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Topic: Closing morphology

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	Morphology - Closing
		Closing is an important operator from the field of mathematical morphology.
		closing the foreground pixels with a particular structuring element is equivalent to closing the background with the same element.
		To achieve the effect of a closing with a larger structuring element, it is possible to perform multiple dilations followed by the same number of erosions.
	www.cee.hw.ac.uk /hipr/html/close.html (1140 words)

	Mathematical Morphology
		Mathematical Morphology is the analysis of signals in terms of shape.
		For morphology to be of use in image processing, it needs to be extended to non-binary signals.
		Closing is doing the opposite of this, removing low valued points whilst keeping the rest of the image intact.
	www.bath.ac.uk /elec-eng/research/sipg/research/morphology/morphology.htm (2896 words)

	closing - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Closing : Glossary of Mortgage Terms [home, info]
		Phrases that include closing: closing price, closing purchase, closing bell, bank closing, plant closing, more...
		Words similar to closing: close, closedown, closure, completion, conclusion, culmination, end, ending, shutdown, shutting, windup, final, mop up, more...
	www.onelook.com /?w=closing&ls=a (283 words)

	Chapter 17: The Mammalian Masticatory Apparatus: An Introductory Comparative Exercise
		His main research interests are the functional morphology and systematics of amniote vertebrates, and the biology and ecology of the amphibians and reptiles of Alberta.
		The data on the proportions, architecture and disposition of the jaw closing muscles of various groups can then be considered in light of the examination of the temporomandibular joint structure of various groups and the degrees of freedom that these various jaw joint configurations allow.
		From the foregoing you should realize that the jaw closing muscles of the rabbit (and of all other mammals also) are complex structures which are capable (by being able to be utilized individually and in various combinations) of bringing about a wide range of jaw movements rather than merely straight, symmetrical jaw closure.
	www.zoo.utoronto.ca /able/volumes/vol-19/17-russell/17-russell.htm (4563 words)

	Morphology in Grouper
		Patterns of dentition, jaw morphology, and lever ratios of the lower jaw were compared for representative species within each genus to identify potential morphological adaptations for feeding.
		Phylogenetic systematics and patterns of ecomorphology (defined as variation in morphology that contributes to variation in feeding ability (Wainwright and Richards, 1995)) among the groupers are poorly known.
		Methods of calculating lever ratios are taken from Wainwright and Richards (1995): Closing levers are calculated as the ratio of the closing in-lever (distance from QM joint to insertion of adductor mandibulae muscle) divided by the outlever distance.
	cars.er.usgs.gov /posters/Coral_and_Marine/Morphology_in_Grouper/morphology_in_grouper.html (1420 words)

	[No title]
		Binary morphology was used as a principal technique because it is fast, memory efficient and provides general routines for pattern matching.
		Closing is formally extensive, but with the ABC convention without added frame pixels, ON pixels near the image boundary can be removed because the dilation does not extend past the boundary.
		With all the mechanisms set up for doing binary morphology with both rasterop and dwa, and for doing grayscale morphology, it is important to add a little machinery to make it very easy to use for the situation where the Sels are linear operators of all HITS, which is by far the most common usage.
	www.leptonica.com /binary-morphology.html (6931 words)

	CMIS Research - Image Analysis Activities - Recent Projects - Colour Morphology
		Although mathematical morphology can be readily applied to multi-variate images, we find that morphological filters produce pixel values in the output image that are not present in the input image.
		This is a classic problem in morphology when the noise to be filtered is both bright and dark relative to the background.
		Applying a single 3 x 3 closing in conjunction with this ordering removes the salt and the pepper noise simultaneously, because the salt is considered to be as dark as the pepper.
	www.cmis.csiro.au /iap/RecentProjects/colour.htm (1997 words)

	Mathematical Morphology
		Mathematical Morphology is a tool for extracting image components that are useful for representation and description.
		The primary application of morphology occurs in binary images, though it is also used on grey level images.
		Closing tends to narrow smooth sections of contours, fusing narrow breaks and long thin gulfs, eliminating small holes, and filling gaps in contours.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /rbf/CVonline/LOCAL_COPIES/OWENS/LECT3/node3.html (1237 words)

	Image Processing Fundamentals - Morphology-based Operations
		The structuring element is to mathematical morphology what the convolution kernel is to linear filter theory.
		The opening smoothes from the inside of the object contour and the closing smoothes from the outside of the object contour.
		This algorithm is based on the observation that a gray-level opening smoothes a gray-value image from above the brightness surface given by the function a[m,n] and the gray-level closing smoothes from below.
	www.ph.tn.tudelft.nl /Courses/FIP/noframes/fip-Morpholo.html (2769 words)

	Morphology Overview- Developer Zone - National Instruments
		Closing consists of a dilation followed by erosion and can be used to fill in holes and small gaps.
		Closing and opening will have different results even though both consist of an erosion and a dilation.
		To understand gray-level morphology fully, we must remember that with two adjacent gray levels, the brighter one is considered to be the object (the equivalent of '1' in a binary image), and the darker one is the background (the '0' equivalent in binary morphology).
	zone.ni.com /devzone/cda/ph/p/id/146 (1632 words)

	Anne Jefferson
		In the lower portions of Pools 6 and 10, islands are enlarging, new islands are appearing, and islands are migrating downstream.
		Morphology of islands along the main channel approximates the 1870's configuration, while backwater islands and sloughs are reestablishing configurations that existed in the 1920's.
		The probable reason for leveling of the river bed is trapping of sediment by wing, closing, and navigation dams.
	oregonstate.edu /~jeffersa/mississippi.htm (1056 words)

	mmdlith - Detect defects in a microelectronic circuit.
		Our procedure takes the residues of a gray-scale closing and filter (by size) the threshold of the residues.
		Closing of the image by a vertical line of length 25 pixels.
		Subtraction of the closing from the original is called closing top-hat.
	www.mmorph.com /html/mmdemos/mmdlith.html (154 words)

	Dilation
		(1998a) explain ridge morphologies by extrusion of crushed ice resulting from the repeating sequence of tidally-driven opening, water-filling, and closing of cracks between the surface and a liquid decoupling layer.
		This accumulation prevents the crack from closing during the subsequent compressional phase and, in effect, pushes the adjacent lithospheric blocks apart.
		Because external pulling counteracts tidal compression, the relative importance of the two end-member processes determines the morphology of Europan dilational lineaments, by controlling the degree of elevation, and the prominence of a central groove and of bilateral symmetry.
	pirlwww.lpl.arizona.edu /HIIPS/Publications/tufts_dilation (9480 words)

	ISMS: Morphology
		Morphology can be generally described as the study of internal word structure.
		Idrani morphology, more than any other aspect of the language, was changed and influenced over the years, first by exposure to several foreign languages studied by its creator, and then by the formal study of linguistics and the morphological ideas which were generated by said study.
		the opening and closing affixes of a circumfix which is placed around a phrase to mark it as a stem.
	idrani.perastar.com /idrani/ISMS_morphology.htm (4188 words)

	[No title]
		The purpose of the work is to provide the image analysis community with a sampling of recent developments in theoretical and practical aspects of mathematical morphology and its applications to image and signal processing.
		Among the areas covered are: digitization and connectivity, skeletonization, multivariate morphology, morphological segmentation, color image processing, filter design, gray-scale morphology, fuzzy morphology, decomposition of morphological operators, random sets and statistical inference, differential morphology and scale-space, morphological algorithms and applications.
		Audience: This volume will be of interest to research mathematicians and computer scientists whose work involves mathematical morphology, image and signal processing.
	www.cwi.nl /projects/morphology/ismm98/proceedings.txt (291 words)

	Research at Dr. Marshall's lab for ecologicall morphology
		Therefore, this study investigated the morphology and cytology of the kogiid GI tract.
		Feeding morphology and kinematics were characterized and compared between the two habitats.
		Shape analysis was used to further investigate habitat effects on morphology.
	www.marinebiology.edu /Marshall/projects.htm (2398 words)

	jawsus (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The morphology of the palatoquadrate-cranial connections are critical in determining the mobility of the jaws and indicates that descriptions of palatoquadrate morphology should be included in descriptions of jaw suspension states.
		Protrusion of the upper jaw significantly reduces the mouth closing distance during feeding in those elasmobranchs with relatively greater upper jaw protrusion.
		Therefore, one advantage of upper jaw protrusion for feeding appears to be a reduction in the time to jaw closure by closing the mouth dorsally by upper jaw protrusion as well as ventrally by lower jaw elevation.
	www.uri.edu /personal/cwi3103u/jawsus.html (193 words)

	Evolution of Levers and Linkages in the Feeding Mechanisms of Fishes -- Westneat 44 (5): 378 -- Integrative and ...
		Morphology and kinetics of the stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus.
		Morphology and mechanics of myosepta in a swimming salamander (Siren lacertina).
		Osse, J. Functional morphology of the head of the perch (Perca fluviatilis): An electromyographic study.
	icb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/44/5/378 (5359 words)

	Removal of Thin Connectors Using Morphological Operations: (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The basic idea in mathematical morphology is to convolve an image with a given mask (known as the structuring element), and to binarize the result of the convolution using a given function.
		Closing A closing operation consists of a dilation followed by an erosion with the same structuring element.
		As an example, Figure 6 shows (from top to bottom) a binarized MR cross section, erosion of the MR image with a circular structuring element of radius 3, conditional dilation of the largest connected component in the eroded image with a circular structuring element of radius 4.
	splweb.bwh.harvard.edu:8000 /pages/papers/mri_seg_tina/node8.html (840 words)

	Bruce Morén's Homepage
		Basic definitions and examples of phonetics, phonology and morphology are given below.
		It is made by completely closing the vocal tract.
		“hissing” sound) and for signed languages, this entails a mostly closed handshape (i.e.
	www.hum.uit.no /a/moren/what1a.htm (955 words)

	Black Hat - Documentation - AmitySource
		Mathematical morphology is a method of processing digital images on the basis of shape.
		Morphology Black Hat is implemented by applying the closing operator to the original image, then by subtracting the original image from the result.
		Radius and shape of a structuring element for the erode and dilate operators are specified by correspoding controls.
	www.amitysource.com /en/doc/morphologyblackhat.html (63 words)

	Closing (morphology) - Definition, explanation
		In image processing, the closing of a 2-dimensional set (image) A by another set B is the erosion of the dilation of that set,
		Closing is, together with opening, the basic workhorse of morphological noise removal.
		Opening removes small objects, while closing removes small holes.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/c/cl/closing__morphology_.php (144 words)

	Image Set Operations
		Morphology is a tool for extracting information from images on the basis of spatial structure and relationships.
		Morphology is useful for preprocessing images to fill in holes and remove noise.
		We may define the boundary B(A) as the set of pixels in A with a neighbor that is not in A. One method of finding the boundaries of objects in a binary image is to use morphology.
	www.cis.rit.edu /class/simg782.old/lec_morphology.html (1097 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Microarray image analysis: background estimation using quantile and morphological filters
		The theory of mathematical morphology has extensively been treated in [9,10] and [11], where the latter focuses on morphological filters.
		This is not consistent with some of the literature in the field of mathematical morphology where the word filter is reserved for an operator that is increasing and idempotent [9-11].
		The dependence on the number of background pixels can clearly be seen in Figure 6, which illustrates this dependency for morphological opening; when the size of the structuring element increases, the mean level of the background estimate decreases.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/7/96 (5529 words)

	Pharyngula::Evolution of the cichlid mandible
		These genera are distinguished primarily on the basis of trophic morphology suggesting the importance of trophic competition during this period of the radiation.
		Muscles pull on a structure called the coronoid process (marked by the purple line to the right, called the closing-in lever) to close the jaw, and on the retroarticular process (the green line, or opening in-lever) to open it.
		For instance, the out-lever is negatively correlated with the closing-in lever, which means that genes that make the jaw shorter also make the coronoid process longer, and vice versa.
	pharyngula.org /index/weblog/comments/evolution_of_the_cichlid_mandible (2763 words)

	Morphology :: Image Processing Toolbox 3.1 Release Notes (Image Processing Toolbox Release Notes)
		Version 3.0 adds a broad suite of new mathematical morphology tools open up broad new classes of applications in segmentation and image enhancement.
		The existing dilation and erosion operators have been extended to work with grayscale images.
		New functions range from additional basic operators (opening, closing, tophat) to advanced tools useful for segmentation (distance transforms, reconstruction-based operators, and the watershed transform).
	www.mathworks.com /access/helpdesk_r13/help/base/relnotes/images/ipt12-12.html (121 words)

	Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Closing - structured filling in of image region boundary pixels
		They process objects in the input image based on characteristics of its shape, which are encoded in the structuring element.
		The mathematical details are explained in Mathematical Morphology.
	homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk /rbf/HIPR2/morops.htm (367 words)

	Olivier Cuisenaire - Locally Adaptable Mathematical Morphology (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Binary mathematical morphology (MM) operators are typically translation invariant, i.e.
		We show that when the structuring elements are balls of a metric, locally adaptable erosion and dilation can be efficiently implemented as a variant of distance transformation algorithms.
		Opening and closing are obtained by a local threshold of a distance transformation, followed by the adaptable dilation.
	itswww.epfl.ch /~cuisenai/amm.shtml (212 words)

	CS Senior Seminar (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Morphology is doing some interesting things to binary (Black and White) images.
		It can be used to seperate objects that are close together, such as circels or squares.
		Opening is simply using erosion then dilation, while closing is dilation then erosion, using the same kernel for each.
	www.uwrf.edu /~w1084159/seminar/index.php?p=6&im=9 (973 words)

	Digimorph - Panthera leo (lion) - adult
		The morphology of the skull of Panthera leo is designed to exert powerful forces at the level of the canines when closing its jaws.
		Lions often kill large prey such as zebra and wildebeest by strangulation (closing jaws around the throat) or by suffocation (closing jaws around the muzzle).
		Panthera leo relies heavily on its massive canines and incisors when feeding on muscle and connective tissue, and the skin of the prey is removed from the carcass with short pulls using these anterior teeth.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Panthera_leo/adult (760 words)

	From The Cover: Integration and evolution of the cichlid mandible: The molecular basis of alternate feeding strategies ...
		The out-lever is shown in blue, the closing in-lever is shown in purple, and the opening in-lever is shown in green.
		The out-lever and closing in-lever share 2/3 QTL and exhibit high levels of integration.
		The closing and opening in-levers have no QTL in common (0/8) and are genetically decoupled.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/102/45/16287 (4033 words)

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