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Topic: Clitoridectomy

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	Women's and Gender Studies Newsletter
		Clitoridectomies are either common or universal in nearly 20 African nations, many Middle Eastern nations, and in parts of Malaysia, Indonesia, and the India-Pakistan Subcontinent.
		Clitoridectomies were also occasionally recommended to "cure" female masturbators and women with "loose" moral virtues in the nineteenth- and early twentieth-century United States.
		Pharaonic clitoridectomy entails removal of the clitoris along with the labia minora and the inner layers of the labia majora.
	wgst.intrasun.tcnj.edu /newsletter/archives/april1993.html (634 words)

	Clitoridectomy and Medical Ethics
		That the performance of clitoridectomy on a woman without her knowledge and consent, as detailed by Dr. West, is an offence against Medical ethics, needs not to be said.
		We may be pardoned for adding that not one of the supposititious cases alleged by Dr. Routh at the late meeting of the Obstetrical Society has the least bearing on or analogy with the performance of clitoridectomy without the knowledge of the patient or her friends.
		J.B. Fleming, "Clitoridectomy: The disastrous downfall of Isaac Baker Brown FRCS (1867)," Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of the British Empire, Vol.
	www.cirp.org /library/history/medicaltimes1867 (1743 words)

	Swedish Citizen Sentenced for Clitoridectomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Female circumcision or clitoridectomy (removal of the clitoris) is a form of genital mutilation that is practised mostly in Islamic countries in East Africa, the Middle East and Asia.
		Last week, on the same day that nine Muslims were sentenced in Denmark for murdering a female family member in a so-called “honour killing,” a court in Göteborg in neighbouring Sweden, sentenced a 41-year old Swedish citizen, Ali Elmi Hayow, to four years’ imprisonment for the genital mutilation of his daughter.
		He claims the clitoridectomy was performed in Sweden in 1997 at the iniative of his ex-wife.
	www.brusselsjournal.com /node/1157/print (365 words)

	Boston Review: Yael Tamir Reponds to Critics of "Hands Off Clitoridectomy" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Clitoridectomy, I argue, "is obviously a deplorable practice.
		One may of course claim that this is the wrong question to ask, that it is precisely the multi-layered nature of the harm caused by clitoridectomy that accounts for the frequent reference made to it.
		But the evil of clitoridectomy is evident and needs no strengthening, and the struggle against it is only hampered by adopting a posture of cultural superiority.
	www.bostonreview.net /BR21.5/Tamir.html (1612 words)

	Female genital cutting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Clitoridectomy (also "clitorectomy") means the partial or total removal of the external part of the clitoris.
		Clitoridectomy is still being practiced in isolated instances.
		In the case of Clitoridectomy, the principal and most obvious social/medical consequence, irrespective of the sanitary conditions, is the elimination of what is assumed to be the individual's main organ of sexual pleasure, which is the basis upon which the United Nations and most societies classify it as a human-rights violation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Clitoridectomy (6930 words)

	Female genital mutilation in Africa: Information by country - Amnesty International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		Clitoridectomy and excision, except in areas bordering Sudan and Somalia, where infibulation is practised FGM is practised among most of Ethiopia's 70 or more ethnic groups, including Christians, Muslims and the minority Ethiopian Jewish community (the Falasha), most of whom now live in Israel.
		Clitoridectomy, excision and, in the south of the country, infibulation FGM is common throughout Mali.
		Clitoridectomy, excision and, in the northwest, some infibulation FGM is practised throughout the country and among all ethnic and reli-gious groups.
	web.amnesty.org /library/index/engact770071997 (2487 words)

	Severity of Genital Cutting Is Linked to Complications Experienced Later in Life (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-03)
		According to observational data collected at the clinics, clitoridectomy was the most common form of genital cutting among the women in Burkina Faso, while excision was the type most frequently observed among those in Mali.
		In a logistic regression analysis, the likelihood that a woman had symptoms of a gynecologic complication was related to the type of cutting she had experienced.
		Compared with women who had undergone excision, those who had had a clitoridectomy were 29-39% less likely to experience a complication, while infibulated women were 2.4-2.5 times as likely to do so.
	www.guttmacher.org /pubs/journals/2604500.html (1310 words)

	"Female Circumcision and Conflict in Kenya, 1929-1960"
		Clitoridectomy, among the Gikuyu, accompanied an elaborate set of rituals and instruction that prepared young girls for marriage, motherhood, and their duties as adult members of the community.
		To the Gikuyu, colonial legislation against clitoridectomy was an attempt to control their sexuality and reproduction rights.
		Meru is an administrative district on the northeastern slopes of Mount Kenya.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/african_history/45388/2 (575 words)

	Clitoridectomy: A Nineteenth Century Answer to Masturbation
		In the early 19th century perceptive physicians were becoming increasingly dubious of the traditional medical theories and began turning to clinical experience.
		While the clitoridectomy was only rarely performed in the English-speaking nations, the subject of female masturbation continued to intrigue the public and the medical profession.
		In 1889, Dr. Joseph Jones, a former president of the Louisiana State Board of Health and a medical professor, stated that "hopeless insanity" was one of the many consequences of masturbation and that the child of a masturbator was liable to hereditary insanity.(8).
	www.fgmnetwork.org /articles/duffy.htm (1025 words)

	Mutilation by tradition - Film - www.theage.com.au
		Clitoridectomy has been banned in Kenya, but the law is rarely enforced.
		Among Kenya's Somali, 98 per cent of girls between the ages of four and 12 are cut and stitched, but the practice is also prevalent among other ethnic groups, such as the Masai.
		Fardhosa has spent most of her working life trying to mitigate the terrible effects of clitoridectomy on girls having sex for the first time and women attempting to give birth through a web of scar tissue.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2004/04/27/1082831549968.html (1142 words)

	Natural Causes by Peter Feibleman
		In 1916 a clitoridectomy was performed on my mother, at age five, to stop her from masturbating.
		The procedures known as oophorectomy (removal of the ovaries) and clitoridectomy (removal of the clitoris) were urgent matters, as was their subsequent cover-up, a conspiracy of silence in which women participated for reasons of shame.
		Among the many-recorded instances of clitoridectomy in America is one that took place in 1948, performed on a girl of five, my mother’s age, for the same reason.
	www.fictionwriter.com /double.htm (4071 words)

	Nawal El Saadawi and Sherif Hetata's site
		Seized by a patriotic fervour against American pressures and interventions in our way of life, they maintain that amputating the clitoris of female children and young girls is an integral part of our culture, our heritage and our identity not to be abandoned if we are to resist the cultural invasion of the West.
		It disarms its proponents in the face of the neo-colonialist forces they seek to resist, by buttressing our backwardness in many areas, maintaining a rigid dogmatism, a lack of adaptability and inventiveness, and a failure to integrate knowledge and science into our lives.
		Thus it is that the campaign launched in the United States against clitoridectomy is producing results opposite to the very ones it professed to attain.
	www.nawalsaadawi.net /articlessherif/06/clitoridectomy.htm (1054 words)

	STANDARDS: Editorial -- FGM
		Clitoridectomy, also called "female circumcision," involves the removal of some part of the clitoris.
		While the least severe procedure for clitoridectomy involves the removal of only the clitoral hood, there is more commonly very little consonance between this practice and male circumcision: most often, a clitoridectomy procedure removes most or all of the clitoris.
		Infibulation, also known as "pharaonic circumcision," is by far the most severe form of FGM: the procedure involves clitoridectomy, excision, and cutting of the labia majora to create raw surfaces, once the vulva, which are then stitched or held together, using thorns, silk, catgut sutures, or thread.
	www.colorado.edu /journals/standards/V7N2/EDITORIAL/edfgm.html (1485 words)

	JAST 5 Vega
		Infibulation and different types of clitoridectomy are still practiced in some parts of Africa, and there are also cases in Europe, the United States, Central and South America, and Australia, mainly among immigrants from countries where they are a common practice.
		Clitoridectomy consists in the total or partial excision or removal of the clitoris, while infibulation—also called “pharaonic” circumcision—is the suture of the flesh around the vagina after performing clitoridectomy, leaving a small opening for urine and menstrual flow.
		Clitoridectomy, rather than infibulation, is closely related to religion (see Mbiti 96-102 for an analysis of the religious meaning of clitoridectomy).
	www.bilkent.edu.tr /~jast/Number5/Vega.html (3325 words)

	[No title]
		Through a very simple operation called a Clitoridectomy, which is analogous to circumcision in the male.
		(Clitoridectomy has gotten a bad reputation in the West, but only because in Africa it is often done with crude instruments, without anesthesia, and under unsanitary conditions.
		One of the main goals of Americans For Purity is to not only repeal the laws against Clitoridectomy, but to make it mandatory for female children (who will never miss the part that is removed if it is done early enough).
	www.lycos.com /info/masturbation--males.html (396 words)

	MUTILATE - ABUSE: SEXUALITY; Sexual Mutilation: Clitoridectomy, Circumcision.
		Coventry was told only that she had had "something cut off between her legs," and when, at the age of 11, she pressed her father for details, he warned, "Don't be so self-examining."
		The mother had taken her to another surgeon for the clitoridectomy, and that doctor agreed to do it, although he had never done one before.
		The senior surgeon stepped in to salvage the botched operation, and because the surgery had just begun, managed to keep her entire clitoris intact.
	www.earthtym.net /mutilate.htm (1819 words)

	Process of Socialization: Rites of Passage
		All of these rite of passage rituals were intended to be painful in order to increase the importance of the transition to adulthood.
		In order to demonize these cultural practices, they refer to them as "genital mutilation" and usually insist that it is violence against women done as part of the male repression and control of women.
		In a sense, they are saying that Westerners need to get beyond their ethnocentrism to see the importance of clitoridectomy and infibulation for women in the societies that do it.
	anthro.palomar.edu /social/soc_4.htm (939 words)

	FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION FEMALE (CIRCUMCISION) IN AFRICA, MIDDLE EAST AND FAR EAST
		Sunna circumcision in which the tip of the clitoris and/or its covering (prepuce) are removed.
		Clitoridectomy where the entire clitoris, the prepuce and adjacent labia are removed.
		Pharaonic circumcision) which is a clitoridectomy followed by sewing up of the vulva.
	www.religioustolerance.org /fem_cirm1.htm (1415 words)

	DOES CIRCUMCISION/CLITORIDECTOMY MAKE A MAN/WOMAN? \| Mashada Forums
		In the recent past, circumcision and clitoridectomy have come under close scrutiny, specifically on their significance in relation to the individual’s reproductive health.
		In their attempt to sell their points of view, each of these camps have come up with a plethora of the pros and cons of these practices.
		however, i must applaud you for your giving us the elaborateness of what we are talking about; thus the crux of the matter is 'initiation' rather than 'circumcision', or 'clitoridectomy' to those who practice it.
	www.mashada.com /forums/index/show_topic/24/4874/index.php (4721 words)

	Culture in Ghana
		Marriage is potentially polygynous, unless the husband is a practicing Christian.
		Elaborate puberty ceremonies are not common, but some people in the north practice clitoridectomy.
		The death ceremony in the northern Ghana, as in the rest of the country is the funeral.
	www.albany.edu /~sk8343/isp523/culture.html (563 words)

	Infidel Bloggers Alliance: Sweden Sentences Man for Forcing FGM on His Daughter
		These laws have been on the books for over two decades in some cases, but are widely ignored throughout European countries by the authorities.
		I'm surprised that two men to whom I have mentioned the problem of clitoridectomies did not seem to understand that a clitoris is the equivalent of a penis, not a foreskin.
		The second guy, not as well educated, to whom I mentioned the issue of clitoridectomies dismissed them by making the same comparison.
	ibloga.blogspot.com /2006/07/sweden-sentences-man-for-forcing-fgm.html (1025 words)

	22 Jan 98 (Ftrain.com)
		I am a political sort of the librarian kind of persuasion, and recently heard your song, "Building a Mystery" (henceforth referred to as BM).
		It occurred to me, as it no doubt has occurred to you, as you are esteemed and thoughtful, that the word "Clitoridectomy" (henceforth referred to as Clit., et.
		Then--it was inevitable--she would ask me to tour with her, as her backup singer.
	www.ftrain.com /archive_subway_19980122.html (622 words)

	Caravaggio, Clitoridectomy and the Talion of the Woman
		Caravaggio, Clitoridectomy and the Talion of the Woman
		For the snake as the symbol of the missing female penis, see: Why Is the Lady so Sexy?
		In Caravaggio and La Madonna del serpente I have interpreted Caravaggio' painting as the representation of the anal - sadistic drive to castrate the female, as is acted out in many African and Asian countries through the barbaric custom of clitoridectomy.
	www.geocities.com /psychohistory2001/caravaggioclitorectomy.html (671 words)

	Untitled Document
		85% of women who undergo female genital mutilation undergo a clitoridectomy.
		Infection-Infection, most commonly tetanus, are caused by unsteadies cutting tools or because the area becomes soaked in urine and contaminated by feces.
		In cases of infibulation the raw wound is larger than in a clitoridectomy the risk of infection and abscess is higher.
	www.mtholyoke.edu /~bartl20a/types.htm (405 words)

	Female genital mutilation Encyclopedia of Medicine - Find Articles
		A Sunna circumcision removes the prepuce (a fold of skin that covers the clitoris) and/or the tip of the clitoris.
		A clitoridectomy removes the entire clitoris and some or all of the surrounding tissue.
		The most extreme form of genital mutilation is excision and infibulation, in which the clitoris and all of the surround tissue are cut away and the remaining skin is sewn together.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_g2601/is_0005/ai_2601000535 (972 words)

	FGM pathfinder
		A resource guide for university students with academic research paper assignments on topics related to female circumcision, clitoridectomy, female genital mutilation or cutting, infibulation and related health, legal, cultural and religious issues.
		Current feminist campaigns may not recognize the continuities, but their rhetoric depends on arguments and images that were also central to colonial and missionary projects, complete with implicit evolutionary scales and notions of "progress" defined by their own criteria and values (Kratz 1994:342).
		I don't "like" the idea of clitoridectomy any better than any other woman I know.
	web.uflib.ufl.edu /cm/africana/fgm_pathfinder.htm (2022 words)

	Global Jurist
		(Female Genital Surgeries - Infibulation, Excision, Clitoridectomy - in Eritrea)
		I then examine the explanations given for the practice and finally analyze the internal legal and political debate surrounding FGS.
		(Female Genital Surgeries - Infibulation, Excision, Clitoridectomy - in Eritrea)," Global Jurist: Vol.
	www.bepress.com /gj/frontiers/vol1/iss2/art1 (105 words)

	Female Genital Mutilation
		While the procedures vary according to such factors as ethnic groups and geographic regions, the World Health Organization has grouped them in four categories:
		Type I: Clitoridectomy - Removal of the prepuce with or without excision of part or all of the clitoris;
		Type II: Excision - Removal of the prepuce and clitoris together with partial or total excision of the labia minora;
	www.crlp.org /ww_iss_fgm.html (580 words)

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