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Topic: Clopyralid

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	USCC's Clopyralid Position Paper - US Composting Council
		Clopyralid concentrations as low as 10 parts per billion (ppb) are damaging to many non-target crops.
		The fate of clopyralid during composting was studied and reported in a paper by Vandervoort et al, 1997.
		Even if clopyralid applicators are provided with an unambiguous, accurate label, there would still be a long chain of communication that must be maintained among applicators, land owners, harvesters of the plant residuals, haulers and the compost facility operators.
	www.compostingcouncil.org /article.cfm?id=35 (2203 words)

	Clopyralid Herbicide Fact Sheet Caroline Cox / Journal of Pesticide Reform v.18, n.4, Winter98
		Dissipation of clopyralid and picloram in soil and seep flow in the backlands of Texas.
		Clopyralid is used in plant community restoration efforts in an attempt to kill alien (weed) species and promote the growth of native species.
		The International Organization for Biological Control found that clopyralid is toxic to three species of beneficial insects: between 30 and 80 percent of test populations of a ladybug and a pirate bug were killed by clopyralid, as were between 25 and 50 percent of populations of a lacewing.
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Clopyralid.htm (2642 words)

	clopyralid (Confront, Stinger) Pesticide Tolerance for Emergency Exemption 3/97
		Clopyralid is already registered by EPA for outdoor Christmas tree plantations, grasses grown for seed, fallow cropland, non-cropland and other non-food uses, as well as several food use registrations.
		Aggregate Exposure Tolerances are established for residues of clopyralid (3,6- dichloro-2- pyridinecarboxylic acid) in or on several raw agricultural commodities (40 CFR 180.431(a) and (b)).
		Clopyralid is registered for uses, such as lawns, that could result in non- occupational exposure and EPA acknowledges that there may be short-, intermediate-, and long-term non-occupational, non-dietary exposure scenarios.
	pmep.cce.cornell.edu /profiles/herb-growthreg/cacodylic-cymoxanil/clopyralid/pest-tol-clopyralid.html (3676 words)

	Seattle Public Utilities -- Clopyralid Herbicide and Compost
		Clopyralid is a weed-killing chemical that does not break down well during composting, unlike most other herbicides and pesticides.
		Clopyralid contamination in compost has been a big problem for compost producers in Spokane and Pullman, and has shown up at low levels in some samples taken in fall 2001 from other compost facilities around Washington.
		Much less clopyralid has been used in western Washington than east of the mountains, and most compost producers in our area are now testing each batch of compost to make sure that no compost is shipped that could damage your garden plants.
	www.seattle.gov /util/Services/Yard/For_Landscape_Professionals/CLOPYRALID_200311261705445.asp (651 words)

	Absinth Wormwood Control
		Clopyralid should be applied at 0.09 pounds per acre (2 pints per acre Curtail) if absinth wormwood is a problem in wheat or barley crops.
		When clopyralid is used in cropland, do not rotate to any crop except small grains, grass, corn, or sugarbeet within one year of application.
		The clopyralid application rate should be increased to 0.18 to 0.36 pounds per acre (4 to 8 pints per acre Curtail) to control absinth wormwood in pasture rangeland and non-cropland.
	www.ext.nodak.edu /extpubs/plantsci/weeds/w838w.htm (1223 words)

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		Clopyralid is not degraded by sunlight or hydrolysis.
		The inability of clopyralid to bind with soils and its persistence implies that clopyralid has the potential to be highly mobile and a contamination threat to water resources and non-target plant species, although no extensive offsite movement has been documented.
		Dissipation of clopyralid and picloram in soil and seep flow in the Blacklands of Texas.
	tncweeds.ucdavis.edu /products/handbook/11.Clopyralid.doc (2124 words)

	Clopyralid Herbicide Fact Sheet Caroline Cox / Journal of Pesticide Reform v.18, n.4, Winter98
		Dissipation of clopyralid and picloram in soil and seep flow in the backlands of Texas.
		Clopyralid is used in plant community restoration efforts in an attempt to kill alien (weed) species and promote the growth of native species.
		The International Organization for Biological Control found that clopyralid is toxic to three species of beneficial insects: between 30 and 80 percent of test populations of a ladybug and a pirate bug were killed by clopyralid, as were between 25 and 50 percent of populations of a lacewing.
	www.eastbaypesticidealert.org /Clopyralid.htm (2602 words)

	Yellow Starthistle Information
		Clopyralid is weakly adsorbed to soil, does not volatilize, and is not photodecomposed to any degree.
		Clopyralid is a very selective herbicide and does not injury grasses or most broadleaf species.
		Clopyralid is also effective on plants in the bolting and bud stage, but higher rates (4 oz ae/acre) are required.
	wric.ucdavis.edu /yst/manage/management14.html (996 words)

	Clopyralid Facts - Solid Waste Division - City of Loveland, Colorado
		Clopyralid is an herbicide used commercially to control broadleaf weeds such as clover, dandelion and thistle in turf grass and agricultural applications.
		Clopyralid breaks down very slowly when composted, so when contaminated compost is used on sensitive gardening plants, their growth may be stunted.
		Clopyralid enters the composting stream when turf grass cuttings that have been treated with clopyralid are composted, or when hay and straw used for animal bedding is treated with clopyralid and subsequently composted.
	www.ci.loveland.co.us /PublicWorks/SolidWaste/swd_clopyralid.htm (282 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Clopyralid; Pesticide Tolerances for Emergency Exemptions
		EPA has authorized under FIFRA section 18 the use of clopyralid on peaches and nectarines for control of weeds that serve as alternate hosts for plum pox virus or are refugia for the green peach aphid in Delaware and New Jersey.
		Clopyralid is currently registered for use(s) that could result in short-term residential exposure and the Agency has determined that it is appropriate to aggregate chronic food and water and short-term exposures for clopyralid.
		Conclusion Therefore, the tolerances are established for residues of clopyralid, 3,6-dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid, in or on peaches and nectarines at 0.50 ppm.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/2000/September/Day-27/p24320.htm (5595 words)

	Clopyralid by Dow AgroSciences Found in Composted Grass EMILY GREEN / LA Times 27dec01
		Traces of Clopyralid, manufactured by Dow AgroSciences and toxic to vegetables such as potatoes, peppers, tomatoes and beans, have been found in compost made from recycled grass, straw and manure in California, Washington state, Pennsylvania and New Zealand.
		Commercial use of Clopyralid in California began in 1997 and rose to a peak of 23,718 pounds in 1999.
		In Washington, Clopyralid residues are at rates of 50 to 1,500 parts per billion, five to 300 times higher than the amount needed to kill sensitive plants.
	www.mindfully.org /Pesticide/Clopyralid-Composting-Dow.htm (1709 words)

	PANNA: Compost Contaminated with Clopyralid
		Although most herbicides are considered to break down during composting, clopyralid and others in the pyridine carboxylic acid group break down extremely slowly, especially during composting.
		Clopyralid is quite soluble in water, mobile in soil and extremely toxic to certain plants.
		Clopyralid contamination has prevented the Spokane Regional Composting Facility in Washington from selling compost to the general public this year, and 25,000 cubic yards of compost remain unsold from last year.
	www.panna.org /resources/panups/panup_20011211.dv.html (730 words)

	California Fairways - JUL/AUG 2002 - Clopyralid--What's the Real Story? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Clopyralid is an herbicide that farmers, foresters, ranchers, golf course superintendents and others use to control hard-to-manage invasive weeds such as yellow starthistle, a noxious weed that infests 20 percent of California acreage.
		Clopyralid became a major topic of discussion in the plant maintenance and composting arenas after potentially dangerous levels of residue were detected in Washington.
		"Clopyralid has been used for 15 years prior to this without incident, and we are committed to resolving this issue in a way that protects the compost industry while ensuring that those who need the product can use it," Hamlin notes.
	www.greenmediaonline.com /cf/2002/0207/0207clpy.asp (1442 words)

	Clopyralid Contaminated Compost Fact Sheet
		Clopyralid is a broad-leaf herbicide used to control broadleaf weeds in lawns and many agricultural crops, including turf grass and cereal grains.
		Clopyralid is very persistent and passes through animals and through the composting process with very little breakdown.
		A technical advisory committee is considering options ranging from banning use of clopyralid to placing additional restrictions on its use and prohibiting clopyralid-treated vegetation from use in compost facilities.
	cahenews.wsu.edu /clopyralid.htm (694 words)

	Welcome to Sierra Foothill Research & Extension Center
		Seedling counts in the plots treated with clopyralid in the first year and burned the second year were significantly less than the untreated plots in Siskiyou County, not statistically different in the Sierra Foothill REC plots, and significantly higher in the San Benito County plots.
		Clopyralid was applied by a commercially-operated helicopter at the lowest registered rate for California, 1/4 pt/acre of product (1.5 oz ae/acre) in 10 gallons/acre of water.
		Clopyralid application in 1999 reduced legume composition to zero, and a repeated application in 2000 also resulted in low legume populations.
	danrrec.ucdavis.edu /sierra_foothill/research_results.html (4125 words)

	Grounds Maintenance: Broadleaf weed control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Clopyralid had been on the market for about 15 years and is a very useful herbicide for the control of many lawn weeds, particularly the clovers.
		While clopyralid is active on only a few plant families, one of them, the potato family, is particularly sensitive even to part per billion concentrations.
		And, it appears that clopyralid can still be used on commercial properties including multi-family residential developments, provided that professional lawn care applicators notify commercial property managers not to compost clippings.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0HEJ/is_3_38/ai_99101886 (1422 words)

	Dow Clopyralid Compost Position Paper
		Thoroughly identify and assess the approved applications for clopyralid, in addition to turf, and the end use of the harvested organic residues from those applications.
		Until the extent of the problem is determined, and appropriate solutions have been implemented, suspend all efforts to develop and register new clopyralid (and picloram) products or new applications of existing products.
		Where clopyralid-treated residues are affecting the quality and use of compost, discontinue the critical applications of clopyralid, as Dow AgroSciences has done in the Spokane area.
	www.grrn.org /dow/compost_council_08-24-01.html (2200 words)

	Compost and Clopyralid (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		If clopyralid is present, the second set of true leaves will be distorted, curling, yellowed, twisted or otherwise atypical.
		Clopyralid does the most damage to seedlings or young plants, but may prevent mature perennials from flowering.
		Clopyralid does break down in time, but since it is carried systemically in the entire affected plant, it is continuously released until the plant is completely degraded.
	www.bainbridgegardens.com /library/clopyralid.htm (302 words)

	Oregon Department of Agriculture News and Events: Clopyralid levels in compost decrease following restrictions on ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A recently concluded study of the herbicide clopyralid in Oregon compost facilities shows a dramatic drop in clopyralid levels – the lowest recorded since the Oregon Department of Agriculture (ODA) placed a statewide restriction of the herbicide's use in lawn and turf applications in July 2003.
		During the three-year DEQ study, the highest level of clopyralid reported during 2002 tests was 94 parts per billion (ppb).
		"The significant drop in clopyralid in Oregon compost is a good example of government and industry working together," said Matt Stern, manager of NW Greenlands Inc. compost facility and member of the DEQ task force.
	egov.oregon.gov /ODA/news/050119clopyralid.shtml (422 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: Clopyralid; Pesticide Tolerance for Emergency Exemption
		Consistent with the need to move quickly on these emergency exemptions in order to address an urgent non-routine situation and to ensure that the resulting food is safe and lawful, EPA is issuing this tolerance without notice and opportunity for public comment under section 408(e) as [[Page 11362]] provided in section 408(l)(6).
		Aggregate Exposure Tolerances are established for residues of clopyralid (3,6- dichloro-2-pyridinecarboxylic acid) in or on several raw agricultural commodities (40 CFR 180.431(a) and (b)).
		Clopyralid is registered for uses, such as lawns, that could result in non-occupational exposure and EPA acknowledges that there may be short-, intermediate-, and long-term non-occupational, non-dietary exposure scenarios.
	www.epa.gov /docs/fedrgstr/EPA-PEST/1997/March/Day-12/p5875.htm (3615 words)

	KING5.COM \| LOCAL NEWS \| ENVIRONMENT
		Clopyralid is not something you commonly see down at your local lawn and garden store, but it was popular with professional landscapers who used it to kill weeds like dandelions.
		Composters urged the state to ban clopyralid and Thursday, the Department of Agriculture acted.
		These emergency rules are for the most part going to prohibit the use of clopyralid in a lawn and turf-type situation,” said Cliff Weed, Department of Agriculture.
	www.urbancompost.org /hot_topics_docs/king5/emergency_rules.htm (273 words)

	Clopyralid and Other Pesticides in Composts, AEX-714-03
		Since the level of clopyralid on grass the day of application is 10,000 to 50,000 ppb, even a small amount of contaminated material entering a composting facility or directly applied to sensitive crops can cause major problems.
		Clopyralid residues at levels well above those capable of injuring certain plants have been detected in grass clippings, straw, leaves, manure and bedding, and finished composts.
		Seeds of plants sensitive to clopyralid, like tomato or red clover are planted directly into a compost amended soil and a control soil known to contain no clopyralid contamination.
	ohioline.osu.edu /aex-fact/0714.html (1294 words)

	EROSION CONTROL \| FEATURE ARTICLE - Herbicides and Compost
		According to the university's study, the contamination stemmed from a herbicide-treated pasture that had been harvested for hay; the hay was fed to WSU livestock and also used for the animals' bedding.
		The eventual compost from this batch was sold to nurseries and homeowners, who discovered "plant-deforming symptoms on peas, beans, tomatoes, potatoes, sunflower and certain shrubs." After this incident, WSU instituted a regular testing program for herbicides, which included both analytical tests and bioassay with plants.
		Clopyralid products may be used on Washington golf courses only if no grass clippings, leaves, or other vegetation from the sites are sent to composting facilities that provide product to the public.
	www.forester.net /ecm_0209_herbicides.html (2472 words)

	Is the the herbicide clopyralid safe?
		Because clopyralid goes through the composting process with very little breakdown—including those pre-composting products which have already passed through animals—the herbicide remains an active killer even as it is mulched into the compost.
		Although the clopyralid controversy has not escalated to Alar proportions, there is industry concern that there is a rush to judgment.
		He believes the issue of clopyralid requires further investigation, and reminds readers that it is important for composters to follow the manufacturer's label for instructions on how long to compost the material.
	www.albrightseed.com /clopyralid.htm (872 words)

	Washington Agriculture Department bans use of herbicide clopyralid
		Clopyralid kills broadleaf weeds such as dandelions, clover and thistles and has been registered for use in this state since the late 1980s.
		Pesticide dealers and applicators licensed by the Department of Agriculture are being notified of the new restrictions.
		Clopyralid products will still be able to be used on golf courses if no grass clippings, leaves or other vegetation are removed from the site and sent to composting facilities that provide product to the public.
	www.safe2use.com /ca-ipm/02-03-05b.htm (416 words)

	CLOPYRALID AND COMPOSTING
		Clopyralid is a registered "General Use" herbicide manufactured by Dow Chemical.
		Clopyralid is a chemical that does not break down fast.
		While clopyralid is not classified as a carcinogen, teratogen, mutagen, or reproductive inhibitor - because it is a relatively new product - it's long-term effects are unknown.
	www.speakupwny.com /printer_256.shtml (560 words)

	[E-updates] Education key to better compost in the future
		We wanted to know if this particular herbicide was being used locally on residential lawns to such an extent that it might cause plant damage when used as compost for backyard gardens", says Mollie Mangerich.
		Clopyralid is the active ingredient in several herbicide products used to control broadleaf weeds and exhibits low acute toxicity to humans and has a high efficacy rate on target weeds.
		Education is Key There are twenty-eight herbicide products containing the active ingredient Clopyralid registered for use in Kansas and are manufactured and distributed for agricultural use and for use on residential lawns available through chemical supply stores and in retail stores.
	web.ci.lawrence.ks.us /pipermail/e-updates/20031105/000148.html (481 words)

	From The Garden: Gardeners and growers can take steps to curtail clopyralid contamination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The department so far has declined to try to regulate agricultural clopyralid use because it doubts that such restrictions would be enforceable.
		As a precaution, home composters would be wise not to use manure from horses that are fed weed-free hay, since this is the most likely source of contamination for non-commercial composters.
		Bedding from animals that eat alfalfa (sheep, goats, cows) is unlikely to be contaminated, since alfalfa is a legume and thus not a crop that would be treated with clopyralid.
	seattlepi.nwsource.com /nwgardens/59050_lovejoy21.shtml (943 words)

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