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Topic: Climbing fern

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	Global Search for Climbing Fern's Foes
		To help stop the fern, Pemberton, at Fort Lauderdale, Florida, along with ARS entomologist John A. Goolsby and co-researchers at Indooroopilly, Australia, are searching the world for insects and other organisms that are powerful natural enemies of climbing fern.
		Climbing fern probably first started showing up outside of ornamental gardens in that state in the 1960s.
		One is a dark brown Neomusotima moth that they found feeding on climbing fern during their expeditions to remote regions of northern Australia, as well as in Malaysia and Thailand.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/jul00/fern0700.htm (1468 words)

	Fern - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		A fern, or pteridophyte, is any one of a group of some twenty thousand species of plants classified in the Division Pteridophyta, formerly known as Filicophyta.
		A fern is defined as a vascular plant that does not produce seeds, but reproduces by spores to initiate an alternation of generations.
		Ferns have traditionally been grouped in the Class Filices, but modern classifications assign them their own division in the plant kingdom, called Pteridophyta.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /fern.htm (838 words)

	[No title]
		Ferns vary in height from the diminutive filmy fern of less than an inch to the vast tree ferns of the tropics, reaching a height of sixty feet or more.
		The family or genus of a fern is often determined by the shape of its indusium; e.g., the indusium of the woodsias is star-shaped; of the Dicksonias, cup-shaped; of the aspleniums, linear; of the wood ferns, kidney-shaped, etc.
		The fragile bladder fern, as it is often called, and which the name _fragilis_ suggests, is the earliest to appear in the spring, and the first to disappear, as by the end of July it has discharged its spores and withered away.
	www2.cddc.vt.edu /gutenberg/1/1/3/6/11365/11365.txt (18119 words)

	Floridata: Lygodium spp. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		When I first came to Floridune I was struck by the beauty of the climbing fern that grew along the local roadside ditches.
		Climbing fern is used to enhance tropical atmosphere in atrium gardens and landscapes.
		The climbing ferns cause wildland fires to be inordinately devastating because they burn readily and carry flames across swamps and high into the tree canopy.
	www.floridata.com /ref/L/lygo_spp.cfm (657 words)

	Natural Area Weeds: Old World Climbing Fern (Lygodium microphyllum)
		While not as serious a pest as Old World climbing fern, it is invasive in natural areas, a weed in pine plantations where it suppresses growth of pine seedlings, and is spread when pine straw is bailed and shipped for landscape use.
		Japanese climbing fern is recognized by its pinnae that are triangular in outline and lobed or dissected pinnules (Figure 4).
		Japanese climbing fern is recognized by its leaflets (pinnae) that are triangular in outline and lobed or dissected pinnules.
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /AG122 (1842 words)

	Lygodium microphyllum -- Non-Native Invasive Plants in the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Old World climbing fern is climbing into trees and shading out native vegetation in hundreds of acres in east-central Florida.
		What looks like a stem is actually a climbing, freely branching, leaf (frond) which may become as much as 100 feet long.
		Gametophytes are separate small plants that produce sexual cells, which unite to form an embryo and ultimately a new climbing fern.
	aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu /lygod.html (298 words)

	Lygodium japonicum -- Non-Native Invasive Plants in the United States (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Japanese climbing fern is already naturalized throughout the southeastern U.S. In Florida, it occurs north of Broward and Highlands counties.
		Japanese climbing fern is a fern with climbing fronds.
		leaflets of Japanese climbing fern are lobed and dissected.
	aquat1.ifas.ufl.edu /lygjap.html (313 words)

	Getting Atop Climbing Fern
		Climbing fern is native to Australia, South and Southeast Asia, and Africa.
		When the moth passed preliminary tests with climbing fern and 28 other fern species, the Indooroopilly scientists sent about 250 moths to colleague Buckingham in Gainesville for further study.
		CSIRO entomologist Tony Wright, stationed at the Indooroopilly laboratory, found the mite on climbing fern during expeditions to Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/jan02/fern0102.htm (1166 words)

	Chapter 10 Old World Climbing Fern - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States
		If spores of the fern are carried across the Gulf of Mexico to the southern coast of Texas and Mexico, the weed could establish in those areas because of suitable climates and habitats.
		The fern’s temperate limits are between 28Â°S and 29Â°S in Australia and South Africa, and 25Â° N and 27Â°N in Assam (northeastern India) and the Ryuku Islands (the southwestern most part of Japan).
		pathnogency of Puccinia lygodii on the invasive Japanese climbing fern (Lygodium japonicum) in the
	www.invasiveplants.net /biologicalcontrol/10ClimbingFern.html (4234 words)

	Agricultural Research: Hungry mite may quell old world climbing fern
		The quest for the perfect pairing of mite and fern was spurred by Goolsby and cohorts' finding that F. perrepae mites collected in some regions of Australia wouldn't feed and reproduce on climbing fern collected from other locales, such as Florida.
		The scientists combed climbing fern's native range, hunting for the plant and the critters that keep it in check in rainforests, dry seeps, coastal marshes, bay swamps, and tree islands.
		In tests with climbing ferns grown in garden plots at the Indooroopilly laboratory for 24 months, F. perrepae mites were able to blunt growth of fern fronds, stems, roots, and other plant parts by half, in contrast to ferns kept mite-free with a miticide.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_7_52/ai_n6110724 (1471 words)

	Hardy Ferns, Perennials Guide to Planting Flowers
		The Lady Fern grows from 2 feet to 3 feet tall and has finely cut foliage, while the Male Fern is an evergreen sort growing about is inches high.
		Ferns should be reset in the Spring or during the Summer through August.
		The Ferns are propagated by dividing the root stalks, which are the underground stems from which the upright stems grow.
	www.backyardgardener.com /pren/pg53.html (979 words)

	Japanese Fern
		Lygodium Spores (Lygodium japonicum; Japanese fern; Hai Jin Sha) 5:1 Extract Powder 100 gm: V
		Japanese climbing fern is native from India, east through southeastern Asia and China to Japan and Korea, and south to eastern Australia Very common throughout the Philippines at low and medium altitudes.
		The æJapanese Painted FernÝ, Athyrium niponicum æPictum', is a low maintance, deciduous fern with soft grayish-green and silvery dark maroon foliage.
	www.theferngarden.com /japanese-fern.htm (237 words)

	AllRefer.com - climbing plant (Botany, General) - Encyclopedia
		Climbing plants may clamber over a support (climbing rose), twine up a slender support (hop, honeysuckle), or grasp the support by special processes such as adventitious aerial roots (English ivy, poison ivy, trumpet creeper), tendrils (see tendril), hook-tipped leaves (gloriosa lily, rattan), or stipular thorns (catbrier).
		Some climbing plants when not supported become trailing plants (English ivy).
		Climbing types are to be found in nearly every group of plant, e.g., the ferns (climbing fern), palms (rattan), grasses (some bamboos), lilies (gloriosa lily), and cacti (night-blooming cereus).
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/climb-pl.html (239 words)

	American beech
		This member of the climbing fern family (Lygodiaceae) was first seen in Florida in the 1950's, but no one is sure how it was introduced here.
		As the ferns climb into the tree canopy, they create a path for fire to reach the tops of the trees.
		These ferns are considered a serious threat to swamps and tropical hammocks in South Florida.
	www.sfrc.ufl.edu /4h/exotic/oldworld.htm (385 words)

	Old World climbing fern , Lygodium microphyllum (Polypodiales: Lygodiaceae) @ Forestry Images
		Old world climbing fern, an aggressive invader in southern Florida, is a perennial climbing fern that can reach lengths of 90 feet.
		The fronds (leaves of a fern) are opposite, singly compound with thick, usually unlobed leaflets.
		Old world climbing fern is native to much of the old word tropics and was first found naturalized in the United States in 1965.
	www.forestryimages.org /browse/subimages.cfm?SUB=3046 (396 words)

	Invasive Weeds in Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Japanese climbing fern is a perennial climbing fern with fronds that can reach lengths of 90 feet.
		Japanese climbing fern is native to eastern Asia and was first introduced into America during the 1930s for ornamental purposes.
		Japanese climbing fern often invades disturbed areas such as roadsides and ditches, but can also invade natural areas.
	www.gaeppc.org /weeds/climbingfern.html (250 words)

	Agricultural Research: Getting atop climbing fern - Old World climbing fern is targeted as weed by US Agricultural ...
		Known to botanists as Lygodium microphyllum, Old World climbing fern makes its way up stems and trunks of other plants, forming blankets of light-green vegetation.
		Entomologist John A. Goolsby and coinvestigators there gathered the C. camptozonale moth from climbing fern plants in Queensland.
		The moth's cold intolerance is important because it means the insect is unlikely to survive cold winters in the eastern and northeastern United States, where a native fern and climbing fern relative called L. palmatum occurs.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_1_50/ai_82751093 (1288 words)

	Floridian: Project: Eradicate Old world climbing fern
		No one is sure how or when Old World climbing fern made its way into Florida, according to Ken Langeland, an agronomist at the University of Florida and co-editor of the newly published Identification and Biology of Non-Native Plants in Florida's Natural Areas.
		He looked down into the vastness of the Everglades and there it was: Old World climbing fern, in a patch he estimated to be 3 to 5 acres.
		The fern is fond of climbing trees, but also clambers along the ground, creating a thick, spongy mat called rachis that can be as deep as 4 feet, choking water movement in the soil beneath.
	www.sptimes.com /News/92699/Floridian/Project__Eradicate_Ol.shtml (1084 words)

	Invasive Fern Smothers Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		The fern is an innocuous plant in its home countries of Asia, Africa, and Australia, but Florida lacks the natural enemies to fight its spread.
		Of serious concern to water managers is the effect the fern could have on the $8.4 billion Everglades restoration efforts, designed to improve water flow.
		Fighting the invasive fern will not be easy, particularly on a shoe-string budget already strapped by efforts to stop other invasive plants, including the melaleuca and Brazilian pepper.
	www.npca.org /magazine/2003/may_june/news1.asp (788 words)

	tree fern on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Shady ladies from Down Under; Tree ferns are gaining in popularity in Britain and now a new variety is being imported to add to the ranks of garden centre specimens, writes Roger Clarke.(Gardening)
		A blanket of bright green Lygodium, or Old World Climbing Fern, invades a stand of cypress trees along the Loxahatchee River.
		Lygodium or Old World Climbing Fern, an exotic plant native to Africa, Asia and Australia, has infested over 110,000 acres of South Florida including the Everglades.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/t1/treefern.asp (479 words)

	Encyclopedia article on Fern [EncycloZine] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-26)
		Pteridopsida Template:Taxobox end A fern, or pteridophyte, is any one of a group of some twenty thousand species of plants classified in the Division Pteridophyta, formerly known as Filicophyta.
		The fertilized gamete (diploid zygote) grows by cell division into a sporophyte (the "fern" plant)
		A classification of the ferns and their allies (http://www.anbg.gov.au/projects/fern/taxa/classification.html)
	encyclozine.com /Fern (792 words)

	Dept. of Environmental Protection (DEP) State Lands: Old World Climbing Fern
		A native to Eastern Asia, Old World climbing fern was first introduced into the United States in the 1930s (or before) for use as a landscape ornamental plant.
		The fern was first reported living in the wild in Florida during the late 1950s in Martin County.
		In areas managed by ground fires, the climbing fern can serve as a pathway allowing fire to reach the tree crown, which normally would not burn.
	www.dep.state.fl.us /lands/invaspec/2ndlevpgs/lygodium.htm (272 words)

	Treatment Old World Climbing Fern
		In the bayhead swamp at the Station, most spores appear to germinate and sprout in the base of dead ferns such as royal fern and cinnamon fern and decaying stumps.
		During colder periods when the temperature drops below 40F, there is slight decline in the growth rate and sometimes top-kill of the fern.
		Periods of prolonged drought also appear to limit growth rates and spread of the fern.
	www.archbold-station.org /abs/landmanage/ExoticsGrant03/ExoticsMain/treatment_old_world_climbing_fer.htm (353 words)

	Hunting Knives, Pocket Knives and knives - Fern Knives
		Fern Knives is the foremost online retailer of quality hunting, fishing, tactical and recreational knives.
		If I could take only one piece of modern equipment with me into a survival situation, it would be a knife.
		Dear Fern Knives, thank you and your staff for their prompt service.
	www.fernknives.com (267 words)

	Fighting the Old Wold Climbing Fern: Florida Environment Radio
		Environmental Scientist Mike Bodle says what was merely a decorative vine-like fern as recently as the late 1970s, has grown to the state's number one plant invader, today...
		Exotic plant specialists in Florida say a vine-like plant called the Old World Climbing Fern is growing out of control across much of the southern part of the state.
		Using herbicide on the Old World Climbing Fern would mean crews and equipment in the most remote parts of South Florida wetlands.
	www.floridaenvironment.com /programs/fe20415.htm (312 words)

	Water Resources of Florida-FY 2003-Current Distribution and Control of the Invasive Old World Climbing Fern on the ...
		There is a need to know the distribution of Old World climbing fern (a category I invasive exotic) on the Arthur R. Marshall Loxahatchee National Wildlife Refuge and throughout South Florida, what factors affect its spread, and the most effective strategies for its control.
		There will be three primary products from this project: 1) Basic information about the life history characteristics of Old World climbing fern and the factors that contribute to its spread and factors that may help to control it.
		These data will be used in the development of a model to predict which areas are at potential risk for colonization by Old World climbing fern.
	fl.water.usgs.gov /Miami_Studies/current_distrib_climbing_fern_proj.htm (241 words)

	Climbing fern - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The one temperate species, the American Climbing Fern, (Lygodium palmatum, shown in photograph below) is rare throughout its range in the United States and requires intensely acidic soil.
		On the other hand, two other species - Lygodium japonicum and Lygodium microphyllum - are exotic weeds throughout the deep south of the U. S., growing in a variety of soils.
		This page was last modified 21:03, 28 July 2005.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Climbing_fern (168 words)

	Polk Group of the Florida Chapter of the Sierra Club
		The average citizen doesn’t really need to distinguish one from the other; be suspicious of any climbing fern (some botanists even assert Florida has no native climbing ferns).
		This Japanese Climbing Fern was found in Polk County on CR 557 in late 2002.
		Note the dense fern mass on the ground and the trees literally being smothered to death by the vines.
	florida.sierraclub.org /polk/polk_newspage.asp?apr_03 (1121 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Old World Climbing Fern; Availability of an Environmental Assessment and Finding of No ...
		(Lygodiaceae), is a climbing fern that has a large native range that extends through much of the Old World tropics.
		The climbing fern is a highly invasive, exotic weed that climbs over plants, including tall trees, to form massive walls of vegetation.
		In the middle of that page, click on ``Document/Forms Retrieval System.'' At the next screen, click on the triangle beside ``Permits--Environmental Assessments.'' A list of documents will appear; the environmental assessment and finding of no significant impact for Old World climbing fern are document number 0038.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-IMPACT/2004/October/Day-04/i2472.htm (683 words)

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