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	Cerebellum - Circuitry - Climbing Fibers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Since climbing fibers have synapses all over the dendritic tree of a Purkinje cell, their total excitatory action is extremely strong.
		In fact, the synaptic connection between the climbing fiber and the Purkinje cell is one of the most powerful in the nervous system.
		Climbing fibers are "lazy" (but strong), thus Purkinje cells exhibit complex spikes at a rate of about 1 per second.
	www.neuroanatomy.wisc.edu /cere/text/P4/climb.htm (281 words)

	ON CLIMBING FIBER SIGNALS AND THEIR CONSEQUENCE(S)
		The anatomical unit composed of a particular sagittal zone with its climbing fibers and their collaterals, along with the corresponding Purkinje cells and the associated cerebellar nucleus has been called a module (Voogd and Bigar, 1980), which is considered to be the functional unit of the cerebellum (Andersson and Oscarsson, 1978; Oscarsson, 1969, 1979).
		Their contribution to floccular climbing fiber signaling remains to be determined, but some indication of what these inhibitory inputs may be doing is available from recordings in the awake rabbit of floccular complex spike activity during vestibular stimulation in the absence of vision (De Zeeuw et al., submitted).
		This connectivity suggests that the climbing fiber input to the C2 zone of the flocculus may carry motor signals that are related to voluntary gaze shifts involving both the head and eyes.
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.neur4.simpson.html (15406 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		One class is the climbing fiber which has its origin in the inferior olivary complex, a region which receives terminations from spinal cord, brainstem, and cerebral cortex.
		Some climbing fiber terminations are in the granular layer but the bulk of the axons synapse in the molecular layer.
		Climbing fiber transmission is thought to be mediated by glutamate.
	www.uwm.edu /~rswain/class/FALL99/lect14.html (621 words)

	Supplemental Data: Nolan et al. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The apparent shoulder after the peak of the climbing fiber response and the slow decay of the response, reflect activation of voltage-gated Ca channels, due to depolarization and escape from voltage-clamp of the large dendritic area.
		Climbing fiber responses were depressed by paired stimulation with an interval of 50 ms and were almost completely abolished by the AMPA receptor antagonist NBQX (not shown).
		Climbing fiber responses were evoked by stimulation of the molecular layer with bipolar glass electrodes or from the granule cell layer using concentric bipolar electrodes (tip diameter 25 µm).
	www.cell.com /cgi/content/full/115/5/551/DC1 (1980 words)

	APStracts 2:0202N, 1995. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Climbing fiber responses that lacked a static component were attributed to activation of the semicircular canals.
		Using a null technique we showed that the canal-sensitive climbing fiber responses were caused by stimulation of the anterior or posterior semicircular canals.
		Increases in climbing fiber responses were correlated with decreases in simple spike responses in half the Purkinje cells from which we recorded.
	www.uth.tmc.edu /apstracts/1995/jn/July/202n.html (479 words)

	Module 10
		There are three fiber bundles called superior, middle, and inferior peduncles that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem.
		Climbing fibers are myelinated, excitatory, and they can innervate ten Purkinje cells.
		The unconditioned stimulus carried by the climbing fibers whereas the conditioned stimulus is carried by the mossy fibers.
	cogsci.ucsd.edu /~pineda/guide/module_10.html (1408 words)

	Compartmental Modeling of the Purkinje and Olivary Neurons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The parallel fiber inputs from cerebellar granule cells are numerous (up to 175,000) but have a small synaptic conductance.
		Activation of the climbing fiber synapse results in a massive response, called the complex spike.
		The complex spike is caused by the activation of calcium channels in the dendrite during a prolonged dendritic spike.
	www.evl.uic.edu /EVL/SHOWCASE/spiff/neurons.html (499 words)

	Cerebellum_unit_dark
		The fibers enter the spinal cord via the dorsal roots and ascend in the lateral funiculus to terminate on spinal neurons in the external cuneate nucleus, which is located in caudal medulla.
		In the granular layer, mossy fibers branch diffusely to terminate on dendrites of the granule cells.
		Climbing fibers arise exclusively from neurons in the inferior olivary nucleus and enter the cerebellar cortex through the inferior cerebellar peduncle (without branching) to terminate on the dendrites of a single Purkinje cell, basket cells, and stellate cells.
	www.med.uiuc.edu /m1/neurosci/WebNeuro2002/protected/curriculum/Unit_11_01_Cerebellum/Cerebellum-dark.htm (3705 words)

	The Cerebellar Circuit in Eyelid Conditioning
		climbing fibers send excitatory collaterals to the deep cerebellar nuclei and create an important source of input to the cerebellar cortex where they synapse with Purkinje cells.
		In addition mossy fibers also project into the cerebellar cortex where they branch profusely and make excitatory synapses onto a large number of both granule and golgi cells.
		Stimuli such as air-puffs or brief electrical shocks used to elicit eyeblink are known to activate climbing fibers that originate in the inferior olivary nucleus.
	nba.uth.tmc.edu /homepage/mmauk/circuit.htm (617 words)

	Adam Reig - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper
		Climbing fibers are excitatory bodies that send signals from the brainstem to Purkinje cells in the cerebellum.
		If there is normal development of climbing fibers and no loss of ION seen at P6, then it is probable that their innervation will decline at a later time due to the loss of Purkinje cells.
		Climbing fibers will also be analyzed at P12, if the outcome of the ION cells counts produce no loss from exposure on days P4-5.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200002/papers/paper_reig.html (1580 words)

	MODELS OF THE CEREBELLUM AND MOTOR LEARNING
		He viewed the parallel fibers as delay lines and climbing fibers as clock read-out mechanisms, with Purkinje cells firing only when there was a coincidence of a parallel fiber volley and a climbing fiber activation.
		The climbing fibers, instead of serving as read-out devices, functioned as training signals that adjusted the synaptic weights of parallel fiber synapses, thus teaching Purkinje cells to recognize specific patterns signaled by their input vectors.
		The role of the climbing fiber input was to fire the Purkinje cell unconditionally, thus reinforcing parallel fiber synapses active at the time of climbing fiber discharge.
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/OldArchive/bbs.neur4.houk.html (16207 words)

	Mapping Memory With Mutant Mice
		In the case of the quick-learning, poorly coordinated mice, the Purkinje cell-climbing fiber connections are clearly essential for both the acquisition of conditioned reflex learning and for general motor coordination.
		And looking still more closely at the synapses, or communication points, between the climbing fibers and the Purkinje cells, the researchers found that the synapses themselves showed a lessened ability to respond in the particular manner (called long-term depression) linked to learning.
		Each climbing fiber cell contacts the single Purkinje cell it connects to in a normal adult at hundreds or even thousands of individual synapses.
	www.usc.edu /uscnews/stories/2262.html (1206 words)

	Organizational Principles of Cerebellar Neuronal Circuitry -- Garwicz et al. 13 (1): 26 -- Physiology
		in climbing fibers, characterized by repetitive discharge at
		Multimodal input and gating of afferent transmission to climbing fibers.
		The significance of the multimodal input to climbing fibers
	physiologyonline.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/13/1/26 (3410 words)

	Nikon MicroscopyU: Featured Microscopist - Thomas J. Deerinck
		Various types of brain cells and fibers are involved with sending information to the Purkinje neurons, but the act is believed to be primarily achieved by mossy fibers and climbing fibers.
		Mossy fibers ascend from the brain stem and spinal cord dividing into numerous parallel rays to meet Purkinje cells.
		Climbing fibers, however, contact Purkinje cells on a one-on-one basis, although they also extend from the brain stem.
	www.microscopyu.com /featuredmicroscopist/deerinck/deerinckimage6.html (298 words)

	[No title]
		Golgi: has dendritice tree in molecular layer; receives input from parallell fibers axons synapse within glomeruli Golgi neurons suppress the excitation of the granule cells to mossy fiber input and curtail the duration of the excitation, ultimately reaching the P cell through the parallel fibers.
		The activity of the climbing fiber is modulated during motor learning, and this modulation serves to reduce, by heterosynaptic inhibition, the strength of the mossy fiber input to the Purkinje neurons.
		The reduction of mossy fiber input following the perturbing stimulus would lead to a decrease in firing of the Purkinje cells and to an increase in the output (due to disinhibition) of the neurons in the deep nuclei.
	student.ttuhsc.edu /MED2000/peers/neuro/nch41.doc (301 words)

	Motor Learning
		The popular theory (Marr-Albus-Ito) proposes that the climbing fiber is used as part of a mechanism to correct PN activity that does not match the system's motor intentions.
		While I agree that the climbing fiber serves as an error signal, I think that the climbing fiber spike serves to depress any parallel fiber synapse that violates the Principle of Motor Coordination.
		To be effective as a remedial input, the climbing fiber must closely coincide with the firing of the offending parallel fibers.
	pages.sbcglobal.net /louis.savain/AI/motor_learning.htm (1899 words)

	The Vollum Institute (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The Jahr lab has focused on the glutamateric synapses between climbing fibers and Purkinje cells of the cerebellum.
		To maintain this critical encasement, AMPA receptors expressed by the Bergmann glial cell must be activated by glutamate released from the climbing fiber.
		While information transfer between the climbing fiber and the Purkinje cell depends on release within the synaptic cleft, maintaining the isolation of this synapse by Bergmann glial processes is the sole province of ectopic release.
	www.ohsu.edu /vollum/research/04-extrasyn-rec.shtml (398 words)

	Climbing Magazine Energy Food Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Bars were chewed for endurance outings like multi-pitch climbing, alpine climbing, or as a meal replacement for a long day at the crags.
		Fiber, although indigestible and calorie-void, is another important link in the absorption equation — it slows the rate in which carbs enter the bloodstream.
		Some of the fiber is a naturally occurring result of an ingredient choice, while a few companies specifically add fiber.
	www.climbing.com /equipment/food234/index.html (1643 words)

	[No title]
		Climbing fiber activity is the UCS and the UCR is the Purkinje cell response to the climbing fiber input.
		Electrical recordings of the inferior olive (climbing fiber system) during classical conditioning reveal that this structure displays sensory evoked responses to a tone or light CS.
		Recent experiments indicate that LTD may be induced by calcium influx into the Purkinje cell as a result of climbing fiber activity (coupled, of course with parallel fiber activation).
	www.uwm.edu /~rswain/class/SUM05/slect12.html (1647 words)

	The Influence of Somatosensory Cortex on Climbing Fiber Responses in the Lateral Hemispheres of the Rat Cerebellum ...
		Brown IE, Bower JM (2001) Congruence of mossy fiber and climbing fiber Tactile projections in the lateral hemispheres of the rat cerebellum.
		Miles TS, Wiesendanger M (1975) Organization of climbing fibre projections to the cerebellar cortex from trigeminal cutaneous afferents and from the SI face area of the cerebral cortex in the cat.
		Rushmer DS, Roberts WJ, Augter GK (1976) Climbing fiber responses of cerebellar Purkinje cells to passive movement of the cat forepaw.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/22/15/6819 (7873 words)

	[No title]
		Climbing fibers Purkinje cell gets input from another group also, climbing fiber input.
		Climbing fibers carry a huge synaptic weight but they only contact between 1-10 purkinje cells.
		Mossy fiber- comes from virtually everywhere in the brain, example: pontine nuclei, when they send their axons up to terminate on granule cells they are called mossy fibers.
	www.uhmc.sunysb.edu /som/students/2003/Lectures/neu39.doc (1919 words)

	Pontine Maps Linking Somatosensory and Cerebellar Cortices Are in Register with Climbing Fiber Somatotopy -- Odeh et ...
		A, Evoked climbing fiber field potentials recorded on the cerebellar cortical surface at approximately the center of the C1-forelimb zone in the paramedian lobule (left) and the C1-hindlimb zone in the copula pyramidis (right).
		and that the degree of segregation of climbing fiber inputs
		Voogd J, Pardoe J, Ruigrok TJ, Apps R (2003) The distribution of climbing and mossy fiber collateral branches from the copula pyramidis and the paramedian lobule: congruence of climbing fiber cortical zones and the pattern of zebrin banding within the rat cerebellum.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/25/24/5680 (7583 words)

	Topography and Reciprocal Activity of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells in the Uvula-Nodulus Modulated by Vestibular ...
		Climbing fiber-associated decreases in SSs could be achieved through the action of a variety of hypothetical cerebellar circuits.
		fibers and climbing fibers (Narasimhan and Linden 1996
		of the secondary vestibular fibers in the cerebellar cortex.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/78/6/3083 (7247 words)

	M.R. Bauer Foundation at Brandeis
		Recordings from identified cerebellar Purkinje neurons in the behaving animals are convenient because the CS evoked mossy-parallel fiber activation is recorded as simple spikes and the US evoked climbing fiber activation is recorded as complex spikes and the two types are easily separable.
		This result is completely consistent with ]to's phenomenon of LTD (Long Term Depression) in cerebellar cortex (decrease in parallel fiber synaptic efficacy on Purkinje neuron dendrites as a result of repeated pairing of the CS (parallel fiber activation] and US [climbing fiber activation]).
		Since we argue that this circuit (trigeminal to inferior olive to cerebellum as climbing fibers) is the essential reinforcing or teaching pathway-these results are completely consistent with the elegant formulation by Rescoria and Wagner for acquisition of classically conditioned responses.
	www.bio.brandeis.edu /bauer/2002/thompson.html (1016 words)

	A Computer Model of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells, 1977
		Three forms of activation were utilized to test tbe adequacy of the model: (1) antidromic invasion, (2) orthodromic invasion via the parallel fiber-Purkinje cell synapse, and (3) climbing fiber activation.
		It was shown that the electrophysiological parameters available in the literature make it possible to construct a model capable of demonstrating most of the electrical properties of Purkinje cells, such as antidromic invasion and the ability to generate simple spikes and spike bursts.
		On the one hand, the climbing fiber input establishes a one-to-one pattern of innervation with the Purkinje cell and is probably the most specific afferent in the central nervous system.
	usa-siliconvalley.com /inst/pellionisz/77_purkinje/77_purkinje.html (718 words)

	Latencies of Climbing Fiber Inputs to Turtle Cerebellar Cortex -- Ariel 93 (2): 1042 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		Hounsgaard J and Midtgaard J. Intrinsic determinants of firing pattern in Purkinje cells of the turtle cerebellum in vitro.
		Kunzle H. Climbing fiber projection to the turtle cerebellum: longitudinally oriented terminal zones within the basal third of the molecular layer.
		Tolbert DL, Conoyer B, and Ariel M. Quantitative analysis of granule cell axons and climbing fiber afferents in the turtle cerebellar cortex.
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/93/2/1042 (6855 words)

	Michael L. Molineux
		In this study we show that climbing fiber input activated at physiological frequencies blocks an intrinsic trimodal pattern inherent to Purkinje cells studied in vitro, restoring tonic Na+ spike discharge similar to that found in vivo.
		Moreover, all the effects of direct climbing fiber stimulation were reproduced by simulating climbing fiber input with an injected EPSC in the presence of synaptic blockers, emphasizing a key role for the postsynaptic complex spike depolarization in determining Purkinje cell activity.
		McKay, B.E., Engbers, J.D.T., Mehaffey, W.H., Gordon, G., Molineux, M.L., Bains, J. and Turner, R.W. (2007) Climbing fiber discharge regulates cerebellar functions by controlling the intrinsic characteristics of Purkinje cell output.
	www.acs.ucalgary.ca /~rwturner/molineux.htm (1095 words)

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