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	[No title]
		The Clipper Chip is a data encryption chip with a back door allowing the government to decrypt the output using an escrowed copy of a key embedded in the chip during its manufacture.
		The proposal to standardize the Clipper Chip met with a firestorm of criticism from industry and civil liberties groups, and the proposal was all but abandoned by the summer.
		Clipper II ---------- The Clipper II proposal could be said to have begun in June of 1994, at the same time the Clinton administration began to back down from the original Clipper proposal.
	web.mit.edu /afs/sipb.mit.edu/user/ghudson/papers/6.805.term2.txt (1968 words)

	The Clipper Chip
		While Clipper would be used to encrypt voice transmissions, a similar chip known as Capstone would be used to encrypt data.
		On April 16, 1993, the White House announced the Clipper Chip.
		On Feb. 4, 1994, the White House announced the adoption of the Clipper Chip.
	www.epic.org /crypto/clipper (484 words)

	Clipper chip - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The initial cost of the chips was said to be $16 (unprogrammed) or $26 (programmed), with its logic designed by Mykotronx, and fabricated by VLSI Technology, Inc
		Then-Senator John Ashcroft (Republican-Missouri) was a leading opponent of the Clipper chip proposal, arguing in favor of the individual's right to encrypt messages and export encryption software.
		The Clipper's escrow system has a serious vulnerability; the hash for the 128-bit LEAF field was too short (mere 16 bits), allowing a brute force attack to find another value of LEAF that would give the same hash, but won't yield the correct keys after the escrow attempt.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clipper_chip (676 words)

	[No title]
		Clipper is a particular chip that implements a cryptographic algorithm.
		Clipper was an effort to get the good parts of cryptography -- that is to say, the parts that provide good privacy to Americans -- without giving up the ability of law enforcement to conduct wiretaps to prevent Clipper encryption from becoming a tool that could be misused by criminals.
		When Clipper was announced, I think there was a kind of gasp across the country among people who are in the computer business or on the Internet, a kind of belief that this was absolutely an unacceptable approach to privacy and that only a guarantee of complete cryptographic security was the right social solution.
	swissnet.ai.mit.edu /6805/articles/clipper/ny-debate-jan-19-95.txt (15152 words)

	[No title]
		Assessment of Clipper and Key Escrow System The Clipper Chip is an implementation of the Escrowed Encryption Standard (EES), a voluntary government standard for encrypting sensitive but unclassified telephone communications, including voice, fax, and data.
		Clipper's second goal of allowing authorized government access is implemented through a key escrow system, wherein keys are released upon receipt of certification of legal authority to wiretap.
		If in lieu of Clipper, the government were to adopt and promote a standard that provides strong encryption without government access, society could suffer severe economic and human losses resulting from a diminished capability of law enforcement to investigate and prosecute organized crime and terrorism, and from a diminished capability for foreign intelligence.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /%7Edenning/crypto/clipper/Testimony-May-3-94.txt (2814 words)

	Clipper (disambiguation) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the twentieth century, the term Clipper was revived by Pan American Airways for the flying boats that opened new global air routes, including vast stretches of the Pacific, to passenger service.
		All Pan Am aircraft had the word Clipper on their names, even long after the demise of the flying boats, up until the company's collapse in 1991.
		Alberta Clipper, a storm system common to the Midwest United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clipper_(disambiguation) (253 words)

	Digital Privacy
		Clipper machines successfully connect with each other, the sending machine will encrypt the data--a voice, fax, or data file; upon receipt of the data and the special key needed to decrypt, or unlock, the message, the receiver's machine will decipher the data--this complex process will be hidden from the user.
		Clipper chip shows that strong encoding can be made available in a way that protects private communications but does not harm society if it gets into the wrong hands.
		Clipper Chip has its flaws (as any number of its detractors will vehemently point out), it seems that allowing the government some mechanism to enforce the law is the best solution that we can have to preserve both our society and the rights of the individuals that comprise it.
	rescomp.stanford.edu /~pweston/privacy.html (5125 words)

	The Risks Digest Volume 14: Issue 54
		Thoughts on the Clipper Chip: 1) One of the selling points of the Clipper chip is that US companies will be able to use it to effect secure communication between their home offices and branches in foreign countries.
		Clipper will meet the "good enough" test because the designers are not stupid and it would be a major political embarrassment should it prove to be easily broken, we just do not know all of the facts yet.
		One thing (among several) that disturbs me about the Clipper Chip is the release of the decryption key to law enforcement bodies, who have various legal maneuverings to circumvent ever notifying the tappee, after the wiretap has completed, that their key has been compromised.
	catless.ncl.ac.uk /Risks/14.54.html (4343 words)

	Deciphering the Clipper Chip
		The war of the Clipper chip is currently raging over a battlefield so narrow with special interest, so muddy with jargon, that the vast majority of the citizens it will affect have been excluded from combat.
		The Chip could actually lead to crime; the two escrow institutions are an obvious target for terrorists, hostile foreign governments, or anyone interested in breaching the security of the United States.
		The Clipper Chip serves no useful function to anyone while it is voluntary, and inconveniences the government by stirring up controversy; therefore, we can anticipate a maneuver by those in power.
	www.zmag.org /Zmag/articles/july94ulrich.htm (2788 words)

	What is Clipper chip? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		The government's idea was to enforce use of this chip in all devices that might use encryption, including computers, modems, telephones, and televisions.
		However, the Clipper chip created a fierce backlash from both public interest organizations and the computer industry in general.
		The Clipper 3 plan allows the use of any encryption technology but stipulates that government law enforcement agencies be able to recover any keys exported out of the country.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/C/Clipper_chip.html (333 words)

	Information About the Clipper Wiretap Chip
		From: clipper@csrc.ncsl.nist.gov (Clipper Chip Announcement) Subject: White House Public Encryption Management Fact Sheet Organization: National Institute of Standards and Technology Date: Fri, 16 Apr 1993 20:44:58 GMT Note: The following was released by the White House today in conjunction with the announcement of the Clipper Chip encryption technology.
		However, the "Clipper chip" solution ought to be considered as part of the inquiry, not be adopted before the discussion even begins.
		But each chip also comes with a pair of electronic "keys" that could be used by law enforcement agencies to decipher the secret messages generated by the chip.
	www.austinlinks.com /Crypto/non-tech.html (7075 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		CLIPPER CHIP TECHNOLOGY CLIPPER is an NSA developed, hardware oriented, cryptographic device that implements a symmetric encryption/decryption algorithm and a law enforcement satisfying key escrow system.
		The two communicating CLIPPER chips use this field together with a random IV to establish Cryptographic Synchronization.
		CLIPPER chips will be available from a second source in the future; 9.
	csrc.nist.gov /keyrecovery/clip.txt (402 words)

	[No title]
		The initiative is based on a special tamper- resistant hardware encryption device (Clipper Chip) and a Key Escrow System which gives the government access to a Device Unique Key that unlocks all communications encrypted by the chip.
		Once KS is established for use with an escrowed encryption chip, it is passed to the chip and an operation is invoked to generate the LEAF from KS and an Initialization Vector (IV), which may be generated by the chip.
		After the two chips are synchronized, KS is used to encrypt and decrypt messages in both directions.
	www.cosc.georgetown.edu /~denning/crypto/clipper/Key-Escrowing-Today.txt (7540 words)

	Clipper: National Hero or Big Brother on a Chip? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The Clinton administration has adopted the Clipper Chip as a way to promote the strong encryption of sensitive information, but also enable law enforcement agencies with legal justification to "eavesdrop" on criminals and terrorists who would otherwise use encryption for their lawless activities and threaten the national security of the United States.
		To resolve the dual-edged dilemma associated with encryption, the Clinton administration in 1993 proposed a new initiative called "key-escrow" encryption.[5] The idea is to promote encryption use in a way that does not inhibit the ability to decrypt communications by law enforcement agencies authorized to intercept such communications.
		Clipper uses an encryption algorithm called Skipjack with keys 80 bits long (this is what provides the goal of providing strong encryption protection for electronic communications).
	www.gsu.edu /~lawppw/lawand.papers/dwilson.html (2444 words)

	WorldNetDaily: The secrets of the Clipper chip (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clipper was a secret encryption project intended to monitor all U.S. secure computer communications.
		The chip was to be mandated by federal law to be installed in all U.S.-manufactured computers much like the "V" chip is for U.S.-made TVs.
		Chip Brown sought a spot for Entergy's chief executive on the August 1994 trade trip to China.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=20495 (1561 words)

	[No title]
		We believe that it is in the functional nature of the chip as designed to greatly enhance the ability of government to observe who we are calling, when, and from where, all fairly automatically and centrally.
		We also oppose Clipper because of the many way in which we believe the escrow system could be compromised, by people and institutions both inside and outside of government.
		The Clipper initiative represents the first time that the government has put one of their really good algorithms out there in the unclassified arena.
	www.eff.org /pub/Privacy/barlow_v_denning.transcript (2607 words)

	[No title]
		Each device containing the chip will have two unique 2 "keys," numbers that will be needed by authorized government agencies to decode messages encoded by the device.
		The chip is an important step in addressing the problem of encryption's dual-edge sword: encryption helps to protect the privacy of individuals and industry, but it also can shield criminals and terrorists.
		We need the "Clipper Chip" and other approaches that can both provide law-abiding citizens with access to the encryption they need and prevent criminals from using it to hide their illegal activities.
	csrc.nist.gov /keyrecovery/clipper.txt (1428 words)

	An Introduction to Encryption (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		If the wrong private key was used to encrypt the signature or the message has been altered since the signature was encrypted, the decrypted bit series generated by the hash program won't match the encrypted bit series.
		The Clipper Chip was designed by the National Security Administration as the solution to both national and domestic security issues raised by cryptography.
		The Clipper Chip has a built in "back door" that would allow government officials to decode any message encrypted by the chip.
	www.gsu.edu /~lawppw/lawand.papers/kuhlman.html (541 words)

	Clinton Administration Initiatives: Clipper Chip
		In 1993, the Clinton administration announced an encryption initiative involving a "state-of-the-art microcircuit," known as the "Clipper Chip", that could be attached to an ordinary telephone.
		The Clipper Chip initiative proposed placing all keys for all encrypted communications into the hands of only two or three agencies.
		Despite this law, the NSA was still integrally involved in developing the Clipper Chip, a civilian communications device.
	www.cdt.org /crypto/admin/clipperchip.shtml (670 words)

	Seeing the Forest: Clipper Chip Again Again
		But WITH the Clipper chip there would be no way for interested parties to know who was adding their own encryption, so they would not know who to focus in on.
		The Clipper Chip, with its potential for unlimited and undetectable eavesdropping, threatens the free flow of information that is the precondition of all democratic societies.
		If the Clipper chip was widespread, it would have in NO POSSIBLE WAY prevented the illegal wiretapping, because it would have been the very agency entrusted with the keys that was doing it.
	www.seeingtheforest.com /archives/2006/01/clipper_chip_ag_1.htm (2967 words)

	EFF "Privacy - Crypto - Key Escrow 1993-4 (US): Clipper/EES/Capstone/Tessera/Skipjack" Archive
		Brooks states that Clipper chips provide high quality privacy protection, but also enable law enforcement organizations, when lawfully authorized, to obtain the key that unlocks the encryption and thereby maintain the present ability to conduct electronic surveillance.
		She defends the security of the Clipper Chip scheme, and emphasizes the need to support encryption systems that meet the needs of both industry and national security.
		He basically reduces the Clipper Chip as an attempt by the government to lull is into a false sense of security.
	www.eff.org /Privacy/Key_escrow/Clipper (6297 words)

	Encryption: Will It make the Alligator Clip an Endangered Species?
		With its infamous "Clipper Chip" initiative, the Clinton administration licensed the manufacture of a special chip, incorporating the government's own (classified) encryption system, that could be placed into telephones, computers, and other communication devices.
		Instead, the original Clipper proposal attempted to establish Clipper as a de facto standard in the marketplace, without, quite, going so far as to mandate its use, by providing that exporters of machines incorporating the Clipper Chip will receive automatic export authorization, and by requiring the government to buy only machines that use the chip.
		The federal government has apparently abandoned the Clipper initiative, at least with respect to computer (though not voice) communications, and is "re-evaluating" the need for an encryption system requiring government escrow agents.
	www.cli.org /DPost/X0010_ENCRYPT2.html (1304 words)

	HISTORY OF THE CLIPPER CHIP
		The civil liberties and privacy advocacy public interest groups were outraged by the thinly veiled obfuscation of personal privacy under the rubric of national security and the sacred cow of protection from those "evil criminals and drug dealers" (war on drugs analysis).
		The constitutional issues brought up by this proposal are numerous and complex and as all cases involving law, not in the least bit lucid.
		The most recent chapter in this saga is the new and improved Clipper III proposal from the president released on May 10 1996.
	cse.stanford.edu /class/cs201/projects-95-96/clipper-chip/history.html (914 words)

	The Metaphor is the Key -- IC
		The first step in a Clipper telephone session is to undermine the eavesdropper-proof creation of the session key by transmitting the session key in encrypted form for the benefit of any public servants who may be listening.
		It then appends the sending chip's serial number and a checksum, then reencrypts the data with the family key, which is a master key held by the government.
		Because the presence of the Clipper Chip has no effect on the applicable constitutional and statutory rules, the public servant remains obligated to minimize the intrusion.
	www.swiss.ai.mit.edu /6095/articles/froomkin-metaphor/partIC.html (3594 words)

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