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	Close-air Support Mission Nabs Terrorists - DefendAmerica News Article
		Both airmen are part of the 18th Expeditionary Air Support Operations Group that provides direct support to TACPs, a unique class of airmen who embed directly with Army units to coordinate close-air support missions.
		While the Air Support Operations Center airmen exhort the most effort on immediate requests from these ground units, many of the close-air support missions are preplanned.
		Whether the close-air support missions in Iraq are part of premission planning or as a result of emergencies on the battlefield, the ASOC is always focused on the primary mission of defeating terrorism, one foiled plan at a time.
	www.defendamerica.mil /articles/aug2005/a083005la1.html (511 words)

	Air Force Technology - A-10 Thunderbolt (Warthog) Ground Attack Aircraft
		The aircraft was used extensively during Operation Desert Storm, in support of NATO operations in response to the Kosovo crisis, in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan and in Operation Iraqi Freedom.
		The mission of the aircraft is ground attack against tanks, armoured vehicles and installations, and close air support of ground forces.
		The aircraft is suitable for operation from forward air bases, with short take-off and landing capability.
	www.airforce-technology.com /projects/a-10 (1088 words)

	Close Air Support and the Soviet Threat
		As Air Force General William Momyer noted is a deficiency in the NATO armored forces to counter the anticipated massive ground thrust.
		This number, in turn, was whittled down to a final two-Northrop and Fairchild-by that December Three The fact that by 1970 the Air Force leadership was on the verge of contractin g for a specialized close air support aircraft illustrated the pronounced change that had overtaken earlier attitudes.
		As both the Department of Defense and the Air Force saw it, tanks were to be the CAS aircraft's primary target, and the A-10 had been shown to be almost twice as effective attank killing as Northrop's A-
	www.heritage.org /Research/RussiaandEurasia/bg203.cfm?renderforprint=1 (2626 words)

	Close Air Support Using Armed UAVs? - Page 1
		The demand for responsive, accurate, air-delivered fires for support of friendly ground forces is as great as it has ever been.
		The nature of the battlefield, the real-time coordination, and the necessary skills are such that close air missions seldom come off perfectly.
		Traditional nine-line close air support is a difficult and complex mission; the entire process can fall apart quicker than a vacation budget.
	www.military.com /NewContent/0,13190,NI_0705_Air-P1,00.html (1067 words)

	Close Call for Close Air Support? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However the JSF is slated to takeover close air support (CAS) duties from the A-10 only after the heavily-worked F-16s are replaced.
		Back in the 1960s the air force concluded that a CAS aircraft should have: the ability to operate from short, underdeveloped airfields; high reliability and maintainability; a large weapons load including an anti-armor capability; long range and endurance; a speed of at least 350 knots; maneuverability; and low cost.
		In the short term to give the USAF a competent close air support capability in the near future in environments that could include mountainous regions, at the very least the A-10 would have to undergo major modifications.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/cc/pustam.html (2442 words)

	AC 130H/U Gunship
		Missions in close air support are troops in contact, convoy escort and urban operations.
		Air interdiction missions are conducted against preplanned targets or targets of opportunity.
		In 1997, gunships were diverted from Italy to provide combat air support for U.S. and allied ground troops during the evacuation of American noncombatants in Albania.
	www.avitop.com /war/ac130.asp (496 words)

	Close air support - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Close air support (often abbreviated "CAS") is the use of military aircraft in a ground attack role against targets in close proximity to friendly troops, in support of ground combat operations.
		Close air support is a part of the modern combined arms doctrine.
		Close air support was also important in World War II amphibious operations, where aircraft carriers could provide support for soldiers landing on the beaches.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Close_air_support (391 words)

	WWII Close Air Support - North Africa
		Close air support air cover for the advancing forces would be "provided only at critical places and for limited periods." For full daylight cover, other Twelfth Air Force fighter aircraft would have tg be called into the campaign.
		Close air support promised to be a problem, and the likelihood of a problem was increased by the appointment of a new commander for the XII Air Support Command.
		Close air support practices and doctrine were not yet in accord on the battlefield.
	www.usaaf.net /has/jops/reorg.htm (2208 words)

	NDM Article - Close Air Support Tactics Sharpened in Iraq
		Close air support missions in the war over Iraq saw unprecedented levels of coordination between ground forces and aviators, officials said.
		Close air support operations are run from a centralized contact point, (also known as a CAS stack), for a geographic area, Defore explained in an e-mail interview from Prince Sultan.
		When Navy and Air Force strike warplanes are in the same “kill box,” Defore said, “we work on a common kill-box frequency and de-conflict either by geography, altitude or timing, so as to not be in the same piece of sky at the same time.
	www.nationaldefensemagazine.org /issues/2003/Jun/Close_Air.htm (1312 words)

	Rethinking Close Air Support
		The concepts and techniques of close air support have evolved through the years based on the nature of the conflict and the innovation of Marines.
		Although the conduct of close air support with fixed-wing aircraft is still viable, it has become extremely difficult to accomplish on the modern battlefield.
		To understand why the attack helicopter should be the primary emphasis for close air support, we should begin by examining the evolution of close air support and the environment in which it developed.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/report/1992/RJM.htm (3969 words)

	DefenseNews.com - Aircrews, Controllers Scramble for Smarter Close-Air Support - 28 November 10:54 EST
		Air Warrior provides aircrews the chance to fly as part of the Army's large-scale exercises at its two training centers.
		Airmen from the 9th Air Support Operations Squadron were teamed with the 1st Brigade and directed the A-10s from the ground.
		Dahl, an air liaison officer and deputy commander of the 1st Air Support Operations Group, said the Army's Stryker philosophy foresees controllers being assigned down to the company level.
	www.defensenews.com /story.php?F=2437884&C=c4isr (2067 words)

	U.S. Naval Institute Resources: Close Air Support: A Primer (Site not responding. Last check: )
		He is the author of The Warthog and the Close Air Support Debate, forthcoming from the Naval Institute Press in June.
		This primer was created 09 April 2003 to assist the general public in understanding the basic concepts and complications of close air support.
		Close air support, or CAS as it is known, is an aerial attack mission flown against enemy ground forces that are close enough to friendly forces to require detailed coordination before commencing the attack.
	www.usni.org /resources/CAS/campbell_close_air_support_a_primer.htm (1096 words)

	NDM Article - Military Steps Up Training For Joint Close-Air Support
		JCAS is defined as an air action-either by fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters-against hostile targets that are close to friendly forces.
		In the regular Air Force, enlisted terminal attack controllers serve in small units known as tactical air control parties, which are assigned to Army ground combat units.
		Their primary mission is to call in air strikes, but they also help to control the hectic air traffic in combat areas.
	www.nationaldefensemagazine.org /issues/2004/Dec/MilitaryStepsUpTraining.htm (1514 words)

	In Detail - Article List - 2007 Articles - Military Technology - CASR - Canadian American Strategic Review - Arctic ...
		Canada in Afghanistan – NATO Reconnaissance and Air Support – March 2007
		The strike aircraft are support by two C-135FR tankers.
		French Air Force and Navy Close Air Support for Afghanistan
	www.sfu.ca /casr/id-indetail.htm (352 words)

	Fort Drum Blizzard Online
		Secretary of the Air Force James Roche presents the Silver Star to Staff Sgt. Michael Shropshire at a ceremony Thursday at Pope Air Force Base, N.C. Shropshire was one of five airmen to receive the award.
		POPE AFB, N.C. — A Fort Drum airman was one of five 18th Air Support Operations Group members to receive Silver Stars from the secretary of the Air Force here Dec. 9 for their handling of close air support missions during Operations Enduring and Iraqi Freedom.
		Jason Quesenberry and Staff Sgt. Thomas Case are assigned to the 17th Air Support Operations Squadron, Fort Benning, Ga. Staff Sgt. Michael Shropshire is assigned to the 20th Air Support Operations Squadron, Fort Drum.
	www.drum.army.mil /sites/postnews/blizzard/blizzard_archives/hnews.asp?id=2&issuedate=12-16-2004 (1154 words)

	Cargofs.com - Air Support for Patton's Third Army
		Vanderberg was supported by an able cast of subordinates, including Major General Pete Quesada at IX Tactical Air Command and Brigadier General Otto Weyland, whose XIX Tactical Air Command generally supported the Third Army.
		Close air support is not something the World War II air force embraced with enthusiasm.
		General George S. Patton's confidence in the Ninth Air Force was so high he relied on supporting airmen to secure his southern flank as the Third Army raced east in the summer of 1944.
	www.cargofs.com /air_support_for_patton.asp (711 words)

	DefenseLink News Article: Air Guardsmen Detail Iraqi Freedom Close-air Support
		Kennedy, the commander of the Michigan Air National Guard's 110th Operations Group, knew the mission could be an enormous asset in the war against the regime of Saddam Hussein.
		Kennedy said during a Pentagon interview that the first week of the war, close-air support requests went in to the Combined Air Operations Center "open-ended" meaning no specific aircraft type was requested.
		On April 9, Air Force Maj. Scott Cuel was called for an emergency close-air support mission in support of Marines in the center of Baghdad.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jul2003/n07162003_200307165.html (609 words)

	Close Air Support Rules
		He actually represents the air strike and acts as the pilot on the radio as he is flying the CAS aircraft in to the target area to perform the strike.
		When an air strike needs to be called in he will need to fill out the air strike request card before contacting the CAS aircraft.
		This is the time before the air craft will arrive in the general area and be lined up to conduct the actual air strike.
	teamblackjack.com /scenrule/CAS.htm (1179 words)

	Fort Sill Joint Close Air Support exercise
		Air and naval gunfire can’t do it all, he added.
		At any time or place, a person on the ground needs to be able to call for fire and get whatever resources he needs – a ship, artillery or a plane, he said.
		Air Force forward observers will guide in aircraft to ensure that pilots have properly identified the targets, and the Army and Marine Corps observers will call in the artillery, he added.
	www.tradoc.army.mil /pao/training_closeup/050504.htm (889 words)

	The Clash About CAS
		FEAF's most intense Close Air Support month was June 1953, and the count of dedicated Close Air Support sorties was still under 50 percent of the total.
		Air is at its most efficient working deeper, through armed reconnaissance or deep attack of enemy forces.
		She is president of IRIS Independent Research in Washington, D.C., and has worked for Rand, the Secretary of the Air Force, and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force.
	www.afa.org /magazine/Jan2003/0103cas.asp (3665 words)

	Endgame - excerpts
		With the support of the Russian ambassador, he alleged that the Bosnian Army had repeatedly abused the safe area concept and used the enclaves to launch offensives.
		He was referring to a nuance in UN rules that allowed NATO Close Air Support to destroy a tank that was approaching a UN position in a hostile manner even if it had not fired yet.
		Akashi was concerned that the UN was being blamed for the lack of NATO Close Air Support.
	www.haverford.edu /relg/sells/srebrenica/endgame.html (4280 words)

	DefenseLink News Article: Coalition Aircraft Fly Combat, Support Missions Jan. 4
		Air Force F-15 Eagles struck an enemy weapons cache and F-16 Fighting Falcons struck a roadside bomb location near Salman Pak on the southeastern outskirts of Baghdad with precision-guided munitions, destroying both targets.
		The missions were in support of coalition and Afghan troops, reconstruction activities and presence route patrols.
		Air Force C-130 Hercules and C-17 Globemaster III aircraft provided intratheater heavy airlift support, helping sustain operations throughout Afghanistan, Iraq and the Horn of Africa.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jan2006/20060105_3839.html (323 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| Aviation History Book Reviews \| Book Review
		The author seems to describe this almost inadvertently as he details the background of the close air support debate and the emergence of the A-10 as an initially unwanted child of the U.S. Air Force.
		The Air Force also knows that if it does not provide such close air support, the Army will seek to provide it and, horror of horrors, do it with fixed-wing aircraft as well as its own rotary-wing force.
		Air Force General Gabriel P. Disoway, a man with considerably more experience in close air support than MacNamara possessed, once likened the A-7 to the German Junkers Ju-87, which proved a formidable opponent to Allied aircraft so long as the Luftwaffe had air superiority.
	www.historynet.com /ahi/reviews/avhreview1104-1 (948 words)

	DISPATCHES: MIKE GOODING \| KHOU.com \| News for Houston, Texas
		Close air support was the subject of a famous John Wayne movie, Flying Leathernecks.
		The close air support missions are dicey enough in the wide-open spaces of northern Iraq.
		One pilot said close air support missions are quite meaningful to the fighter pilots.
	www.khou.com /sharedcontent/iraq/dispatches2/MikeGooding/032603cciraqgooding.9b302887.html (506 words)

	The New Art of War
		Because the ground war was so short, few of the war's air strikes were directed against Iraqi troops in support of ground maneuvers.
		Actions in Afghanistan taught U.S. military planners that air power, wielding precision munitions which are guided to a target by human eyes on the ground, can be as effective as an assault by hundreds of troops.
		Air Force Enlisted Tactical Air Controllers, Marine Forward Air Controllers, and Air Naval Gunfire Liaison Company teams, Army and Navy special operations forces, and Air Force Combat Controller Teams are all highly trained in the art of close air support.
	www.weeklystandard.com /content/Public/Articles/000/000/002/481lkpii.asp (636 words)

	Multi-National Force - Iraq - Close air support
		The Fire Support Element from 1-15 Infantry directed bombs from Air Force jets onto the site to destroy the pontoon and deny AIF the ability to use it to hide weapons and ammunition.
		Target verification is an important part of the JTAC's job during a close air support mission because even with advanced technology, it is hard to tell the difference between friendly and enemy forces from over 20,000 feet.
		Coalition indirect fire support and close air support missions help the Iraqis in their fight against the AIF by reducing their ability to operate freely in this area.
	www.mnf-iraq.com /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=3707&Itemid=21&lang=arabic (784 words)

	F-4 Close Air Support Combat Missions
		Each strike escort mission consisted of four 35th TFS F-4s flying in "fluid four" formation on the perimeter of the strike force (the Phantoms carrying bombs) as the strike force ingressed and egressed the target in the Route Pack VI area of North Vietnam.
		Although I did get to fly combat missions into Route Pack VI, most of the combat missions I flew were close air support missions at night in the northern part of South Vietnam or Laos.
		When the Gs decrease the air pressure in the G suit decreases until there is no air pressure in the G suit when the G force equals one.
	www.keytlaw.com /F-4/cas.htm (2213 words)

	CENTAF releases airpower summary for Sept. 13
		Additionally, six Air Force and Navy intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance, or ISR, aircraft flew missions in support of operations in Afghanistan.
		Air Force fighter aircraft performed two non-traditional ISR roles with their electro-optical and infrared sensors.
		Air Force C-130 Hercules and C-17 Globemaster IIIs provided intra-theater heavy airlift support, helping sustain operations throughout Afghanistan, Iraq and the Horn of Africa.
	www.af.mil /news/story.asp?storyID=123026975 (599 words)

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