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Topic: Closet drama

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	Romanticism On the Net 12 (November 1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Drama written to be read rather than performed—or whose performance was not its author's main measure of her work's successful delivery to the public—came to matter in new ways around 1800 in Britain, perhaps particularly to women writers and readers.
		So, by implying that "closet drama" was a distinct historical phenomenon, rather than an array of strategic maneuvers, the statement "Women around 1800 wrote closet dramas" imprecisely blurs the nuances of how the concept of "closet drama" was used by authors—particularly women—and by their publics.
		Scholarship on closet drama has asserted that the closet is always in relationship to the stage: a performer may go to the closet to study a text before performance or a member of the public may go there to read a play either after seeing it or in place of seeing it.
	users.ox.ac.uk /~scat0385/bwpcro.html (1666 words)

	closet drama. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Plato’s Apology is often regarded as tragic drama rather than philosophic dialogue.
		Closet dramas were particularly popular in the early 19th cent.
		Notable among other closet dramas are Robert Browning’s Strafford (1837) and Pippa Passes (1841).
	www.bartleby.com /65/cl/closetdr.html (191 words)

	The UVic Writer's Guide: Drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Drama is literature written either for theatre performance or in a similar style intended for reading ("closet drama").
		In poetic drama, the common form of meter is blank verse, the major exception being the heroic dramas of the Restoration Period, which were written in heroic couplets.
		Although the terms tragedy, comedy, and tragicomedy are traditionally applied to drama alone, the same forms appear in poetic and prose narratives.
	web.uvic.ca /wguide/Pages/LTDrama.html (112 words)

	Closet drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A closet drama is a piece of literature written in a dramatic form that is not intended to be performed by actors.
		These plays do not require a performing space, and are called Closet dramas because they can be read in a "closet" (a small, domestic area also known as a cupboard), either to oneself or aloud to a group.
		Closet drama written in verse form became very popular in Western Europe after 1800; these plays were by and large inspired by Classical models.
	closet-drama.iqnaut.net (486 words)

	Should The Poetic Drama Be Dramatized?
		WE are being constantly reminded of the inadequacy of the so-called poetic drama to fill the essential demands of the theatre; and, whenever the poetic drama fails to hold the boards, we are prone to deplore the insufficiency of public taste.
		Such drama, I claim, is twice removed in its relationship to the bare boards of the stage, by reason of its surcharged beauty and by reason of its classic form.
		Drama moves continuously; the poetic drama, with its demand upon imagination, its appeal to the moral judgment, and its lack of " corporal dimensions," requires to be read.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/drama-13.shtml (2907 words)

	Glossary of Drama and Literary Terms
		In drama, a speech directed to the audience that supposedly is not audible to the other characters onstage at the time.
		Drama is designed for performance in a theater; actors take on the roles of characters, perform indicated actions, and speak the dialogue written in the script.
		A theory of dramatic technique pioneered by Bertold Brecht that rejected the methods of traditional realistic drama and used instead a loose narrative form in which distancing devices such as asides and masks were used to prevent the spectator from identifying with the characters on stage.
	www.grossmont.net /karl.sherlock/English160/Links/GlossaryDramaLitTerms.htm (11378 words)

	Closet drama - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term is applied to drama which is not written for the purpose of being acted on the stage.
		Some of the drama of the Middle Ages was also of this type, such as the drama of Hroswitha of Gandersheim, or dialectical works such as The Debate of Body and Soul or the Interludium de Clerico et Puella.
		The popularity of closet drama at this time was both a sign of, and a reaction to, the decline of the verse tragedy, so popular during the Neoclassical period, on the European stage in the 1800s.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Closet_drama (564 words)

	type_Document_Title_here
		The proliferation of closet drama during the Commonwealth is thus part of an emerging cultural practice of play-reading which was, for author and reader alike, an act of political opposition.
		Not surprisingly, the sustained publication of drama for the closet rather than the stage had an important effect on modes of reading, and this is where the "private" nature of closet drama is problematized.
		Reading closet drama, then, would appear to be a profoundly private activity, one which may resemble the experience of theatergoing but which also requires and prompts the reader to deploy imaginative resources that would be superfluous at a performance.
	www.geocities.com /hargrange/cavendishstranz.html (9679 words)

	Prodigal Daughter Project- Closet Drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Drama of the seventeenth century can be likened to a child caught in a fierce divorce, the divorce of the Roman Catholic Church and the English crown.
		Closet drama continued even after its benefactor, King Charles, was impeached and beheaded by the House of Commons in 1649.
		Examining the relationship between religion and drama in the seventeenth century, it would appear that although religious drama was banned on the public stage, private closet dramatists retained religious perspectives in their works, although making them secondary to other social themes.
	staff.valpo.edu /kinnes/closet/seventeenthcentury.html (1381 words)

	Catherine Burroughs, On William Jewett's _Fatal Autonomy_ and William Simpson's _Closet Performances_ - Romantic ...
		In this context, William Jewett's Fatal Autonomy: Romantic Drama and the Rhetoric of Agency and Michael Simpson's Closet Performances: Political Exhibition and Prohibition in the Dramas of Byron and Shelley are important additions to the field of Romantic theatre and drama.
		Yet the fact that "the drama's generic commitment to embodiment" is "inextricable" from the drama's "ability to draw on the political force of arguments" (249) does not ensure that political agency will be induced in spectators or readers.
		That they perform this project as "closet dramas" allows the plays to "be read as recommending" a "directly political materialization of their texts' imperatives" paradoxically by both "denying themselves a material realization" and "projecting a realization of themselves" (2).
	www.rc.umd.edu /reviews/back/jewettsimpson.html (1533 words)

	Julie Carlson, On Catherine Burroughs' _Closet Stages_ - Romantic Circles Reviews, Romantic Circles
		Closet Stages meets this demand in a partial respect and, by its own admission, serves mainly to set the stage for a full-scale treatment of Baillie's career.
		For Burroughs' focus is on Baillie as a theorist of theater, not as one of the most prolific playwrights of the period, whom she situates in the context of women writing for and about the London stage between 1790 and 1840.
		Burroughs' challenge to the alleged antitheatricality of closet drama aligns Closet Stages with Michael Simpson's Closet Performances: Political Exhibition and Prohibition in the Dramas of Byron and Shelley (Stanford, 1997).
	www.rc.umd.edu /reviews/back/burroughs.html (1501 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for dramas
		closet drama CLOSET DRAMA [closet drama] a play that is meant to be read rather than performed.
		This form of drama, common throughout the world, declined in popularity in the West (although not in Asia) with the advent of printing, general literacy, and the increasing
		English literature ENGLISH LITERATURE [English literature] literature written in English since c.1450 by the inhabitants of the British Isles; it was during the 15th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=dramas (625 words)

	Romanticism On the Net 12 (November 1998) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Rather, romantic drama represents a complex engagement with a genre—the play-to-be-read or closet drama—that these poets chose precisely because of the complex problems of agency that such a form allowed them to explore in relation to their publics.
		For Jewett, romantic writers found in drama a genre suited to their particular crisis of agency: "[D]rama asks us—as lyric and narrative do not—to take pieces of language for persons, forcing us—out of a puzzlement that is inherently moral—to confront the ways in which our language grants us agency" (ix).
		Because Burroughs repositions many of the ideas about romanticism, drama, and performance that are frequently mentioned in studies of this newly emergent field of inquiry, her study shifts scholarly paradigms in ways that raise questions for both Jewett's and Pascoe's books.
	www.erudit.org /revue/ron/1998/v/n12/005826ar.html (2251 words)

	Our Literary And Our Closet Drama
		This statement gives a false impression of the relation between literature and drama; one is a principle of thought and expression; the other is a form of thought and expression.
		To deny that drama cannot come within the category of literature is to deny that drama may ever have a claim to permanence.
		If it is not a drama of ideas, it is a drama of imagery; it is discursive rather than concentrated; it is slow-moving rather than active; it is poetic rather than dramatic.
	www.oldandsold.com /articles32n/drama-4.shtml (3522 words)

	Verse drama and dramatic verse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Verse drama is particularly associated with the seriousness of tragedy, providing an artistic reason to write in this form, as well as the practical one that verse lines are easier for the actors to memorise exactly.
		Lord Byron and Shelley, as well as a host of lesser figures, devoted much time to the closet drama, in a signal that the verse tragedy was already in a state of obsolescence.
		That is, while poets of the eighteenth century could write poetic dramas sincerely, the public taste for new examples was already moving away by the start of the nineteenth century, and there was little commercial appeal in staging them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Verse_drama_and_dramatic_verse (607 words)

	Modern Drama: 19th Century Theatre: Toward the Modern Drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		From this so-called bourgeois drama emerged a transformation that culminates in one of the great periods of theatrical activity, the modern era, which begins around 1870.
		Drama in the pre-Romantic era, as we have seen, had begun to extend the range of subjects to include sympathetic portraits of humble and ordinary people.
		In each phase of modern drama, however, the playwright strives to make theatrical experience integral to the life of the viewer and not simply a pleasant entertainment.
	newman.baruch.cuny.edu /digital/2000/c_n_c/c_09_modern_drama/19th_cent_theatre.htm (2674 words)

	The Power of Words : A Study of English Romantic Drama (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		English Romantic drama belongs to a period of revolutionary thought and action so the plays written in this period are based on the historical and social milieu of the time.
		The Romantic approach to drama was that theatre embodied and enabled national unity by arousing patriotism, morality and sympathetic identification (Watkins 5).
		So the Romantics wrote Closet drama which had as its aim the expression of the inner life of the author instead of the representation of an object in the external world.
	members.tripod.com /~warlight/sema.html (1412 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for drama,
		tragedy TRAGEDY [tragedy] form of drama that depicts the suffering of a heroic individual who is often overcome by the very obstacles he is struggling to remove.
		The protagonist may be brought low by a character flaw or, as Hegel stated, caught in a collision of equally justified ethical aims.
		Drama: Ways into critical literacy in the early childhood years.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=drama, (722 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for closet
		Cibber was appointed carver to the king's closet for his services to William III of England.
		Closet Space: Geographies of Metaphor from the Body to the Globe.
		Closet Hang-Ups; From Disorderly Conduct to Uncluttered Living With the Help of Shelves and Wires.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=closet (620 words)

	Play - Wikipedia Light! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		One kind of play, the closet drama, is written in a dramatic form but is not intended for performance.
		It consists of dialogue between characters, but it is meant to be read, either silently to oneself or aloud to a group in a "closet" (a private domestic room).
		Domestic drama - a play that reflects the world of the domestic, the family and the relationships that emerge out of the ordinary happenings of life.
	godseye.com /wiki/index.php?title=Play (413 words)

	Alan Richardson: Mental Theater, A
		In turning from the contemporary stage—which was marked by spectacle, rant, and melodrama—the Romantic poets developed an altogether new kind of drama, one which they hoped could recapture the intensity of Shakespearean tragedy that Neoclassical writers had scarcely approached.
		The protagonists of Romantic drama are seduced by their antagonists into entering such a condition only to find in it a hollow, deathly isolation.
		Scholars concerned with English Romantic drama, Romantic literature, and the Romantic period as well as English drama will find this work to be an important contribution to their understanding.
	www.psupress.org /books/titles/0-271-00612-9.html (405 words)

	STAGE FRIGHT: MODERNISM, ANTI-THEATRICALITY, AND DRAMA Comparative Literature - Find Articles (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		To a significant degree, the success of Stage Fright depends on these consequences, and the potential to bear witness to them at all arises from Puchner's provocative resituating of the closet drama, a somewhat neglected mode, at the center of an evolutionary moment in the history of the Western theater, the onset of modernism.
		Stage Fright holds that modernist drama is "a theater at odds with the value of theatricality," and therefore the analysis of it "demands, not a descriptive history of the theater, but a history of the value of theater or theatricality" (pp.
		Modernist theater was thus born out of this confrontation between diegesis-narrative properties imported into drama as stage directions and narrators-and traditional theatrical mimesis.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3612/is_200401/ai_n9349036 (903 words)

	AllRefer.com - closet drama (Literature, General) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - closet drama (Literature, General) - Encyclopedia
		closet drama, a play that is meant to be read rather than performed.
		Milton's Samson Agonistes (1671) and Shelley's Prometheus Unbound (1819) are based on Greek tragedies.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/C/closetdr.html (260 words)

	Reading the stage: Margaret Cavendish and Commonwealth closet drama Criticism - Find Articles
		The fact that Cavendish wrote most of her plays in exile during the Commonwealth and that she expressly intended them for private reading rather than public performance has received but cursory notice, usually by way of accounting for her non-professional status.
		the public performance of women's plays, aristocratic women especially wrote plays for the closet rather than the stage."(6) To a large extent, of course, the private/public and corresponding female/male dichotomies framing this historical perception did, in fact, dictate social decorum in the seventeenth century.
		In other words, the validity of the twin equations theater/public and closet/ private, which are frequently used as transhistorical constants and underly the negative reception of closet drama, needs to be reexamined in the light of detailed historical reconstruction of the specific contexts in which notions of the "public" and "private" take shape.(10)
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2220/is_n3_v37/ai_17491986 (375 words)

	Nineteenth Century Drama
		N the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, the outstanding movement in the dramatic field was that of romanticism as against the classicism of most earlier European drama.
		En England a literary or "closet" drama, entirely unsuited to stage production, sprang up.
		In France, Brieux became the herald of a realistic, not to say clinical, drama.
	www.theatredatabase.com /19th_century/19th_century_drama_001.html (344 words)

	M/C Journal: "The Book Review as Closet Drama"
		At its core, the review is not a hermeneutical or scholarly appendage to a larger work, but an autonomous form of entertainment: a closet drama, staged only on the page, in which two protagonists seek fundamentally different ends.
		If drama arises from two characters desiring conflicting outcomes, then the reviewer who sets out to praise a work may be tasked harder than one who means to castigate it.
		The reviewer is cast not in a revenge tragedy, but in a Freudian family drama, and must mark his independence from the book that has given birth to his article.
	journal.media-culture.org.au /0510/02-bolton.php (1464 words)

	Jahn: PPP/Drama
		Instead, Reading Drama assumes an ideal recipient who is both a reader and a theatergoer -- a reader who appreciates the text with a view to possible or actual performance, and a theatergoer who (re)appreciates a performance through his or her knowledge and re-reading of the text.
		All narratorial agents of the epic forms of drama appear to fall under 'figural' characterization in Pfister, confounding the levels of action and fictional mediation (D2.1).
		A narrator can be a figure in the primary text (as in epic drama, see D2.2 and D6.1), in which case s/he can act as a homodiegetic narrator (first-person) or a heterodiegetic narrator; and/or s/he can be the (usually, heterodiegetic) narrative agency of the stage directions (i.e., within the secondary text).
	www.uni-koeln.de /~ame02/pppd.htm (13820 words)

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