existing in a layered structure caused by competing plants struggling to reach their required amount of light.
	members.shaw.ca /dtowner4/new_page_18.htm (2458 words)

	What are the Plants projects?
		The historic climax plant community was in dynamic equilibrium with its environment.
		Plant communities that are subjected to abnormal disturbances and physical site deterioration or that are protected from natural influences, such as fire, for long periods seldom typify the historic climax vegetation and may exist in a steady state that is different from the historic climax plant community.
		The historic climax plant community of an ecological site is not a precise assemblage of species for which the proportions are the same from place to place or from year to year.
	esis.sc.egov.usda.gov /ESIS/About.aspx (1329 words)

	EC Unit 2. Humid Tropical Ecosystems
		C above the free air average, due to the insulating effects of the layered vegetation canopies and to the generation of heat by the rapidly decomposing dead biomass.
		Despite the vegetational inhibition of surface runoff in the humid tropics, drainage densities are generally greater than in humid temperate regions.
		The climax tropical rainforest vegetation is highly adapted to these soil conditions and hence a high NPP results.
	www.envf.port.ac.uk /geog/teaching/environ/ec2_2.htm (3607 words)

	Ecology Terms
		BOG: A peat-forming, poorly-drained land with surface vegetation of mosses and shrubs, that is usually highly acid and nutrient-poor due to its main source of water solely as rain.
		CLIMAX: The culminating stage of plant succession for a given environment, the vegetation being conceived as having reached a highly stable condition.
		VEGETATION PROFILE: A diagram of the above-ground portions of plants along a line-transect presented in elevation, i.e., in their natural positions in contrast to a chart quadrat which shows in plan the location of and areas covered by each plant.
	www.fw.vt.edu /for3364/ecolterms.htm (12094 words)

	Plant Succession on the Colorado Plateau
		The climax vegetation of an area is that which will outcompete other species over time and eventually dominate a site for a prolonged period, perhaps several hundred years or more, barring any new disturbance.
		In forested communities, most climax tree species are tolerant of shade and establish themselves in the understory of an early seral stand.
		Successful prediction of vegetation change hinges on a better understanding of climatically driven disturbance regimes and the relative contributions of regional versus local processes to community dynamics.
	www.cpluhna.nau.edu /Biota/succession.htm (705 words)

	GeoConnections - Data - Data Details
		It is useful in soil, vegetation, and animal habitat correlations.
		The vegetation of a particular site can indicate the type of natural environment or how far the site has been displaced from natural conditions.
		This map shows the potential climax vegetation (habitat types) as indicated by the plants growing in the area.
	cgdi.gc.ca /CGDI.cfm/fuseaction/data.details/id/4817/gcs.cfm (506 words)

	United States Geography - Vegetation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Botanists speak of something called climax vegetation, which is defined as the assemblage that would grow and reproduce indefinitely at a place given a stable climate and average conditions of soil and drainage.
		Most of what climax vegetation remains is in the West and North.
		Actual vegetation varies from the cacti of the Southwest to the dense, brushy chaparral of southern California and the mesquite of Texas.
	countrystudies.us /united-states/geography-3.htm (415 words)

	worldsurface.com - sustainable tourism for backpackers and independent travellers
		The climax vegetation (i.e., natural vegetation permitted to develop uninterrupted) in most parts of the country is forest.
		The Dry Zone has a climax vegetation of dry evergreen forest and moist deciduous forest, with forests giving way to a stunted, shrubby, xerophytic (drought-tolerant) vegetation in its driest parts.
		Most of Sri Lanka's climax vegetation cover has been heavily depleted by extensive clearing of forests for settlements, extraction of timber, and agriculture.
	www.worldsurface.com /browse/static.asp?staticpageid=405 (252 words)

	Non-forested/Land Cover Definitions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Certain plants are colonizers and are later eliminated as the slower growing climax vegetation become large enough to outgrow the colonizers.
		The colonizers and young climax vegetation are considered successional.
		Most of undisturbed/climax vegetation is on preserves or hard to access parcels of land.
	www.fish.washington.edu /naturemapping/wildlife/1cls6.html (175 words)

	Advanced Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Village clearings represent patches or islands of non-photosynthetic vegetation in a sea of climax forest canopy.
		Gardens and abandoned villages represents patches of dense vegetation surrounded by climax forest which tends to have a shadier canopy structure.
		The image on the right, the same sub-scene as on the left, is a composite of color-density sliced vegetation and soil fraction images overlaid on a shade fraction.
	www.geog.ucsb.edu /~leal/natspr.html (288 words)

	SYNTAXONOMICAL SYNOPSIS OF THE NORTH AMERICA I
		First they constitute the seral substitution chaparral and dumosous vegetation of the mesomediterranean Quercetalia agrifolio-wislizenii woodlands (Quercion frutescenti-dumosae), and also in semiarid bioclimate the climax of the semiarid chaparral, head of the climatophilous series communities both thermo and mesomediterranean (Quercion frutescenti-dumosae, Malosmion laurinae, Agavion shawii and maybe Juniperion californicae).
		In the south side of the South Californian Ranges sector it seems to represent the secondary chaparral vegetation (Rhoo-Quercetum dumosae) of the oceanic live oak mesoforests (Dryopterido-Quercetum agrifoliae) and the climax xeric mesomediterranean and lower supramediterranean semicontinental ones (Adenostomo sparsifollii-Pinetum quadrifoliae).
		Relations between vegetation associations of Heteromelo arbutifoliae-Quercetea agrifoliae classis and the sectors and subsectors territories of Californian biogeographical region.
	www.ucm.es /info/cif/book/namerica1/namerica_21.htm (5000 words)

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