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Topic: Closed primary

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	California Secretary of State - Elections & Voter Information Decline to State - Voter Information
		In a closed primary, only persons who are registered members of a political party may vote the ballot of that political party.
		The provisions of the "closed" primary system were amended by the adoption of Proposition 198, an initiative statute approved by the voters at the March 26, 1996 primary election.
		Proposition 198 changed the closed primary system to what is known as a "blanket" or "open" primary, in which all registered voters may vote for any candidate, regardless of political affiliation and without a declaration of political faith or allegiance.
	www.ss.ca.gov /elections/elections_decline.htm (714 words)

	Online NewsHour Forum: Open Season -- February 2000
		Closed primaries (only previously registered party members can participate) are the most limiting, then semi-closed primaries are next (allowing independents as well as party members), then open primaries (all voters choose a party's primary on election day).
		In New York state, a closed primary state, for example, potential voters must be registered as party members a year in advance of a primary election.
		Primary contests are not always desired by party leaders, and they may not even wish to mobilize voters in these contests.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/forum/february00/open_primary1.html (1750 words)

	California Democratic Party v. Jones (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		From the defendants' perspective, the primaries are the first step by which the electorate as a whole, regardless of party affiliation, chooses its leaders, and the political parties, as they operate to frame the choice of candidates, are a part of a highly regulated governmental activity--the election process.
		Defendants note that a blanket primary protects voter privacy by permitting voters to participate in the primary election without publicly declaring a party affiliation as is the case in closed primary states and in some open primary states.
		In a closed primary state, a cross-over voter is one who identifies with one party but decides to register in another party for the purpose of voting in the primary of that other party.
	lw.bna.com /lw/19990323/9717440.htm (9135 words)

	[No title]
		These persons are disenfranchised, according to respondents, because under a closed primary they are unable to participate in what amounts to the determinative election-the majority party's primary; the only way to ensure they have an "effective" vote is to force the party to open its primary to them...
		An open primary differs from a blanket primary in that, although as in the blanket primary any person, regardless of party affiliation, may vote for a party's nominee, his choice is limited to that party's nominees for all offices.
		Indeed, the primary serves an essential public function given that, "[a]s a practical matter, the ultimate choice of the mass of voters is predetermined when the nominations [by the major political parties] have been made.
	www.uky.edu /~dsvoss/docs/ps461/cdp_v_ca.htm (3781 words)

	O'Callaghan v. Whittaker (3/20/96) sp-4330
		Second, the closed primary was said to avoid voter confusion since the legislature could determine that "'it would be difficult for the general public to understand what a candidate stood for who was nominated in part by an unknown amorphous body outside the party, while nevertheless using the party name.'" Id.
		A blanket primary statute may harm the RPA in terms of creating a greater chance of raiding than under a partially- closed primary, though its real effect has not been shown and may not be as extreme as the party argues.
		Having previously rejected the arguments that the challenged regulations should be upheld because of the federal court stipulation or because the blanket primary statute is clearly unconstitutional, we conclude that the blanket primary statute is constitutional and thus the regulations under which the 1992 and 1994 elections were conducted are invalid.
	www.touchngo.com /sp/html/sp-4330.htm (7903 words)

	Primary Information
		Closed primary: Voters must pre-register in a particular party to vote in that party's presidential primary.
		Closed primary: Voters can only cast votes in the presidential primary of the party with which they are officially affiliated.
		Closed primary: Voters must officially declare their party affiliation if they want to vote in that party's presidential primary.
	www.votewomenshealth.org /primaries.htm (1582 words)

	Appeals Court Blanket Primary Court Case
		In an open primary, a registered voter may request, on election day, the ballot for any party's primary in which the voter intends to vote, whether or not the voter previously has registered as a member of that party; however, the voter may only vote in one party's [12] primary** election.
		Similar to the blanket primary in the sense that a voter can vote for any candidate without regard to party affiliation and is not limited to one party's nominees, the nonpartisan primary differs because "the two top vote receivers, regardless of party, meet in a subsequent [**13] (runoff or general) election." Id. at 3.
		From the defendants' perspective, the primaries are the first step by which the electorate as a whole, regardless of party affiliation, chooses its leaders, and the political parties, as they operate to frame the choice of candidates, are a part of a highly regulated governmental activity - the election process.
	www.co.santa-cruz.ca.us /ele/court.htm (9343 words)

	The Spartan Daily - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Among students affiliated with a party and those chafed by party politics, some agree that a closed primary is the best way to nominate candidates in the March 2 primary.
		Amid the confusion of open, closed and blanket primaries, California adds more to the mix by using a modified closed primary, according to the Santa Clara County Registrar of Voters Web site.
		Closed primaries allow only registered members of a party to vote along party lines, the Web site said.
	www.thespartandaily.com /vnews/display.v?TARGET=printable&article_id=404300bd694e1 (671 words)

	Santa Cruz County Elections Primary Elections
		This system replaced California's "Closed" primary system where voters had to be registered with a qualified political party in order to vote for candidates from their political party who were seeking nomination to the partisan federal and state offices.
		Following the March 2000 Primary, the courts ruled that California's "Blanket" primary was unconstitutional, so the system has returned to a "Closed" primary system.
		However, under a new law, voters who are not registered with one of the seven qualified political parties, may vote a ballot for a qualified political party if that party has adopted rules allowing voters who are not registered with a qualified political party to vote their ballot.
	www.votescount.com /books/primary.htm (535 words)

	Capital Center for Government Law and Policy - Proposition 60 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1909, legislation was passed to create a closed primary system in which registered voters of a particular party would only receive the ballot of and vote on candidates of that party.
		Proposition 60’s language is effectuated after the primary election and focuses on the notion that once the votes are counted, the top vote-getter of a party cannot be denied placement on the general election ballot.
		Contrary to the Proponents’ assertion that the closed primary would reduce diversity, in 1998 and 2000 when a closed primary system was in place, the number of women and minorities elected increased.
	www.mcgeorge.edu /government_law_and_policy/california_initiative_review/november_2004/ccglp_cir_nov2004_prop_60.htm (5007 words)

	Santa Cruz County Elections NEWS RELEASE September 6, 2001
		In a "closed" Primary, voters who are registered with a qualified political party vote a ballot with only that party’s candidates for partisan offices.
		Under a "blanket" primary, every voter regardless of political party affiliation or unaffiliation is eligible to vote on any candidate for federal and state partisan offices.
		This is the Primary system California had in effect at the June 1998 Gubernatorial Primary and March 2000 Presidential Primary elections.
	www.votescount.com /mar2k2/90601pr.htm (751 words)

	No closed primary elections for Montana, House decides - billingsgazette.com
		HELENA -- The House on Friday killed a proposal that would have forced Montanans voting in primary elections to label themselves by political party or be banned from casting a ballot at all.
		Those pushing the bill did not address that concern, but rather described the legislation as a way for the two major political parties to keep tabs on who is voting for their candidates and prevent crossover balloting, where members of one party vote for the weakest candidate in the other party's primary.
		Stoker's measure would create a "closed primary," ending the practice where voters choose which primary ballot to use once in the privacy of the voting booth.
	www.billingsgazette.com /index.php?tl=1&display=rednews/2005/02/18/build/state/64-closed-primary.inc (471 words)

	Modified Closed Primary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The March 5, 2002 Gubernatorial Primary Election is being conducted under a new election law called the Modified Closed Primary.
		Prior to 1998, under the Closed Primary law, partisan registered voters could only vote for candidates running for office in the same political party.
		In response to the Supreme Court ruling, the State legislature passed the new Modified Closed Primary law.
	regrec.co.la.ca.us /pollworker/modprimary.htm (219 words)

	[No title]
		A third of Utahns are so upset over the Utah Republican Party closing its June 25 primary election that they say they are less likely to vote for a GOP candidate in November's general election, a new Deseret News/KSL-TV poll shows.
		Even 11 percent of the Republicans said they are less likely to vote for their own party candidates in November because they are angry over the closed GOP primary in June, Jones found.
		Cannon said before and after the primary that considering Republicans hold nearly every major office in the state, run most county commissions and hold a two-thirds majority in the Utah Legislature, it appears they were doing fine under the old open primary system, in which any registered voter could vote in any party's primary.
	www.beehivecollective.8m.com /archives/9-02gopbacklash.html (885 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Closed GOP primary repels voters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In any case, candidates and elections officials alike were blaming the closed primary for at least some of the apathy at the polls, where the voter turnout was pathetic, in some cases lower than any other election in recent state history.
		GOP state chairman Joe Cannon has said before that he is not a fan of a closed GOP primary where one must be a registered Republican to vote.
		Opening the GOP primary to unaffiliated voters will, in effect, mean that anyone except those registered as Democrats or in a minor party can vote in a GOP primary.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,405014052,00.html (1150 words)

	The Daily News - Two more ideas: a closed primary or no primary
		The other would create a closed primary and require voters to register by party in order to take part.
		Likewise, the parties aren't asking for closed primaries, and would allow independents to take their ballots, he said.
		The Grange, which is preparing a Top 2 initiative as a backup, opposes any legislation that requires advance registration by party, makes a public record of which ballot a voter takes or confines a voter to one party's nominations, he said.
	www.tdn.com /articles/2004/01/28/area_news/news05.prt (756 words)

	U.S. Primaries
		The system allows either the voting population at large (in open primaries), or party members only (in closed primaries or caucuses) to help narrow down the field of candidates.
		Up until the 1960s the primaries involved 10 or 12 states, and served as a test for party leadership, to see which way the political winds were blowing across the country.
		17, 2004: CTV News: Kathy Tomlinson on the Wisconsin primary
	www.ctv.ca /generic/WebSpecials/us_primaries/index_primer.html (414 words)

	Wampum: More on the Field Poll and primaries
		Dean has argued in the past that with his Vermont record, he is in a firm position to make the shift.
		This is critical not only in California, but in the majority of larger primaries and caucuses, which are still "open" to unaffiliated, and even cross Republican voters.
		Below are the first 30 primaries, with their latest published date, status (Open, Closed, Open-Modified) and delegate count as of 2000.
	wampum.wabanaki.net /archives/000449.html (239 words)

	Primary election system confuses voters (modified-open or closed primary starts in Alaska)
		Anchorage, Alaska, July 26 - The registration deadline for the August primary is only two days away, and the confusion over the new voting rules keeps growing.
		At the Alaska Democratic Party headquarters, they're gearing up for the primary, and fielding a lot of queries about the new primary voting system.
		This year, the state is using what's called a modified-open or closed primary.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/723452/posts (379 words)

	New York Primary Questions [Free Republic] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		You have to be registered in a party through an election cycle in order to vote in that party's primary.
		Hillary's primary contest against McMahon is getting no coverage, nor is Ruben Vargas's primary challenge to Congressman Charles Rangel.
		The local leftist weekly, in a particularly dimwitted move, calls their August 31 issue "Primary 2000" and then proceeds to show all the people who don't have primary races.
	www.freerepublic.com /forum/a39b920da2e71.htm (646 words)

	deseretnews.com \| Closed primary exacts price
		If anything, the closed primaries are turning away people who lean Republican but choose to be register as unaffiliated voters.
		They could conceivably remember to register as a Republican weeks before the closed primary election but chances are they won't remember or bother to do so.
		The obvious solution is to do away with closed primary elections.
	deseretnews.com /dn/view/0,1249,595073690,00.html (442 words)

	Nichols & Eberth, P.C. - Legal News Alert #107
		In both cases, each party is running its own primary as opposed to prior years when the primaries were conducted by the state government.
		In a Closed Primary or Caucus, only registered members of a party may vote in that party's primary: Democrats may only vote in the Democratic primary, Republicans may only vote in the Republican primary and Independents (those not registered with either major party) are not permitted to vote in either major party's primary.
		In a Modified Open Primary or Caucus, persons registered with one of the major parties usually may only vote in that party's primary: generally, Democrats may only vote in the Democratic primary, while Republicans may only vote in the Republican primary.
	www.michiganattorney.com /lna107.htm (397 words)

	CALIFORNIA DEMOCRATIC PARTY V. JONES
		They filed suit against respondent state official, alleging, inter alia, that the blanket primary violated their First Amendment rights of association.
		The District Court held that the primary’s burden on petitioners’ associational rights was not severe and was justified by substantial state interests.
		(a) States play a major role in structuring and monitoring the primary election process, but the processes by which political parties select their nominees are not wholly public affairs that States may regulate freely.
	straylight.law.cornell.edu /supct/html/99-401.ZS.html (666 words)

	Missoulian: House turns down closed primary bill
		Representatives voted 70-30 against House Bill 490 by Rep. Ron Stoker, R-Darby, to establish what is known as a "closed primary." Montana now has an "open primary" in which voters don't register by political party, get copies of all political parties' primary ballots and select one to vote.
		Under the bill, those registering as independents would not be allowed to vote in the June primary elections, although they would be allowed to vote in the November general elections.
		Contrary to claims made during the debate on the bill last week that only four states have open primaries like Montana, she said, 29 states have either an open primary or caucus method or a modified open primary or caucus.
	www.missoulian.com /articles/2005/02/23/news/mtregional/news07.txt (494 words)

	(Msg: 8FE Lvl: 1) [ngw] Secondary Domain Showing Primary as Closed, Then Open (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		primary and processes fine until the next burp.
		Connections are IP with the primary MTA listening on port 7100 and the =
		This email message is for the sole use of the intended recipient(s) and may contain confidential and privileged information.
	www.novellfans.com /bbs/folder/test/msg/m8FE.htm (213 words)

	Quest for the Presidency: N.Y.'s closed primary challenged 02/25/00
		A supporter of Sen. John McCain who had been an independent voter is suing for the right to vote in New York's closed Republican presidential primary March 7.
		Some 2.2 million independent voters would be able to participate in New York's Democratic and Republican primaries if Wendy Van Wie of Columbiaville wins her lawsuit.
		But she was told that state law would keep her from voting in a New York presidential primary until 2004.
	quest.cjonline.com /stories/022500/gen_nychall.shtml (488 words)

	due to bad weather (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		A total of 36 schools in Highland were closed today (Thursday) as a result of heavy snow falls.
		Ross and Cromarty: Culbokie Primary, Dingwall High - closed 1.00 pm, Ferintosh Primary – closed 2.15 pm, Gairloch Primary – closed 2.30 pm, Newmore Primary – closed 1.00 pm, Tain High – closed 1.00 pm, Ullapool Primary.
		Skye and Lochalsh: Elgol Primary, Plockton High, Loch Duich Primary, Glenelg Primary – closed 1.00 pm, Staffin Primary – closed 1.00 pm, Macdiarmid Primary School – closed 11.30 am.
	www.highland.gov.uk /cx/pressreleases/2003/jan03/primary_secondary_closures.htm (166 words)

	freedomforum.org: Native American activist challenges state's closed primary
		Means filed a lawsuit in U.S. District Court seeking to invalidate New Mexico's closed primary system that allows only Democrats and Republicans to vote in their respective primary elections.
		Means said the state's system of selecting nominees for the general election discriminates against third-party voters and independents unaffiliated with a political party.
		Means' suit raises First Amendment concerns because political parties often contend they have a free-association right to determine who participates in their primaries.
	www.freedomforum.org /templates/document.asp?documentID=16735 (248 words)

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