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	History of the Indonesian Pinisi
		With clinker built boats, the frames are applied afterward and are virtually always steam bent or laminated out of thinner strips, glued in place.
		In the West, clinker built boats are almost always built over mould frames, though if the frames are laminated, one can create the laminated frames first, attach them to the keel, then begin planking onto the frames.
		Another difference is that on the Pinisi, the forward mast and the bowsprit are built as a tripod or bipod, depending on the local tradition.
	www.kastenmarine.com /phinisi_history.htm (4419 words)

	Ship - MSN Encarta
		Built about 850, this ship had a single mast that supported a square sail.
		It was 24 m (78 ft) long, with a breadth, or beam, of about 5 m (17 ft), and it was steered with a steering oar controlled by a wood bar called a tiller.
		The shipwright first built a skeletal frame, to which he fixed planks edge-to-edge and caulked between them to form a smooth finish.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761571524_3/Ship.html (1566 words)

	Clinker (boat building) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clinker building is a method of constructing hulls of boats and ships by fixing wooden planks and in the early nineteenth century, iron plates to each other so that the planks overlap along their edges.
		The Clinker form of construction is linked in people's minds, with the Vikings who used this method to build their famous longships from riven timber (split wood) planks.
		Clinker is the British term, it is known as lapstrake in North America.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clinker_(boat_building) (1903 words)

	European Ship Preservation Database (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Clinker- built vessels have overlapping cladding boards, while in carvel building the boards are butted.
		The ships were both carvel and clinker built, the exterior cladding was fixed to the stems first and then clinkered, after which the inner timbers were fixed into place”.
		As late as in 1901-02, a carvel built vessel was constructed using this method: According to the newspaper Nordland March 9th 1902 issue, Jahn Andreassen, from Sundby, had constructed the first carvel built decked boat in Saltdal, in the northern part of Norway.
	www.shipspreservation.com /db/index.php3?Lang=english&ID=Artikler (7046 words)

	Mast & Sail in Europe & Asia: Chapter 5
		Decked boats were first built by the Royal National Lifeboat Institution in order to prove to the fishermen the greater comfort and safety to be derived from full decks.
		The usual rig of the east coast fishing-boat is the lugsail, with jib and mizen, different sizes of the latter being used according to the state of the weather.
		They were first built and owned at Pennan village, but they became fairly fashionable at Rosehearty also about a dozen years ago, and there are still a few in the neighbourhood.
	www.friend.ly.net /~dadadata/smyth/mast_n_sail_05.html (3885 words)

	ANMM Vessels out of the water (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Built by Len Dobson and designed by Roy Martin of Victoria, Australia in 1971 and winner of the 1976 Little America's Cup, Miss Nylex with her articulated wing sail was the first boat to succeed in international competition using solid-sail technology.
		Built of cedar, tea tree, kauri, and oregon by George ('Wee Georgie') Robinson, Balmain, Sydney, NSW in 1919, represents the era of skiff racing when crews of 15 were needed to balance huge sailplans.
		Built for the Cronulla Surf Lifesaving Club by Roy Phillips and Son, Balmain, Sydney, NSW in 1964, Kurranulla was one of the last of the sturdy double-ended lifeboats.
	www.anmm.gov.au /outwater.htm (1029 words)

	Norfolk wherry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The keel had been built since the Middle Ages and the design probably went back to the Viking invasion.
		After 1800, the Norfolk Keel (or 'keel wherry') disappeared, partly because a wherry could be sailed with fewer crew, and it had limited manoeuvrability and lacked speed.
		After the end of the trading wherry was seen a number of wherry yachts were built, but these large vessels also became uneconomic to run.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Norfolk_wherry (523 words)

	The Freshwater Museum - Boat Store 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The barge was built in boat-builder Andersen’s yard.
		The punt was built by the flsmith, Berthelsen in Gl.
		It was built by Mogens Gunhøj at the end of the 1950’s and was donated to the museum in 1999.
	www.ecomuseum.dk /english/freshwater/boat_store_2.htm (531 words)

	Search Results for "Clinker"
		From obsolete clinker, clinch-nail, from Middle English clinken, probably variant of clenchen, to clench, from...
		...in Smollett s Humphry Clinker, is Roderick Random grown old, somewhat cynical by experience of the world, but vastly improved in taste.
		This work was widely read in its time and may have influenced Tobias Smollet's Humphrey Clinker....
	bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=&query=Clinker (271 words)

	Ship Modeling FAQ, Research Note: Clinker-Carvel --- Revised: July 15, 2005
		One reason that clinker was abandoned for large vessels in favor of carvel was purely a matter of expense.
		In Norway, clinker continued in use in bigger vessels until the early 20th century, when it became clear that it was not compatible with diesel engine power (rivets don't take the vibration so well).
		Some of the largest clinker built ships, built before 1400 or so, rivaled HMS Victory in size, and were planked with three or four layers of clinker plank.
	home.att.net /~ShipModelFAQ/ResearchNotes/smf-RN-Clinker-Carvel.html (822 words)

	Boats4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This was either of clinker build or a shell and had its oars supported by full steel outriggers, so that the rowlocks were some distance from the sides of the boat.
		Usually of clinker build, but light and handy, the average whiff was 20 to 23 feet long, 16 to 18 inches wide and 6 inches deep from keel to the top of the stem.
		Usually of clinker build, but light and handy, the average whiff it was only 19 feet long but at least 2 feet 8 inches in the beam and 12 inches deep.
	easyweb.easynet.co.uk /jim.shead/Boats4.html (3627 words)

	British Archaeology magazine, October 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		All vessels were built in the clinker style, using overlapping planks fastened together with iron nails.
		Clinker shipbuilding was a genuine craft, in which the shipwright remained close to his materials.
		Shipbuilders moved from clinker models to the new 'carvel' technique, in which hull planking was laid edge to edge, a technique which did not require the expensive and time-consuming addition of the heavy iron fastenings.
	www.britarch.ac.uk /ba/ba61/feat2.shtml (2570 words)

	The Last Tyne Wherry - Elswick No. 2
		might look ungainly by comparison but she was built on the Tyne less than fifty years ago using exactly the same skills and methods practised by the Vikings who raided the Tyne over a thousand years previously.
		All were massively built to withstand being crushed in the docks' heavy regular groundings on falling tides and the occasional collision in the crowded river.
		Nearly fifty five feet long and over twenty three feet in the beam she is constructed with massive, closely-spaced five inch by six inch frames onto which are securely nailed the overlapping, one inch thick, oak planks.
	freespace.virgin.net /l.carter/wherry.htm (1152 words)

	Vessel Types on the Great Lakes
		Steambarges were built for towing two or more laden barges while carrying a modest cargo of their own.
		The first bulk freighters were built around 1865 to carry lumber, but the basic design was adapted for "coarse freight" in 1869.
		Ice Boats were built on skates to ride on the frozen lake.
	www.mnhs.org /places/nationalregister/shipwrecks/mpdf/craft.html (1403 words)

	The Last Tyne Wherry - Elswick No. 2
		might look ungainly by comparison but she was built on the Tyne less than fifty years ago using exactly the same skills and methods practised by the Vikings who raided the Tyne over a thousand years previously.
		All were massively built to withstand being crushed in the docks' heavy regular groundings on falling tides and the occasional collision in the crowded river.
		Nearly fifty five feet long and over twenty three feet in the beam she is constructed with massive, closely-spaced five inch by six inch frames onto which are securely nailed the overlapping, one inch thick, oak planks.
	homepage.virgin.net /l.carter/wherry.htm (1152 words)

	The dugout boat
		Clinker work is essentially a “shell-type” of construction.
		When the keel and the stems have been assembled, a sturdy skeleton of ribs is bolted to the keel.
		Greenhill (1976, 178) remarks that in most other parts of the world boats are built with a marked difference between the prow and stern.
	www.angelfire.com /mn/marion/dugout.html (531 words)

	Grâce Dieu
		She was compound clinker built, that is overlapping planking of three to five thicknesses riveted together with iron bolts.
		Designed by John Hoggekyns, she was built under the super vision of Robert Berd and was estimated to cost the enormous sum of £3000.
		She was built to tower above other vessels so that missiles could rain down onto enemy decks from the fighting tops and castles.
	www.geocities.com /botleyhistory/gracedieu.htm (1087 words)

	Boats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		This was carvel built, possibly diagonal or double skinned, of a length between 30 and 42 ft and proportions of length divided by beam between 3.5 to 4.
		The longboat, heavily built with sawn timbers like a ship, usually had removable thwarts and could stow another small boat inside it if necessary.
		Its use was for transporting stores, water, etc. or occasionally laying out an anchor, but when stowed on deck advantage was taken of its size by filling it with livestock pens, and even surrounding it by a portable set of rails to confine livestock on the deck.
	www.all-model.com /Clippers/Page66.html (522 words)

	The Modelshipwrights web site
		One option to plank a clinker built boat is to use tapered planks.
		Note that the narrow edge of the plank does not come to a sharp edge.
		A 25 foot clinker built cutter at 1:48 scale which has planking cut on the jig described above.
	www.modelshipwrights.net /Tips/Tip8/Tip_88.htm (603 words)

	National 12
		Vintage Twelves are those with clinker built hulls.
		In 1952 the first glued clinker boats were built by Wyche and Coppock, these were durable and easily maintained and so this method of construction became universal.
		Clinker construction went out in 1970 with the development of GRP hulls and 'four plank' wooden construction.
	www.david.chesworth.btinternet.co.uk /N12.htm (253 words)

	Classic dinghies and keelboats at TradBoat
		Built between 1940’s and 50’s, 9 of the original Dragonflies are still actively raced at Waldringfield Sailing Club today, with several boats currently under restoration.
		Always the doyen of cruising dinghies, about 500 of the original clinker Tideway Twelves were built between the early fifties and 1978 or '79 by L H Walker and Co at Leigh-on-Sea.
		The Tideway 12 is clinker built in wood or in simulated clinker in grp.
	www.tradboat2.co.uk /editorial/dinghy.htm (2499 words)

	Naval & Ship History and Architechure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Knarrs were clinker built ships developed by the Vikings.
		Developed out of the Viking legacy, it used the clinker (overlapping beams) style of construction and had a single sail, common to the knarr.
		For example, the Carvel replaced the Cog, and ship builders began using the Mediterannean carvel built construction to replace clinker built ships, and added stern rudders and lateen sails, while maintaing the larger cargo capacities of the Northern European vessels.
	privateer.omena.org /shiphistory.htm (2224 words)

	15' Cat Boat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Lyman Catboat is a traditional beamy catboat, one of the first organized class boats actively raced on the Great Lakes.
		All Lyman Cats were built prior to World War II, and there are perhaps a dozen or so of these fine crafts afloat today.
		The Lyman Cat is of wood construction, lapstraked and clinker-built in the Lyman tradition.
	www.clinkerbuilt.com /15_cat.html (394 words)

	The Mariners' Museum: Newport News, Virginia
		This method of construction is known as clinker or lapstrake.
		It was also constructed in the clinker planking method and had one mast and sail.
		A Viking ship with a beautifully carved keel was discovered in Norway in 1903 and was probably built around 800 A.D. Known as the Oseberg, this ship was approximately 71 feet long and 16 feet wide with 15 pairs of oars and a nailed-down deck.
	www.mariner.org /educationalad/ageofex/viking_ships.php (1292 words)

	boat. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Modern wooden boats are built in four ways: with fore-and-aft planks laid with their edges flush (carvel-built); with fore-and-aft planks laid with overlapping edges (clinker-built); with inner and outer layers of planks running diagonally in opposite directions; and with planking consisting of large sheets of plywood.
		The later rugged whaleboat was developed from the Viking type of construction and came to be used for numerous purposes.
		The fishing boats of the North and Baltic seas, also built on Viking principles, are roughly similar to whaleboats.
	www.bartleby.com /65/bo/boat.html (483 words)

	Drontheims
		Clinker’ building is generally referred to as ‘lapstrake’ in North America.
		Whilst the clinker building techniques may go back to Viking times, this does not explain why a new and distinctive type of clinker-built craft appeared in the north of Ireland in the early 19th century.
		There is a painting, dating to 1822 of a boat on Portstewart beach, near the mouth of the Bann, which shows a double-ended clinker built boat, which is much closer in appearance to the ‘Oselver’, from Os on Norway’s south-west coast near Bergen, than to later Drontheims in Ireland.
	www.ccmhg.org /Drontheims/Drontheims.htm (1955 words)

	LADY DENMAN MARITIME MUSEUM
		She was built on the shores of Currambene Creek, Huskisson, in 1911 by Joseph Dent for the Balmain Ferry Co, and remained in service on Sydney Harbour until 1979.
		This Clinker Built fishing dinghy was originally built in 1940 for L.R. Walton.
		A clinker boat is built with external planks overlapping downwards, fastened with clinched copper nails.
	www.ladydenman.asn.au /content/collection_bod.html (185 words)

	TIDEWAY OWNERS ASSOCIATION RYA AFFILIATED
		The Tideway Owners Association (TOA) was formed in 1963 and exists today to further the use and enjoyment of this Classic 12' clinker built dinghy.
		Built of mahogany on oak by L H Walker of Leigh-on-Sea in Essex, this gunter-rigged traditional "Swallows and Amazons" style dinghy provokes interest and admiring looks wherever it is seen.
		The boat continues to be built today both in traditional wood and wood trimmed GRP.
	www.tidewaydinghy.org /index.html (137 words)

	Read about the class history and the vintage fleet
		The earliest boats, from 1936 until 1952, are of traditional ribbed clinker construction.
		In 1952 the first glued clinker boats were built, these were durable and easily maintained and so this method of construction became universal.
		Anyone buying a vintage boat should be aware that although most designs have been produced with the ultimate aim of winning the Burton Cup, some have been specialised for other purposes or have by accident produced boats which are particularly suitable for certain weather conditions or types of water.
	www.national12.org /history2.shtml (421 words)

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